Additional file 1: Table S1 Estimates of Minimum Wage Effects on Wages by Age Cohort
Dependent Variable:
log (Employment/Population)
Independent Variables (log)
MW level
MW level, lagged 1 year
Other controls
County fixed effects
Year fixed effects
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
MW level
MW level, lagged 1 year
Other controls
County fixed effects
Year fixed effects
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
MW level
MW level, lagged 1 year
Other controls
County fixed effects
Year fixed effects
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
MW level
MW level, lagged 1 year
Other controls
County fixed effects
Year fixed effects
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
Age 15-29
Age 30-39
Male
Female
Male
.433***
(.126)
.245*
(.127)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.470
632
113
.442***
(.117)
.051
(.116)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.492
626
114
.442***
(.071)
.272***
(.065)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.627
654
253
.999***
(.186)
.057
(.154)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.617
280
131
.895***
(.194)
.177
(.174)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.635
280
144
.664***
(.118)
.230*
(.121)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.712
285
299
.425*
(.222)
.389*
(.225)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.285
265
87
.114*
(.068)
.146
(.191)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.296
260
94
.295***
(.092)
.027
(.088)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.447
276
211
.610
(.893)
.153
(1.007)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.282
87
101
.511**
(.246)
.193
(.677)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.347
86
107
.624
(.482)
.671*
(.407)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.331
93
237
Age 40-49
Female
Male
A. All Regions
.356***
.345***
(.078)
(.071)
.089
.255***
(.078)
(.062)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
.557
.583
653
655
260
309
B. East
.393***
.196
(.127)
(.125)
.085
.398***
(.139)
(.093)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
.673
.639
287
288
308
337
C. Central
.311***
.290***
(.109)
(.096)
.160
.021
(.121)
(.095)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
.364
.454
273
275
212
276
D. West
.553**
.399
(.269)
(.520)
.088
.612
(.422)
(.512)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
.256
.377
93
92
255
316
Age 50-64
Female
Male
Female
.239***
(.086)
.143*
(.076)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.459
653
272
.498***
(.082)
.143*
(.079)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.428
653
231
.368**
(.156)
-.082
(.142)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.181
598
100
.256
(.158)
.315***
(.115)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.561
285
302
.252
(.147)
.113
(.102)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.495
286
266
.442
(.324)
.011
(.233)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.210
269
108
.260**
(.123)
.130
(.124)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.329
277
235
.346
(.239)
.105
(.137)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.232
276
186
.500***
(.125)
.362
(.234)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.127
246
95
.442
(.549)
.778
(.496)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.262
91
288
.388***
(.133)
.064
(.481)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.271
91
253
.217***
(.048)
.736
(.816)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.210
93
107
Note: *** statistically significant at the 1 percent level; ** at the 5 percent level; * at the 10 percent level. Cluster-robust
standard errors at the county level are in parentheses.
1
Additional file 1: Table S2 Estimates of Minimum Wage Effects on Wages by Educational
Attainment
Dependent Variable:
log (Employment/Population)
Independent Variables (log)
MW level
MW level, lagged 1 year
Other controls
County fixed effects
Year fixed effects
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
MW level
MW level, lagged 1 year
Other controls
County fixed effects
Year fixed effects
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
MW level
MW level, lagged 1 year
Other controls
County fixed effects
Year fixed effects
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
MW level
MW level, lagged 1 year
Other controls
County fixed effects
Year fixed effects
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
High School
or Below
(1)
(2)
Junior
College
(2)
(1)
(2)
A. All Regions
.391***
.056
.053
(.078)
(.084)
(.088)
.309***
.030
.028
(.078)
(.068)
(.072)
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
.448
.212
.388
636
653
653
196
408
408
B. East
.419***
.044
.005
