Study guide chapter 10 test on Friday , January 29, 2016
1. Heredity---is the passing of physical characteristics from parent to
offspring.
2. Trait ---a specific characteristic than an organism can pass to its offspring
through its genes. Traits are determined by the gene on the chromosomes.
3. Genetics ---the scientific study of heredity
4. Fertilization---the process in sexual reproduction in which an egg cell and
sperm cell join to form a new cell
5. Pollination---the carrying of pollen to the female part of the plant to
fertilize the seed.
6. Purebred---organisms is the offspring of many generations that have the
same form of a trait.---for example –purebred tall pea plants always come
from tall parent plants.
7. Mendel---father of genetics
8. What happens during fertilization? An egg cell and a sperm cell join
together.
9. Gene---a sequence of DNA that determines a trait and is passed from
parent to offspring. A gene is a segment of DNA that determines its trait.
10.Alleles—are the different forms of a gene.(Tt)
11.Dominant allele—is one whose trait always shows up in the organism when
the allele is present. Use upper case letter (T)
12.Recessive allele---is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present. Lower
case is used (t)
13.Hybrid—organism has two different alleles for a trait. (Tt)
14. Independent assortment---inheritance of one trait has no effect of another
trait.
15. Be able to solve one trait by using a Punnett square: In fruit flies, long
wings are dominant over short wings. A scientist crossed purebred longwinged fruit fly with a purebred short- winged fruit fly. The crossed would
be WW x ww The outcomes would be 75% long wings and 25 % short
wings.
16. Probability ---is a number that describes how likely it is that an event will
occur.
17.Punnett square ---is a chart that shows all the possible ways alleles can
combine in a genetic cross.
18. Phenotype ---its physical appearance or visible traits
19. Genotype---its genetic makeup
20. Homozygous (purebred) an organism that has two identical alleles for a
trait.(TT or tt)
21. Heterozygous (hybrid) an organism that has two different alleles for a
trait. One dominant and one recessive gene.
22. If you crossed two hybrid mice black is dominant trait over the brown coat
determine the outcome of this crossed.
23. People have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs . 22 pairs of homologous (look
like ) are called autosomes. One pair is the is the sex chromosomes –
determines sex male(XY) or female (XX)
24. The father determines the sex of the child.
25. When one allele is NOT completely dominant over another (they blend) is
known as Incomplete dominance. Cross a red (RR) flower with a white
(WW) flower offspring are all pink(RW)
26. When both alleles are expressed is known as Codominance for example
in certain chickens black feathers are codominance with white feathers . FF
x WW the offspring are heterozygous having black and white speckled
feathers.
27. Multiple alleles –means that three are more possible alleles determine a
trait. For example blood types A and B are dominant and blood type 0 is
recessive and blood type AB codominant .
28. Polygenic Inheritance----occurs when more than one genes affect a trait.
For example person’s height and skin color
29. Humans are born with inherited traits such as vocal cords and tongues
that allow for speech. Freckles , body color
30. The different languages (French ,Spanish) that a person speaks are
acquired traits. Haircuts, colored hair
31. Environmental factors –can influence the way genes are expressed.
Tobacco smoke and other pollutants can affect genes in a person’s body
cells in a way that may result in lung cancer and other cancer.
32. Only genetic changes in sex cells can be passed to offspring.
33. Positive environmental factor : The amount of sun, water , and nutrients
can affect the growth of a plant.
34. Sutton studied grasshopper through a microscope. He concluded that
genes are carried on chromosomes.
35. Meiosis--- a cell produces sex cells with half the number of chromosomes.
36. Asexual reproduction---one parent produces a new organism identical to
itself. The exact copy of the parent’s DNA . Budding –new organism grows
out of the parent and breaks off.
37. Sexual reproduction—involves two parents that combine their genetic
material to produce a new organism which differs from both of the parent.
38. Mutations---is any change in the DNA of a gene or chromosome. For
example mutations can cause a cell to produce an incorrect protein during
protein synthesis. Mutations can change the DNA of a chromosome or
gene.
39. Mutations –that occur in the body cells cannot be passed on to offspring .
Mutations—that occur in sex cells can be passed on to the offspring.
40. Cancer---is a disease in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably,
damaging the parts of the body around them. Cancer cells are like weeds in
a garden.
41. Chemotherapy—is the use of drugs to treat a disease. The drugs can kill or
slow the growth of normal cells causing hair loss.
42. Tumor---is a mass of abnormal cells that develops when cells divide and
grow uncontrollably.
43. Three ways to treat Cancer: surgery, radiation and drugs that destroy the
cancer cells.(chemotherapy)
44. Surgery—remove the cancer growth
45. Radiation---uses beams of high-energy waves