Unit 3- Questions/answers for revision
Unit 3A, Topic 4: Population change.
1- Population growth and distribution.
a
The growth and distribution of population.
 To identify the change in global population numbers over the past 2000 years.
To study the distribution of global population and the reasons for these distributions, including
climate, soils and the history of settlement.
June 2011
Study Figure 4c. It shows the growth of global population between 1750 and 2020 (predicted).
Describe the changes shown on Figure 4c. Use population data in your answer. (3)
One mark for data (must include units, check correct quantity) Two max. if no data used
e.g. the global population grew slowly between 1700 and 1860(1) when the population reached 1.4
billion(1); the global population grew more rapidly after 1860 (1); there was a population explosion
between 1940 and the present day (1)
b
Reasons for changes to birth and death rates, including study of the demographic
transition model.
To understand the reasons for changes to birth and death rates (including medical, economic,
social and political influences).
SP1 4
(a) Answer the following questions about the demographic transition model.
(i) Describe the birth rate during Stage 1. (1)
It stays high and constant at about 35/40 per 1000
(ii) Describe what happens to the death rate in Stage 2. (1)
It falls
(iii) At what point in the transition is the growth rate of population at its highest? (1)
End 2/beginning 3
(iv) Which stage is sometimes described as the ‘low fluctuating’ stage? (1)
Stage 4
(b) Define the following terms:
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(i) birth rate (2)
Number of births per 1000 (1) per year (1).
(ii) population density. (2)
Number of people living in an area (1) per unit area eg, sq. km (1).
June 2010
Suggest reasons why birth rates are low during Stage 3 of the demographic transition model. (4)
Up to 2 marks without explanation.
birth control (1), preference for smaller families (1) as it is expensive bringing up children (1); low
infant mortality rate (1); later marriages (1) and women having children later (1) because they are
having a career first (1); government policy – e.g. one child policy in China (1)
January 2011
(b) Study Figure 4b below. It shows the demographic transition model (DTM).
(i) In which stage of the model does the death rate fluctuate? (1) Stage 1
(ii) In which stage of the model is population growth greatest? (1) Stage 2
(iii) Suggest reasons to explain why the death rate is decreasing in Stage 2 of the DTM. (3)
1 mark per reason, second mark for elaboration. Max 2 list
e.g. improved healthcare (1) for example free ‘flu jabs (1) and more doctors (1) better living
conditions (1)
June 2011
One reason for world population growth is falling death rates. Give reasons why death rates have
fallen. (3)
One mark for each statement . Credit linked statements
e.g. new medicines (1) to combat diseases such as cancer (1); vaccinations for young children (1);
improvements in medical care for pregnant mothers (1) better diet (1) clean / piped water (1)
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January 2012
Suggest reasons why some Low Income Countries (LICs) have a high birth rate. (4)
Either basic point (1) plus development through more detail/extension or example (1)
... or 4 basic points ... or any combination
Lack of contraception (1) because of poverty/lack of primary health care or so many unplanned
births (1) Women want more children (1) to work on the land (1) There is a high infant mortality rate
(1) so parents have more children to compensate for this (1) Women have few rights/limited
alternatives (1) so have few choices to make thus obliged to stay at home (1) Large family size is a
form of insurance (or similar idea) (1) to provide welfare for parents (1) Large families are socially
desirable (at least for men) (1)
c
The physical and human factors affecting the distribution and density of population in
China and the UK.
To identify the physical factors such as relief, climate and soils, as well as human factors such as
employment, trade and transport networks, which have had an impact on the distribution and
density of population in the UK and China.
SP1
(d) Study Figure 4b (Booklet p65). It shows data for population density in different global regions.
Compare and suggest reasons for the changes in population density in Europe and Africa. (4)
Europe has slowed down (1). Africa has grown very fast (1). Data to illustrate (1).
Maximum 2 marks for comparison.
Reasons – low level BR/DR differences (1). Reasons for those differences, affluence/poverty
(1), status of women (1), education levels (1). Maximum 2 marks for reasons.
4th mark only awarded for a higher level
‘explanation’.