(.143)
(.186)
(.182)
.456***
.016
.064
(.133)
(.106)
(.115)
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
.581
.143
.560
281
286
286
224
476
476
C. Central
.409***
.024
.070
(.107)
(.105)
(.118)
.029
.107
.135
(.114)
(.108)
(.117)
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
.265
.339
.346
263
274
274
170
341
341
D. West
.605
.424
.232
(.607)
(.294)
(.411)
1.103
.061
.054
(.706)
(.260)
(.420)
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
.187
.265
.280
92
93
93
183
394
394
Vocational School
(1)
.541***
(.056)
.314***
(.051)
No
Yes
Yes
.545
659
744
.326***
(.066)
.151***
(.055)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.577
659
744
.560***
(.072)
.375***
(.070)
No
Yes
Yes
.438
636
196
.720***
(.087)
.370***
(.080)
No
Yes
Yes
.640
289
819
.300***
(.110)
.172*
(.096)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.660
289
819
.619***
(.110)
.607***
(.120)
No
Yes
Yes
.575
281
224
.391***
(.084)
.187***
(.081)
No
Yes
Yes
.453
277
650
.326***
(.091)
.144*
(.087)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.477
277
650
.434***
(.107)
.060
(.106)
No
Yes
Yes
.260
263
170
.365
(.348)
.298
(.292)
No
Yes
Yes
.248
93
791
.060
(.461)
.290
(.403)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.344
93
791
.436
(.398)
.094
(.304)
No
Yes
Yes
.159
92
183
College
or Above
(1)
(2)
.157*
(.095)
.080
(.083)
No
Yes
Yes
.330
632
277
.187
(.119)
.104
(.090)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.536
632
277
.335
(.258)
.078
(.101)
No
Yes
Yes
.392
284
355
.346
(.254)
.020
(.115)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.597
284
355
.016
(.130)
.044
(.147)
No
Yes
Yes
.356
259
197
.051
(.143)
.009
(.153)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.434
259
197
.498
(.386)
.157
(.232)
No
Yes
Yes
.339
89
258
.343
(.451)
.034
(.421)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.389
89
258
Note: *** statistically significant at the 1 percent level; ** at the 5 percent level; * at the 10 percent level. Cluster-robust
standard errors at the county level are in parentheses.
2
Additional file 1: Table S3 Estimates of Effects of the Minimum Wage Enforcement on Wages
Dependent Variable:
log (Wages)
Independent Variables (log)
MW(level)
Enforcement*MW interaction
Other controls
County fixed effects
Year fixed effects
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
MW(level)
Enforcement*MW interaction
Other controls
County fixed effects
Year fixed effects
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
MW(level)
Enforcement*MW interaction
Other controls
County fixed effects
Year fixed effects
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
MW(level)
Enforcement*MW interaction
Other controls
County fixed effects
Year fixed effects
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
Young Adults
At-Risk Group
(1)
(2)
.587***
(.086)
.005**
(.002)
No
Yes
Yes
.345
649
270
.367***
(.093)
.008***
(.002)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.640
649
270
.646***
(.118)
.005*
(.003)
No
Yes
Yes
.219
286
329
.484***
(.161)
.009***
(.003)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.701
286
329
.554***
(.120)
.005*
(.003)
No
Yes
Yes
.410
273
214
.226***
(.104)
.007*
(.003)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.500
273
214
.226
(.140)
.001
(.004)
No
Yes
Yes
.655
90
250
.135
(.191)
.006
(.005)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.755
90
250
(1)
(2)
A. All Regions
.977***
.959***
(.006)
(.093)
.003***
.010***
(.000)
(.000)
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
.987
.989
562
562
170
170
B. East
1.208***
1.302***
(.005)
(.010)
***
.003
.003***
(.000)
(.000)
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
.993
.994
253
253
180
180
C. Central
.927***
.915***
(.018)
(.022)
.002***
.002***
(.000)
(.000)
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
.978
.979
230
230
154
154
D. West
1.002
1.003
(.714)
(.759)
.004
.004
(.005)
(.005)
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
.986
.991
79
79
181
181
Entire Sample
(1)
(2)
.229***
(.048)
.003***
(.001)
No
Yes
Yes
.380
661
1658
.034***
(.013)
.003***
(.001)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.700
661
1658
.190***
(.065)
.001***
(.000)
No
Yes
Yes
.281
289
1917
.119***
(.009)
.001***
(.000)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.734
289
1917
.167***
(.048)
.006***
(.001)
No
Yes
Yes
.480
279
1385
.106***
(.048)
.006***
(.001)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.588
279
1385
.464
(.297)
.006
(.004)
No
Yes
Yes
.554
93
1673
.330
(.214)
.008
(.005)
Yes
Yes
Yes
.574
93
1673
Note: *** statistically significant at the 1 percent level; ** at the 5 percent level; * at the 10 percent level. Cluster-robust
standard errors at the county level are in parentheses.
