CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
MICROBIOLOGY
Department
Head/Instructor
Karen V. Dempsey
Instructor
Office hours
Office location
Terry J. Kennedy
Office phone
E-mail
Contact hours:
(203) 307-4031 Ext 386 or 391
M-F 7:00am-7:50am; 2:30pm-3:00pm; by appointment
229 D
karen.dempsey@ct.gov / terry.kennedy@ct.gov
Monday – Friday 7:00am – 3:00pm
Course Description: This course is designed to introduce the subject of microbiology. It will provide the
students with a knowledge that he/she will be able to apply when working in the
surgical arena. He/she will be better able to understand the concepts of sterile
technique and its effects on the surgical patients with respect to prevention of
infection.
Desired Outcome
The learner will be able to correlate the impact of microbiology in providing quality, nonthreatening care to the
surgical patient.
Performance Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Correlate the impact of microbiology in relationship to the practice of sterile technique and infection
control in the operative setting.
Contrast and compare the structures and characteristics of different microorganisms
Analyze the various immune responses that occur in the body as defenses against invasion of pathogens
Relate the infectious process to surgical practice
Distinguish the difference between intentional, unintentional and incidental/chronic wounds
Analyze the mechanism of wound healing, the inflammatory process and the healing process
Evaluate the classifications of surgical wounds, analyze factors that influence healing, and devise a plan to
prevent postoperative wound infections.
Demonstrate basic wound care concepts and apply the principles of asepsis to the practice of sterile
technique.
Content Outline
MICROBIOLOGY
I. Introduction to microbiology
A. Historical background
B. Historical theories
C. Fields of study
II. Introduction to the microscope
A. Parts of a microscope
III. Cell structure
A. Cells
1. Cell theory
2.
3.
Basic characteristics
Cell classification
a. Prokaryotic
b. Eukaryotic
B. Cells structure-eukaryotic
1. Nucleus
a. Nuclear membrane
b. Chromatin/
chromosomes
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CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
MICROBIOLOGY
2. Cell membrane
3. Cytoplasm
4. Nucleolus
5. Ribosomes
6. Endoplasmic reticulum
7. Mitochondria
8. Golgi apparatus
9. Lysosomes
10. Pinocytotic vesicles
11. Centrioles
12. Microtubules/ microfilaments
C. Cell structure – prokaryotic
1. Cell envelope
a. Capsule or slime layer
b. Cell wall
c. Cytoplasmic membrane
2. Mesosomes
a. Nucleoid
b. Plasmids
c. Ribosomes
d. Flagella
e. Pili/fimbraie
IV. Fluid movements concepts
A. Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Filtration
D. Active transport
E. Phagocytosis
F. Pinocytosis
V. Microorganisms
A. Classification of organisms
1.
Kingdom
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a.
Plantae
b.
Animalia
c.
Fungi
d.
Protists
5.
6.
7.
Rickettsiae
Viruses
Prions
C.
Characteristics of algae
1. Morphology
2. Occurrence
3. Relationship to humans
4. Uses
D. Characteristics of protozoa
1. Morphology
2. Nutrition
3. Classification according to locomotion
4. Pathogenicity
5. Occurrence in human
6. Occurrence in nature
E. Characteristics of fungi (yeasts/molds)
1. Morphology
2. Nutrition
3. Reproduction methods
4. Pathogenicity
5. Occurrence in humans
6. Occurrence in nature
F. Characteristics of bacteria
1. Morphology and grouping
2. Staining
3. Motility
4. Colonization
5. Nutrition
6. Biochemical activities
7. Pathogenicity
8. Occurrence in humans
9. Occurrence in nature
G. Characteristics of rickettsiae
1. Morphology
2. Staining
3. Transmission
4. Pathogenicity
5. Occurrence in humans
6. Occurrence in nature
H. Characteristics of viruses
1. Classification
2. Morphology
3. Differentiation from other cells
4. Lysogenic cycle
5. Bacteriophages
6. Genetic changes
7. Transmission
8. Pahtogenicity
9. Occurrence in humans
10. Occurrence in nature
e. Monera
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
B. Specific classes of microorganisms
1.