* (e) Study Figure 4c (Booklet p66). It shows maps of China’s population density and physical
features. Explain the relationship between the physical geography of China and the distribution of
population. (6)
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SP2
(b) Study Figure 4b (photograph). It shows a sparsely populated area of countryside in the Lake
District. (Booklet p72)
(i) Use evidence from the photograph to explain the physical factors which lead to an area being
sparsely populated. (3)
1 mark only for purely descriptive comments. Max 2 if no reference to the photograph.
It is a mountainous area (1) purely descriptive. Mountainous area therefore difficult to build houses.
(1) Small valley floor (1) therefore lack of fertile farming land. (1)
(ii) Outline the human factors that have affected the distribution of population in
the UK. Refer to specific named places in your answer. (4)
Max 3 marks for 1 example. Unspecific points max 2. Human factors such as accessibility, areas rich
in natural resources encourage industrial growth. Examples would be south-east of England due to
London being the capital city. South Wales mining villages due to raw materials in the past.
June 2010
b) Study Figure 4b (choropleth map). It shows the population density of China. (Booklet p66)
(i) Describe the distribution of population of China. Use evidence from the map in your answer. (3)
Max two if no reference to the map.
Distribution is unevenly spread (1) most dense in the east (1) and pockets in the north west (1) +
data (1) most sparse in the west (1) inland (1) + data (1) uninhabited area in the west (1) densely
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populated around the rivers (1)
(ii) Explain how physical factors have influenced the population distribution of China. (4)
Max 2 if no explanation or a direct link between physical factors and population distributin.
Densely populated due to: Fertile soils (1) low relief (1) river valleys (1)
Sparsely populated due to: Highland (1) high rainfall (1) desert (1) very cold (1)
January 2011
4 (a) Study Figure 4a (maps). It shows a map of world population density and a map of world
relief.
(i) Which country named on Figure 4a is densely populated? (1) UK
(ii) Describe how relief can affect the population density of an area. Use only evidence from Figure
4a in your answer. (4)
1 mark per point; credit linked statements. Max 2 without evidence. 1 mark for named high relief
e.g. area of high relief, for example the west coast of South America (1) tend to have a low
population density (1) flat land is more densely populated (1) for example UK (1)
(iii) Outline other factors that affect world population density. (3)
1 mark per reason - Credit elaborations Max 1 for a list within each factor such as economic.
e.g. good job opportunities can lead to densely populated areas (1) for example in London and
Manchester (1) good supply of natural resources can lead to densely populated area (1)
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June 2011
(a) Study Figure 4a. It shows part of the Isle of Skye, a sparsely populated area of the UK.
(i) Give one physical reason why there is a low population density shown in Figure 4a. (1)
Mountainous (1) lack of river / water supply (1) poor soil (1) rough grazing (1)
(ii) Name one other sparsely populated area of the UK. (1)
Central Wales (1) Dartmoor (1) Northumberland (1) High Pennines (1)
(iii) Outline one human reason why some areas are sparsely populated. (2)
One mark for the reason and one mark for an elaboration
e.g. people leave the area (1) because there are few job opportunities (1)
(iv) Explain why some parts of eastern China are densely populated. (4)
Max 2 if not specific (linked to a specific area of China) or undeveloped points.
e.g. flat land (1) mostly under 500m above sea level (1) near rivers (1) temperate climate (1) job
opportunities (1) many factories / industry (1) good communication links (1) ports (1)
d
How two countries cope with contrasting population problems, one trying to increase and
the other trying to decrease the birth rate.
To be able to describe the population policies used by two contrasting countries, focusing on the
incentives and disincentives used for each country.
SP2/June 2011
(c) Explain the incentives and disincentives used by a country trying to decrease its birth rate. (6)
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June 2010
(d) Choose a country which is trying to increase its birth rate. Explain the methods used by this
country to increase its birth rate. (6)
2- Characteristics of population.
a
The characteristics of population on a local scale including age, gender, ethnic, religious
and occupational structure
To describe, understand and interpret census data.
b
Comparison of population pyramids for three countries at different levels of development.
To be able to identify patterns in population structure through population pyramids.
To be able to compare those of an HIC, an MIC and a LIC.
