Score________
Name__________________________ HR_____
Chapter 11.2 Diabetes and Allergies
Diabetes
______________________________________ (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by
high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
How does it work?
When you eat, your body breaks food down into glucose. ______________________________
is a type of sugar that is your body’s main source of energy.
As blood glucose rises, the body sends a signal to the _____________________________,
which releases insulin.
Insulin is a ______________________. It makes our body's cells absorb glucose from the blood.
Acting as a __________________, insulin binds to a place on the cell wall (an insulin receptor),
_________________________________ the cell so glucose can pass into it. There, most of the
glucose is used for energy right away.
__________________________________ goes up and down throughout the day:
As your blood glucose rises (after a meal), the pancreas __________________________ insulin.
Your pancreas may not ______________________________ enough insulin (insulin deficiency).
Your cells don’t use insulin properly. The insulin can’t fully “unlock” the cells to allow
______________________________________________ to enter (insulin resistance).
Type of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Other types:
____________________________ Diabetes
__________________ (Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults)
__________________ (maturity-onset diabetes of youth)
____________________________ Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 Diabetes
Was previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes develops when the body’s ___________________________________ destroys
pancreatic beta cells, the only cells in the body that make the hormone insulin that regulates
blood glucose.
This form of diabetes usually strikes________________ and _______________________,
although disease onset can occur at any age.
Type 1 diabetes may account for 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes.
____________________________________________ for type 1 diabetes may include
autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors.
Type 2 Diabetes
Was previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset
diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes may account for about _________ to __________ of all diagnosed cases of
diabetes.
It usually begins as insulin resistance, a disorder in which the cells do not use insulin properly.
As the need for insulin rises, the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce insulin.
Type 2 diabetes is ________________________ with older age, obesity, family history of
diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and
race/ethnicity.
African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans
and Native Hawaiians or Other Pacific Islanders are at particularly high risk for type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is increasingly being diagnosed in_____________________________________
Symptoms:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Diabetes Means
________ x the risk of high blood pressure
________ to 4 x the risk of heart disease
________ to 4 x the risk of stroke
#1 cause of adult _____________________________________________
#1 cause of _______________________________________ failure
Causes more than 60% of non-traumatic lower-limb amputations each year
Complications
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Cardiovascular disease and stroke
Randomly controlled studies show that these complications can be prevented or controlled
with good blood sugar control but this might involve multiple shots etc
More shots does not mean “worse diabetes”!
Who is at risk?
____________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
__________________________________________
___________________________________________
Management of Diabetes
A.________________________________________________
B._______________________________________________
C. _______________________________________________
________________________________ is a basic part of management in every case. Treatment
cannot be effective unless adequate attention is given to ensuring appropriate nutrition.
________________________________________________ promotes weight reduction and
improves insulin sensitivity, thus lowering blood glucose levels.
Oral Anti-diabetic agents, There are currently ___________ classes of oral anti-diabetic agents
What is a food allergy?
Immunological response to food (allergic reaction)
Body protecting itself – release of histamine
Affects multiple body systems:
________________________
___________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Exposure can cause serious problems or death
Intolerance vs Allergy
Intolerance
Reaction to the chemicals in food
No immune system response
_________________________________ (life-threatening) side-effects: Bloating, gas,
abdominal discomfort)
Food Allergy Facts
Doubling of food allergy over the past 10 years, particularly peanut allergy.
Latest statistics show continual increase with peanut allergy as the leading cause
___________ million Americans affected (4%)
_______________ are peanut and/or tree nut
________________ million school aged children (~8%)
Onset at any age
Eight Foods account for 90% of all reactions
___________________________________
________________________________
___________________________________
________________________________
___________________________________
________________________________
___________________________________
________________________________
Possible exposure
_________________________________
________________________________
_________________________________
________________________________
Signs of Allergic Reactions
Hives
Difficult Breathing
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Eczema Flare
Lightheadedness
Swelling
11.2 Review Questions
1. Identify and describe the effects of the substance released by the cells that causes the
symptoms of a food allergy.
2. What are the two most important dietary factors for an athlete?
3. Nutritional needs differ throughout the life cycle. Discuss the ways calorie intake should
vary as a person grows from infancy to old age.