Fall Semester Final Exam Study Guide
1. What is the function of an enzyme? To speed up chemical reactions What does it
do to the activation energy? Lowers/decreases it
2. Which factors can affect the reaction rate of an enzyme? pH, temperature,
concentration of substrate, concentration of enzyme
3. Describe the lock and key mechanism. An enzyme is specific for the substrate it
acts on; enzyme = lock, substrate = key
4. Which macromolecule is the central source of energy for the body?
carbohydrate
5. What are the building blocks of protein? Amino acids
6. What is the function of nucleic acids? What are the two types? To store &
transmit genetic info; DNA & RNA
7. Which macromolecule is not soluble in water? Lipid
8. Draw the cell membrane and label all of the parts? Label the hydrophilic parts
and the hydrophobic parts.
9. Define diffusion. The movement of particles from H  L How is dynamic
equilibrium reached during diffusion? Particles spread out until evenly spaced on
both sides of a membrane, continue to move back & forth but with no net
change
10. What is facilitated diffusion? Passive; movement of a substance from H  L with
the help of a protein
11. What is active transport? L  H; requires energy (ATP)
12. What will happen to a cell if it’s placed in a hypotonic solution? It will gain water
Hypertonic solution? It will lose water Isotonic solution? Stay the same (water
goes in & out)
13. List the three types of active transport. Endocytosis, exocytosis, & protein pump
14. List the three types of passive transport. Diffusion, osmosis, & facilitated
diffusion
15. What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? Pro = no
nucleus & no MBO; Eu = do have a nucleus & MBO
16. List examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Pro = bacteria; Eu = plants,
animals, protists, fungi
17. What is the function of the mitochondria? Powerhouse of the cell (site of cell
respiration) The chloroplast? Site of photosynthesis
18. What is the function of the cell wall? Provides structure & support The
ribosomes? Site of protein synthesis
19. List the differences between animal and plant cells. Animal = centrioles,
lysosomes, few small vacuoles Plant = cell wall, chloroplast, large central vacuole
20. What is the function of the cell membrane? Controls what enters & exits the cell
21. Write the equation for photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O (light)  C6H12O6 + 6O2
22. Write the equation for cellular respiration. C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
23. What are the two types of fermentation? Lactic acid & alcoholic Under which
conditions does each occur? When there is no oxygen present
24. Which organisms undergo photosynthesis? Plants Cellular respiration? All
organisms with mitochondria
25. List the phases of mitosis in order. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, & telophase
26. What is the difference between a haploid and diploid cell? Haploid (n) = has ½
the # of chromosomes as a diploid cell; Diploid (2n) = has 2 copies of each
chromosome
27. What type of cells is made at the end of mitosis? 2 diploid cells Meiosis? 4
haploid cells
28. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis – occurs in body cells; used
for growth, repair, asexual reproduction; 1 diploid cell  2 diploid cells; goes
through PMAT once; Meiosis—occurs in sex cells (gametes); makes only egg &
sperm cells; 1 diploid cell  4 haploid cells; goes through PMAT twice
29. Describe the central dogma. DNA  RNA  Protein What happens during each
step? Transcription (in nucleus) = make mRNA from DNA (RNA polymerase
unzips the double helix & brings in complementary nucleotides); Translation (at
the ribosome) = tRNAs bring in amino acids; tRNAs have anticodons that are
complementary to the codons on mRNA; AAs joined by peptide bonds make a
protein
30. Create an mRNA strand from the following DNA strand: TTAGCA AAUCGU
31. Describe what happens during DNA replication. DNA helicase unzips double
helix, 2 separated strands serve as a template, DNA polymerase adds in
complementary nucleotides, 2 DNA molecules are made that are semiconservative (each with 1 old strand & 1 new strand)
32. What is the difference between DNA and RNA? DNA = 2 strands, double helix
shape, deoxyribose, found in nucleus, ATGC; RNA = 1 strand, no shape, ribose,
found in nucleus/cytoplasm/ribosome, AUGC
33. What are the three types of RNA? mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Describe their functions.
mRNA – carries a message from the DNA in nucleus to the ribosome; tRNA – has
anticodons & brings in AAs; rRNA – found in ribosome & creates peptide bonds
between the AAs in the growing polypeptide
34. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? Phosphate group, 5 C sugar,
nitrogenous base
35. How many chromosomes are in a body cell? 46 Sex cell? 23
36. What is the difference between a heterozygous organism and a homozygous
organism? Heterozygous = different alleles; homozygous = same alleles
37. What is the difference between dominant and recessive traits? Dominant =
capital letter, masks/hides the recessive trait; recessive = lowercase letter, gets
masked/hidden by the dominant trait, only seen when 2 lowercase letters
38. List the four macromolecules. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids
39. What type of macromolecule is an enzyme? Protein (ends in –ase)
40. Provide examples of each type of macromolecules. Carbohydrate – bread, pasta,
rice, sugars (-ose); lipid – fats oils, waxes; proteins – nuts, meat, dairy, beans;
nucleic acids – DNA & RNA
41. What is homeostasis? Regulation of an organism’s internal environment to
maintain conditions needed for life
42. What is a codon? A group of 3 bases on mRNA
43. What is the difference between a genotype and phenotype? Genotype =
genes/letters; phenotype = physical appearance
44. Complete the following Dihybrid punnett square:
45. If a female fruit fly heterozygous for red eyes (XRXr) crossed with a white eyed
male (XrY), what percent of their offspring would have white eyes? 50%
46. What is the definition of a sex-linked trait? A trait that is found on the X
chromosome What is a carrier? A female who is heterozygous for a sex-linked
trait
47. When roan cattle are mated, 35% of the offspring are red, 50% are roan, and
25% are white. Upon examination, it can be seen that the coat of a roan cow
consists of both red and white hairs. This trait is one controlled by
___codominance______________.
48. A young unmarried woman had a baby and wished to collect child support from
the father. Her blood group is AB. The baby’s blood type is A. There are two
possible fathers: Jim is type A, and Michael is group O. Which man could be the
father? Either one
49. What are the male and female sex chromosomes? Male = XY; Female = XX
50. A young unmarried woman had a baby and wished to collect child support from
the father. Her blood group is AB. The baby’s blood type is A. There are two
possible fathers: Jim is type A, and Michael is group O. Which man could be the
father? Either one
51. In chickens, rose comb (R) is dominant to single comb (r). A homozygous rosecombed rooster is mated with a single-combed hen. All of the chicks in the F1
generation were kept together as a group for several years. They were allowed
to mate only within their own group. What is the expected phenotype of the F2
chicks? 3 rose comb: 1 single comb
52. In mink, brown fur color is dominant to silver-blue fur color. If a homozygous
brown mink is mated with a silver-blue mink and 8 offspring are produced, how
many would be expected to be silver-blue? 0
53. Analyze the following pedigree: sex-linked; I1 & III1 are XHXH ; I2 & III2 are XhY; II2
& II3 are XHY; II1 & II4 are carriers (XHXh)