Effect of several salts on ice and the environment
Nick Dontje & Youssef Shukur
Rsg-enkhuizen, The Netherlands
Summary
In the winter people got problems with slippery roads. Local congregation straw NaCl(s) over the
street, which lowers the freezing point of water. Is NaCl(s) the most effective salts or have other salts
more result. We’ve created a proof which we look to the effects of different salts on the amount of
melting ice in ml. We took eight different salts. Four different positive ions with chloride ions, and four
different positive ions with nitrate ions. We notice the amount of melting ice in ml each five minutes.
Would the other salts been effective to lower the freezing point and melt much ice, just like NaCl(s) in
real world, and aren’t they harmful to our environment?
Introduction
In order to calculate the number of moles of a
matter we use the following formula:
quantity of gram = number of moles x molar mass
Sodium chloride 22,99+35,45=58,44 (molar mass)
58.44x0.05=2.93gram
Potassium chloride 39,10+35,45=74,55 (molar
mass) 74.55x0.05=3.73gram
Calcium chloride 40,08+2.(35,45)=110,98 (molar
mass) 110.98x0.05x2/3=3.7gram
Barium chloride 137,3+2.(35,45)=208,2(molar
mass) 208.2x0.05x2/3=6.94gram
Sodium nitrate 22,99+14.01+3.(16)=85(molar mass)
85x0.05=4.25gram
Potassium nitrate
39,10+14.01+3.(16)=101,11(molar mass)
101,11x0.05=5.06gram
Calcium nitrate 40,08+14.01+3.(16)=102,09 (molar
mass) 102.09x0.05x2/3=3.4gram
Barium nitrate 137,3+14.01+3.(16)=199,31(molar
mass) number of particles to obtain the salts will
have 2 + positive ions are loaded to be multiplied by
a factor of 2 / 3.
The calculated number of gram calciumchloride,
bariumchloride, calciumnitrate and bariumnitrate
multiplied by a factor of 2 / 3. These factors are
derived from the dissolution of the material
equations
NaCl (s) → Na + (aq) + Cl-(aq)
CaCl2 (s) → Ca 2 + (aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
Therefore, if one mole of NaCl (s) will resolve that 2
moles arise. If a mole CaCl2 (s) will resolve it
creates 3 mol. For all salts equal
Natrium / potassium chloride are not harmful
because they are used as salt. Calcium chloride is a
dangerous substance. Barium chloride is toxic,
irritating to skin and eyes.
The substances with nitrate are harmful/oxidizing.
Oxidizing substances which are used in combination
with a flammable substance can result in
combustion or detonation. Barium nitrate is an
oxidizing/harmful substance. Calcium nitrate is
harmful, sodium and potassium nitrate are oxidizing
substances
We expect that NaCl (s) will have the best results on
melting the ice, because it’s being used nowadays
by the government as spread salt for slippery roads.
199.31x0.05x2/3=6.65gram
Experimental procedure and
approach
First we weigh the salts, whether the quantities of
the salts are correct. Then we use a funnel at each
measuring cup. 400 grams of ice will be spread over
the eight funnels (50gram per funnel). On each
funnel filled with 50 grams of ice, spread the
corresponding quantity of any of the above salts.
Data gathering and analysis
After each 5minuten that have expired, the
corresponding amount of melted ice will be read per
ml funnel. After every 5 minutes, you have 8
different values. You repeat the reading
for every 5 minutes un till you reach 30 minutes. If
all goes well, you will have 48 test values at the end
of the procedure of melted ice(water) volume in ml
(6 samples per salt).
Results
The numbers in the table are the number of ml melted ice. The following data are the average of two
tests.
Time in
minutes 5
NaCl
Kcl
CaCl2
BaCl2
NaNo3
KNO3
Ca(NO3)2
Ba(NO3)2
10
6,25
2,75
7
2,01
2,75
0,4
4
0,15
15
8,3
4,9
9,7
3,15
5,5
1,6
6,7
1,45
20
10,55
6,65
12,5
6
7,45
3,7
8,8
4,55
25
13,35
8,8
14,65
8,65
10,1
6,45
10,45
7,15
30
15,95
11,65
16,85
11,35
13,1
9,2
13,05
9,8
18,5
13,55
18,45
13,6
15,4
11,4
15,15
12,2
melted ice (mL)
Chlorides
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
NaCl
Kcl
CaCl2
BaCl2
0
5
10
15
20
time (s)
25
30
35
Nitrate
18
16
melted ice (mL)
14
12
10
NaNo3
8
KNO3
6
Ca(NO3)2
4
Ba(NO3)2
2
0
0
10
20
time (s)
30
40
Conclusion and discussion
If we look critically at our research, we can’t
determine exactly whether we were able to
hold the variables constant in our research.
The ambient temperature, the exact timing for
5min and the amount of ice will not exactly
have been the same. The number of grams of
salt that we have about 50 grams of ice
scattered in both trials have been right. From
these views, we can conclude that the
differences between our data are logical. We
have taken the average of two tests and with
this data we were able to create the tables and
the graphs. Calcium chloride and sodium
chloride had the highest number of melted ice
in 30 minutes. Calcium chloride and sodium
chloride with 18.45ml 18.5ml, followed by
sodium nitrate and calcium nitrate with 15.4 to
15.15 ml. Calcium chloride and sodium
chloride are the two best salts for ice to melt.
The result of natriumchloride is logical,because
it is used as spread salt, just like we explained
in our introduction. Calcium chloride is
dangerous and harmful to our environment, so
calcium chloride is not a good alternative for
NaCl (s). The substances with nitrate are
harmful/oxidizing, so these are no good
alternatives. Two salts are remaining:
potassium chloride and barium chloride.
Barium chloride is toxic, irritating to eyes and
skin, so the only good alternative that remains
is potassium chloride.
Bibliography
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/natriumchloride
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliumchloride
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/calciumchloride
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/bariumchloride
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/natriumnitraat
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/kaliumnitraat
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/calciumnitraat
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/bariumnitraat