Algae
2.
Protozoa
3.
Fungi (yeasts and molds)
4.
Bacteria
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CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
MICROBIOLOGY
A. Characterisitics of prions
1. Classification
2. Morphology
3. Pathogenicity
4. Occurrence in human
4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
5. Haemophilus
6. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7. Hemolytic Streptococcus, alpha type
8. Nonhemolytic Streptococcus
9. Clostridium perfringens
10. Clostridium tetani
11. Bateroides species
12. Candida albicans
13. Hepatitis A virus
14. Hepatitis B virus
15. Hepatitis C virus
16. Hepatitis D virus
17. Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV)
18. Human papillomavirus (HPV)
19. Prion disease
VI. Immunolgic defense mechanism
A. Immunology
1. Antigen
2. Antibody/immunoglobulin
3. Antigen-antibody reaction
B. Immune response
1. Lag phase
2. Primary response
3. Secondary response
C. Acquired immunity
1. Active
a. Natural
b. Artificial
2. Passive
a. Natural
b. Artificial
D. Vaccines
1. Nonpathogenic strains
2. Closely related microorganisms
3. Attenuated living pathogens
4. Killed pathogens
5. Extracts of pathogens
5. Occurrence in nature
B. Common microbes and their diseases
1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
2. Neisseria menigitidis
3. Escherichia coli
6. Toxoids
7. Recombinant DNA
VII. Hypersensitivity
A. Immediate
B. Delayed
C. Autoimmunity
D. Terminology
1. Allergen
2. Allergy
3. Localized allergic reaction
4. Anaphylactic shock
VIII. Process of infections
A. Terminology
1. Abscess
2. Acute infection
3. Aerobic
4. Anaerobic
5. Antibiotic
6. Antibody
7. Antigen
8. Antisepsis
9. Antiseptic
10. Bacteremia
11. Bacteriocide
12. Bacteriostasis
13. Bioburden
14. Carrier
15. Chronic infection
16. Chronic/permanent
17. Community-acquired infection
18. Contaminated
19. Contamination
20. Convalescent carrier
21. Cross-contamination
22. Cross-infection
23. Culture
24. Disease
25. Disinfectant
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CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
MICROBIOLOGY
Disinfection
Droplet
Endogenous source
Endotoxin
Exogenous source
Exotoxin
Falcultative
Flora
Fomite
Host
Infection
Infectious agent
Inflammation
Local infection
Necrotic
Nonsterile
Nosocomal infection
Obligatory
Parasite
Pathogens
Phagocytosis
Primary infection
Principles of asepsis
Pus
Reservoir
Resident microorganism
Saprophyte
Secondary infection
Sepsis
Septicemia
Source
Spore
Sterile
Sterile field
Sterile technique
Sterilization
Sterilizer
Superinfection
Suppuration
Surgically clean
Systemic infection
Toxin
Transient microorganism
69. Transitory/temporary
70. Vector
B. Pathogenicity
1. Aggressiveness and virulence of the
pathogen
2. Size and composition of the microbe
population
3. Physical environment
4. Susceptibility of the host
C. Inflammatory process
1. Signs of inflammation
a. Redness
b. Heat
c. Swelling
d. Pain
2. Physiology
a. Increased blood supply to the site
and dilatation of blood vessels=
heat and increased #WBCS +
pphagocytosis
b. Edema, swelling from fluid
formation = pain
c. Accumulation of dead/living
microbes + WBCS = pus
3. Infection
a. Invasion
b. Localization
c. Resolution
IX. Wound Healing
A. Historical background
B. Definitions
1. Adhesions
2. Dehiscence
3. Dead space
4. Debridement
5. Granuloma
6. Collagen
7. Evisceration
8. Hemostasis
9. Scar
10. Necrosis
11. Trauma
12. Hematoma
4
CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
MICROBIOLOGY
13. Keloid
14. Edema
15. Seroma
16. Exudates
17. Granulation tissue
18. Contracture
19. Gangrene
20. Serosanguinous
Structure and function of the skin
Types of wounds
1. Intentional
a. Surgical cite incision/excision
b. Chemical wounds
c. Occlusion banding
2. Unintentional wounds
3. Traumatic injuries
a. Closed wounds