3
Additional file 1: Table S4 Estimates of Effects of the Minimum Wage Enforcement on
the Employment-to-Population Ratio
Dependent Variable:
log (Employment/Population)
Independent Variables (log)
MW
Enforcement
MW*Enforcement (interaction)
MW enforcement on wages
Other controls
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
MW
Enforcement
MW*Enforcement (interaction)
MW enforcement on wages
Other controls
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
MW
Enforcement
MW*Enforcement (interaction)
MW enforcement on wages
Other controls
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
MW
Enforcement
MW*Enforcement (interaction)
MW enforcement on wages
Young Adults
(1)
(2)
-.421***
(.069)
-.125***
(.036)
-.099**
(.040)
.587***
(.086)
No
.222
649
270
-.336***
(.088)
-.123***
(.040)
-.100**
(.043)
.367***
(.093)
Yes
.278
649
270
-.383***
(.056)
-.096**
(.038)
-.076**
(.036)
.646***
(.118)
No
.270
286
329
-.313***
(.081)
-.090**
(.040)
-.071*
(.037)
.484***
(.161)
Yes
.302
286
329
-.436**
(.184)
-.204**
(.092)
-.200*
(.121)
.554***
(.120)
No
.170
273
214
-.499**
(.202)
-.270***
(.103)
-.269**
(.136)
.226***
(.104)
Yes
.220
273
214
-.377
(.230)
-.021
(.148)
.008
(.182)
.226
-.185
(.410)
.016
(.234)
.025
(.270)
.135
4
At-Risk Group
(1)
(2)
A. All Regions
-.387***
-.243***
(.138)
(.137)
-.003***
-.002***
(.001)
(.000)
-.040***
-.121***
(.010)
(.010)
.977***
.959***
(.006)
(.093)
No
Yes
.020
.046
562
562
170
170
B. East
-.271***
-.221***
(.021)
(.026)
-.002***
-.001***
(.000)
(.000)
-.038***
-.045***
(.014)
(.014)
1.208***
1.302***
(.005)
(.010)
No
Yes
.018
.089
253
253
180
180
C. Central
-.460***
-.413***
(.224)
(.227)
-.003***
-.004***
(.001)
(.002)
*
-.336
-.329*
(.187)
(.190)
.927***
.915***
(.018)
(.022)
No
Yes
.045
.056
230
230
154
154
D. West
-.182
.068
(.434)
(.656)
-.001
.007
(.015)
(.021)
.297
-.112
(.292)
(.362)
1.002
1.003
Entire Sample
(1)
(2)
-.066***
(.015)
.008
(.012)
.011
(.010)
.229***
(.048)
No
.076
661
1658
-.049***
(.016)
.010
(.013)
.012
(.010)
.034***
(.013)
Yes
.103
661
1658
-.060***
(.019)
.002
(.017)
.004
(.013)
.190***
(.065)
No
.065
289
1917
-.040*
(.023)
.004
(.017)
.005
(.012)
.119***
(.009)
Yes
.102
289
1917
-.115***
(.028)
-.008
(.018)
.002
(.015)
.167***
(.048)
No
.126
279
1385
-.108***
(.030)
-.007
(.019)
.001
(.016)
.106***
(.048)
Yes
.180
279
1385
.048
(.057)
.053
(.048)
.045
(.042)
.464
.073
(.060)
.075
(.059)
.064
(.049)
.330
Other controls
R2
Number of counties per year
Average obs. per county per year
(.140)
No
.163
90
250
(.191)
Yes
.400
90
250
(.714)
No
.012
79
181
(.759)
Yes
.073
79
181
(.297)
No
.074
93
1673
(.214)
Yes
.147
93
1673
Note: *** statistically significant at the 1 percent level; ** at the 5 percent level; * at the 10 percent level.
Cluster-robust standard errors at the county level are in parentheses. Each estimation has controlled for year
and county fixed effects. In each panel, the estimates of MW enforcement on wages are taken from
Appendix Table 3.
5