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SP1(c) Study Figure 4a. It shows population pyramids for Angola and the UK. (Booklet p64)
(i) Outline the evidence from the pyramid that the UK has an ageing population. (4)
Pyramid ‘undercut’ (1), so suggests falling birth rate (1), largest cohort 35-39 (1), fewer people
coming through to reproductive years (1), suggests numbers born will go on falling (1),
therefore ageing population (1), significant numbers in 65+ cohorts (1), use of data to
support any one point (1).
(ii) Study the population pyramid for Angola, in Figure 4a. Explain why the population of Angola is
likely to increase rapidly in the future. (3)
Wide base (1), large numbers of children (1), these children will enter reproductive life soon
(1), therefore number of births will be high (1), even if fertility rate/birth rate falls (1).
SP2
4 (a) Study Figure 4a (Booklet p67). It shows population pyramids for two countries.
One mark per correct row. (ii) A = HIC, B = LIC
(iii) One of the pyramids has an ageing population. What is an ageing population? (2)
A population that has a large number of old people in it (1) there are more older people than young
people. (1) There are large numbers of people over the age of 50 in the population. (1) If a definition
is given (1) credit examples such as UK. (1)
(iv) Describe the shape of population pyramid A. Use population data in your answer. (3)
The largest age group for pyramid A is 50 – 54. (1) In the 0 - 4 age group there are more males than
females. (1) In the 90 – 94 age group there are more females than males. (1) There are 3 million
males in the 20 – 24 age group. (1) Narrow base. (1) More females over the age of 60. (1)
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June 2010
(ii) Which level of development best describes pyramid A? (1) LIC
(iii) Give a reason for your answer to part (ii). (1)
One mark for a valid reason e.g. broad base or narrow at the top.
(iv) Describe the shape of pyramid B. Use data in your answer. (3)
Max 2 if no data (data = percentages) e.g. wide base (1) largest 30 – 39 (1) with 9.1 million of the
population (1)
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June 2011
(i) What is the national average for the Asian ethnic group? (1) 5%
(ii) Which ethnic group is below the national average in Stretford? (1) White
January 2012
Study Figure 4a. It shows the population pyramid for Country Z in 2010.
Unit 3 Questions-answers for revision
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One mark for two correct bars
(ii) Describe the population pyramid for Country Z shown on Figure 4a. Use population data in
your answer. (3)
Typical LIC (1) youthful population and/or low median age (1) pretty much gender equality (1)
largest category is the 0-9 cohort (1) smallest is the 80 or over cohort (1) data to support any one
point (1) One mark for each statement comparing differences between age
groups.
Maximum of 1 mark for data (millions or m) Limit to 2 if no exact data used (units – millions – are
required)
c
The consequences of youthful and ageing population.
To know that consequences can be both positive and negative.
SP2/January 2011
(v) Explain the consequences (advantages and disadvantages) of a youthful population. (4)
Up to 2 marks for purely descriptive comments. Expect positive and negative for full marks.
Many young workers, (1) many people paying taxes (1) because of a large workforce. (1)
Shortage of midwives and baby units in hospitals (1) because of the large numbers of babies being
born. (1) In the future there will be a lack of jobs. (1)
June 2010/January 2011
What is a youthful population? (2)
High proportion of young people (1) under the age of 16 (1) accept under the age of 19.
January 2011
(d) Choose a country with an ageing population. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of an
ageing population on this country. (6)
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June 2011
Describe the consequences (impacts) of an ageing population. (3)
1 mark for each consequence Credit link statements
e.g. shortages of labour (1) more money needed for pensions (1) strain on health care (1) more
leisure services required (1) need for more hospitals (1) need for more day care centres (1)
d
A study of the advantages and disadvantages of an ageing population within a country.
To be able to describe and explain the impacts of an ageing population on one country.
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Unit 3B, Topic 6: A tourist’s world
1- Growth of the tourist industry.
a
The social, economic and political causes of the growth in tourism.
To understand global factors causing the growth in tourism: social (greater leisure time),
economic (greater disposable income), and political (relaxing of border controls in the EU).
SP1: Identify one economic reason for the growth in tourism. (1)
Higher incomes/cheaper travel
Study Figure 6a (Booklet p78). It shows the growth of international tourism between 1950 and
2002. Describe the changes in international tourism between 1950 and 2002. (4)
Two changes – volume and destination
Overall Volume:
Gone up (1), at an increasing rate (1), short period of no change in early 80s (1), small blips in 90s
and 2000 (1). Any data to support one point (1). Maximum 2 marks.