b. Open wounds
c. Simple wounds
d. Clean wounds
e. Complicated wounds
f. Delayed full-thickness injury
g. Contaminated wounds
4. Incidental wounds
a. Pressure sores
b. Ulcers
Mechanism of wound healing
1. First intention/primary union
2. Second intention/granulation
3. Third intention/delayed primary closure
Inflammatory process
1. Pain
2. Heat
3. Swelling
4. Redness
Healing process
1. Fibrinogen
2. Fibroblasts
3. Collagen
4. Network of fibers
5. Scar tissue
Stages of wound healing
1. Lag phase/inflammatory response phase
2. Proliferation phase
3. Maturation or differentiation phase
I. Factors influencing healing
1. Physical condition
2. General health
(1) Smoking
(2) Circulatory status
(3) Age
(4) Nutritional status
(5) Obesity
(6) Inflammatory and immune
responses
a. Related disease processes
(1) Hematology
(2) Fluid and electrolyte balance
(3) Immunosuppression
(4) Drug therapy
(5) Radiation
(6) Acute/chronic disease process
(7) Co-morbidity
3. Surgical technique
a. Sterile technique
b. Tissue handling
c. Methods of hemostasis
d. Wound security
e. Tissue approximation
J. Complications
1. Hematoma/seroma
2. Infection
3. Wound disruption
a. Dehiscence
b. Herniation
c. Evisceration
4. Hemorrhage
5. Sinus tract formation
4. Fistula
6. Scar/surgical cicatrix/keloid
7. Adhesion
8. Suture complications
K. Surgical site infection (SSI)
1. Incisional infection
2. Deep wound infection
3. Noscomial infections
5
CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
MICROBIOLOGY
a. Endogenous infection
b. Exogenous infection
L. Prevention of wound infections
1. Reduce sources of contamination
2. Standard precautions
3. Principles of asepsis and practice of
sterile technique
4. Meticulous technique and wound
closure
5. Control endogenous infection
6. Tissue perfusion
7. Antibiotic therapy
8. Wound drains
M. Basic wound care procedure
1. Standard precautions
2. Sterile technique
a. Sterile supplies
b. Sterile gloves
3. Physician’s orders
4. Procedural steps
a. Old dressings removed
b. Sterile gloves donned
c. Wound cleansed/debridement
(1) Sterile NS
(2) Antiseptics
(3) Wound cleaned first
(4) Wound dressing
N. Wound classifications
a. Class I – Clean
b. Class II – Clean/ Contaminated
c. Class III – Contaminated
d. Class IV – Dirty/Infected
e. Examples of surgical procedures that fall
into each category
Course Evaluation: Exams, quizzes, lab practical, research papers
Course Grade: The course grade for students in Health Education will be weighted according to the
following activities and assignments:
20 % Dialogue Center: This category include broad based assessment of class discussion and participation
as well as oral presentations (Oral or written) and role playing.
10 % Homework: This category may include but is not limited to the following activities: question
and answers based on reading, note-taking, graphic organizers, and homework reader responses.
60 % Course Assessments and/or Written Assignments: This category may include but is not
limited to the following informal (writing samples, journals, performance assessments, role playing,
projects, discussion, in class assignments) and formal assessments (end of course assessments).
10 % Common Assessment: Common assessments given at the end of this course will count 10% of
the total grade. All students must achieve a grade of at least 75% on the common assessment.
Students who retake the common assessment will receive an average of the two grades.
Make-ups due to absences will follow the policies of both attendance and grading.
Texts for this Course
Surgical Technology
For the Surgical Technologist
Caruthers
6
978-1-4180-5168-6
CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
MICROBIOLOGY
Delmar Fundamentals of
Anatomy and Physiology
Rizzo
978-1-435-43871-2
Medical Terminology
Systems
Gylys/Wedding
978-0-8036-2145-9
7