Specific destination:
Europe dominates throughout (1), but less so now than earlier (1), emergence of new
destinations (1), specifically Asia and Americas (1). Any data to support one point (1).
Maximum 2 marks. (2 + 2)
Using Figure 6b (Booklet p75), and your own knowledge, explain why the destinations of
international tourists change from time to time. (4)
International political tensions, eg Madrid bombings (1), emerging destinations, eg China (1),
changing economic climate (recession) making home holidays more attractive (1), key events, eg
Olympics (1),fashion/advertising (1), increasing incomes making distant destinations more
affordable, eg rise of China (1), travel industry developments (1). Any example of one point (1).
SP2:
(iii) Explain the social and economic reasons for the growth in tourism. (4) (+ June 2011)
Up to 2 marks for purely descriptive comments. Expect social and economic for full marks. Social
could include – increase in leisure time because of increased holiday entitlement, early retirement.
Economic could include – greater wealth, transport developments.
June 2010:
Study Figure 6a (Booklet p98) It shows an international tourist who frequently travels to another
country for a holiday. Complete Figure 6a by explaining why tourism has increased in the last 50
years. (3)
One mark per reason for growth 1+1+1
More leisure time; more disposable income; advertising; faster / cheaper transport; easy border
control (e.g. within the EU); paid holidays
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January 2011
Study Figure 6b. It shows the growth in global tourism since 1994.
Describe the changes shown in Figure 6b. Use tourist data in your answer. (3)
2 x 1 mark per change described. 1 mark for data. Max 2 marks if no tourist data is used. e.g.
Between 1994 and 2008, the number of tourists has increased (1) by 260 million (1)
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January 2012
Study Figure 6a. It shows the number of tourists to the Yorkshire Dales National Park.
One mark for each correct plot. Line must be drawn for full marks.
(ii) Describe the changes shown on Figure 6a. Use tourist data in your answer. (3)
It rises - visitor numbers increased (1) but not consistently – it varies (1) any one period described
e.g fallen since 1998 (1) data to support any one point (1) One mark for each statement comparing
different years. Limit to 2 if no exact data used (thousands / 000s)
b
Holiday destinations offer a variety of physical and human attractions.
To be able to discuss physical and human attractions of different holiday destinations.
SP2: Study Figure 6b (photograph) ( Booklet p86)
It shows a coastal area in Cuba.
(i) Describe the physical attractions of the area. Use evidence from the photograph in your answer.
(3)
Max two if no evidence. Sandy beach. (1) Shallow water. (1) Coral reef. (1) Safe sea. (1) Blue sky –
warm sunny days. (1)
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June 2010:
Describe the physical and human attractions of the area shown in Figure 6b (Booklet p100)(4)
Max 3 if only physical or human attractions are discussed. Sandy beach (1); Blue sky (1) the sun (1);
Large hotels (1); near the beach (1); Beautiful scenery (1); Clear blue sea (1); sunbathing (1) water
sports (1)
January 2011
Study Figure 6c in the Resource Booklet. Outline the physical and human attractions of the area
shown in Figure 6c. (4)
1 mark for each attraction – credit explanation but can get full marks with a detailed description.
Need both human and physical for full marks – Max 3 if only
human or physical Accept reference to transport of skiers up the hillside
snow (1) good weather (1) steep slope (1) beautiful scenery (1) accommodation (1) church (1) ski –
lift (1) snowy mountains (2) forest (1)
c
Different types of holiday.
To be able to identify different types of holiday, eg package, adventure, wedding, and
backpacking.
SP1(a) Define the following terms:
(i) a package holiday(2)
A holiday in which travel, transfers and accommodation (1) are booked together (1).
June 2010: includes transport (1), accommodation (1). All put together by a tour operator (1) and
sold as a relatively cheap package deal (1) convenience (1)
(ii) ecotourism. (2)
Tourism that involves both the appreciation of nature (1) and its conservation and protection (1).
(iv) Give an example of an active holiday.(1)
Surfing etc
(ii) Name one national park in the United Kingdom.(1)
Lake District etc
SP2: Study Figure 6a (Booklet p81). It shows different types of holiday.
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Complete Figure 6a to describe the types of holiday shown.(3)
Wedding (1) – some couples wish to get married on holiday. (1) This is very popular in places like the
Caribbean Islands and places like Las Vegas. (1)
Backpacking (1) – many young people want to see the world. (1) This is a form of low cost
independent travel that allows them to do so. (1)
Adventure (1) – usually for the purpose of a new challenge or skill. (1) It probably appeals more to
younger people (1) or people who have retired early. (1) Some of the holidays involve an element of
risk. (1)
June 2010
Study Figure 6c. (Booklet p101)
It shows the growth of whale-watching, one type of tourism. Describe the pattern of tourism
shown in Figure 6c. Use data in your answer. (4)
January 2012
(iii) Backpacking holidays and package holidays are popular in the Yorkshire Dales National Park.
What is the difference between backpacking holidays and package holidays? (2)
Backpacking is low density, independent travel (e.g. walking or arrange own transport) or equivalent
idea (1) Package holidays are part of mass tourism and/or e.g. includes flight and accommodation in
the price (1)
Might approach it on numbers: Backpacking small numbers (1) package holidays ‘mass’ tourism (1)
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2- Resort development.
a
The Butler model of development.
 To understand the Butler model of resort development.
SP1: *(f ) Study Figure 6c (Booklet p80). It shows the Butler model of resort development. With
the use of examples explain the strategies that can be used when the stagnation stage is reached.
(6)
SP2
Study Figure 6c (Booklet p83). It shows the Butler model of resort development.
(i) Complete the diagram by labelling the missing stages of the Butler model of resort
development. (2) Top box – stagnation Bottom box - involvement
(ii) Choose two of the stages of resort development shown on Figure 6c. Outline what is happening
at each stage. You may use an example to help you. (4)
Credit explanations if given but can still get max marks with
descriptive points.
Marks can be 3:1,1:3 or 2+2. One mark per point. Credit examples if given.
Expect comments such as below.
Exploration: A small number of tourists visit a destination. (1) The main attraction is that the resort is
relatively ‘unspoiled’. (1)
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Involvement: Visitor numbers start to increase. (1) The host community provides services (1) such as
hotels. (1)
Development: Visitor numbers continue to increase. (1) The main motivation for visiting continues to
be the natural and cultural attractions. (1)
Consolidation: The number of tourists continues to increase but not as quickly as in previous stages.
(1) Transport routes and access to the resort have been improved. (1)
Stagnation: The standard of facilities and services tends to decline (1) as they become old and run
down. (1)
Rejuvenation: Once in decline many resorts fail to recover. (1) Other destinations are successfully
rebranded (1) and regenerated. (1)
Decline: Tourist numbers start to decline dramatically. (1) The local economy is severely affected (1)
and many people lose their jobs. (1)
January 2011
Describe what happens to a resort when it is at the stagnation stage (Stage 5) of the Butler model.
(4)
1 mark for each point. Credit own examples. 1 mark for a reference about preparing for the next
stage of the model. Credit that they are still building attractions.
Standard of facilities declines (1) they become old and run down (1) negative impact of the
environment (1) such as …. (1) visitor numbers begin to drop (1) local community begins to resent
the tourists (1) because the town depends on tourism (1)
b
The development of an EU resort related to the Butler model.
To be able to explain how one EU resort fits the Butler model through its development from its
origin to present day.
June 2010
Choose a study you have made of a holiday resort in the European Union. Use the Butler model of
resort development to explain how the resort has developed. (6)
June 2011
*(d) Choose a study you have made of an EU holiday resort. Explain how the resort has developed.
(6)
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3- Effects of tourist industry growth.
The social, economic and environmental effects of the growth of tourism in countries at different
levels of development (positive and negative effects).
To understand the positive and negative impacts of tourism, including social, economic and
environmental impacts, and considering both LICs and HICs
SP2:
The growth of tourism can have positive and negative impacts (effects) on an area. Outline the
impacts that tourism can have on areas such as Figure 6b. (3)
Expect positive and negative for full marks. Jobs will be created in the hotels for local people. (1) The
sea will be polluted by the large number of tourists. (1) Visual pollution of all the human attractions
on the beach.(1)
June 2010
Outline the ways in which tourism can have a negative impact on the environment. Include
examples in your answer. (4)
One mark per point. Credit explanations if given but can still get max marks with descriptive points.
Max 2 marks if no examples.
Examples can be based in one or more locations (e.g. Malham) Habitats are cleared; overuse of
water supplies; rubbish and sewage; coral reefs destroyed; wildlife disturbed; traffic congestion; air
pollution; noise pollution
January 2011
(e) Explain the negative impacts (effects) that tourism has had on an area that you have studied.
(4)
1 mark per point; credit linked statements. Max 2 if unspecific. e.g. sewage is sometimes put straight
into the sea (1) and the building of new hotels destroys animal habitats (1) Expect reference to
social, economic and environmental factors.
June 2011
Study Figure 6c. It shows part of the Peak District National Park.
(i) Identify the negative environmental effect (impact) of tourism shown on Figure 6c. (1)
Footpath erosion; wearing away the footpath; destruction of the footpath; visual impact; artificially
improved footpath
(ii) Explain the positive effects (impacts) of tourism. Use examples in your answer. (4)
Max 2 if no explanation or specific point related to the positive effects of tourism. e.g. jobs are
created such as a waitress in a hotel (1); new entertainment facilities are opened which can be used
by locals (1); tourists spending money boosts the local economy (1); money can be spent on
protecting the environment (1)
January 2012
Explain the positive economic effects of a growth in tourism. Use examples in your answer. (3)
Either basic point (1) plus development through more detail/extension or example (1)
... or 3 basic points ... or a combination
Tourists spend money in local shops (1) which help boost the local economy or developed through
an example(1) Creates a multiplier effect (1) as money is circulated or example of same (1)
Creates jobs (1) examples of same (1) Increases land values for some (1) example of same (1)
Limit to 2 if no located example / generic answers
4- Eco-tourism.
 To be able to explain how eco-tourism can protect the environment and benefit local people,
using a case study.
SP1
Study Photograph D (Booklet p79). Using both the photograph, and your own knowledge, explain
why mountains such as these are described as fragile environments. (3)
Impact is direct and indirect both from tourist usage (photograph) and from servicing that tourist
economy (1). Fragility is a function of steep slopes,what goes down tends to stay down (1). Of severe
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and unpredictable climate, heavy rain/snow/flash floods and avalanches (1). Of rarity of species of
fauna and flora which are easily disturbed (1).
SP2 * (d) Choose a study you have made of an eco-tourist destination. Explain how tourism can be
developed to protect the environment. (6)
January 2011
* (f ) Choose a study you have made of an eco-tourist destination. Explain how eco-tourism can
protect the environment and benefit the local community. (6)
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January 2012
*(d) Choose one eco-tourist destination that you have studied. Explain how tourism has been
managed to protect the environment. (6)
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January 2012
Study Figure 6b (photograph) in the Resource Booklet. It shows some attractions in one area of
the North York Moors National Park.
(i) Name one physical attraction shown on Figure 6b. (1)
Hills (1) valleys (1) description of the beautiful physical landscape (1) moorland (1)
(ii) The area shown on Figure 6b is at the Development stage of the Butler model. Outline the
characteristics of this stage. (4)
Either basic point (1) plus development through more detail/extension or example (1)
... or 4 basic points ... or any combination
Starting to make / improve (human) attractions (1) example/data to support (1)
Small numbers of tourists (1) example/data to support (1) Very little infrastructure (1) example/data
to support (1) Accommodation is fairly basic(1) example/data to support (1) ..and owned by locals
(1) example/data to support (1) Little inward investment from large tourist companies (1)
example/data to support (1) Little negative environmental impacts (1) example/data to support (1)
Locals welcome the tourists (1) example/data to support (1) Locals see the tourists as a source of
income (1) example/data to support
(iii) There has been an increase in tourism in the area shown on Figure 6b. Suggest reasons for this
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increase in tourism. Use evidence from Figure 6b in your answer. (4)
Either basic point (1) plus development through more detail/extension or example (1)
... or 4 basic points ... or any combination The tea room and/or new hotel (1) would attract people to
spend longer in this area (1) The golf course would attract people (1) wanting to do a leisure activity
whilst on holiday (1) The beautiful moorland scenery (1) would attract walkers (1) The campsite (1)
would attract more young families (1)
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