CHAPTER
13
Date:
Rating:
Text Pages: 262–280
POINT TO PONDER:
“Success is going from failure to failure without losing your
enthusiasm.”—Abraham Lincoln
WHY STUDY THE BASICS OF ELECTRICITY?
1. As a cosmetologist, you will use many electrical appliances and knowledge
of electricity can help you use them safely and effectively. List the electrical
appliances you expect to use as cosmetologist. Then, once you have finished
reading this chapter in your textbook, recheck your list and add any additional
items you did not include the first time.
(Answers will vary, but may include hair dryers, curling irons, clippers, and
lights.)
ELECTRICITY
2. (Electricity)
atom.
is a form of energy; it is the movement of particles around an
3. When in motion, energy exhibits
effects.
(magnetic) ,
(chemical) , or (thermal)
4. A(n) (electric current) is a flow of electricity along a conductor.
5. Any substance that easily transmits electricity is a
(conductor) .
6. Which of the following is a conductor?
a) Wood
(X)
b) Copper
c) Cloth
d) Alcohol
7. A substance that does not easily transmit electricity is a(n) (insulator) or a(n)
(nonconductor) . Name five examples. (Rubber, silk, wood, glass, and cement.)
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8. Which of the following is not an insulator?
a) Rubber
b) Silk
c) Cement
(X)
d) Water
9. A(n) (complete circuit) is the path of negative and positive electric currents
from the generating source through the conductor and back to its original
source.
10. Static shock is a form of electricity.
(X)
True
False
11. Name the two types of electric current.
a) (Direct current [DC].)
b) (Alternating current [AC].)
(one)
12. Direct current is a constant, even-flowing current that travels in
and is produced by (chemical means or batteries) .
direction
13. (Alternating) current is a rapid and interrupted current, flowing first in one
direction and then in the opposite direction.
14. What apparatus changes direct current to alternating current?
(Converter.)
15. What apparatus changes alternating current to direct current?
(Rectifier.)
16. Name which type of current each of the following items use.
a) Flashlights:
(Direct current or DC)
b) Curling irons:
(Alternating current or AC)
c) Mobile phones:
(Direct current or DC)
d) Table lamps:
(Alternating current or AC)
e) Car battery:
(Direct current or DC)
f) Hot rollers:
(Alternating current or AC)
17. Match each term with its definition.
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(d)
1. Volt
a) Measures the strength of an electrical current.
(a)
2. Amp
b) Measures how much electric energy is used in
1 second.
Chapter 13 Basics of Ele ctr icity
(e)
3. Milliampere
c) Equals 1,000 watts.
(f)
4. Ohm
d) Measures the pressure or force that pushes the
flow of electrons through a conductor.
(b)
5. Watt
e) Equals one-thousandth of an ampere.
(c)
6. Kilowatt
f) Measures the resistance of an electric current.
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT SAFETY
18. When electrical wires in a wall overheat, the result is a(n)
(fire) .
19. A device that prevents excessive current from passing through a circuit is a
(fuse) .
20. A switch that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric circuit at the first
indication of overload is a (circuit breaker) .
21. What does UL stand for? (Underwriters Laboratories.)
22. What does the UL symbol mean when it’s found on an electrical appliance?
(That the appliance is safe when used according to the manufacturer’s directions.)
23. What is grounding? (It completes the electrical circuit and carries the current
safely away.)
24. List all of the safety guidelines that you should adhere to when using electric
appliances in the salon.
a) (Use only UL-certified electrical appliances.)
b) (Read all instructions carefully before using any piece of electrical equipment.)
c) (Disconnect all appliances when not in use.)
d) (Inspect all electrical equipment regularly.)
e) (Keep all wires, plugs, and electrical equipment in good repair.)
f)
(Use only one plug to each outlet; overloading may cause the plug or wire
to overheat and the circuit breaker to trip.)
g) (Avoid contact, for both you and your client, with water and metal surfaces
when using electricity and do not handle electrical equipment with wet hands.)
h) (Do not leave your client unattended while connected to an electrical device.)
i) (Keep electrical cords off the floor and away from people’s feet; getting
tangled in a cord could cause you or your client to trip.)
j) (Do not attempt to clean around electric outlets while equipment is plugged in.)
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k) (Do not touch two metal objects at the same time if either is connected
to an electric current.)
l) (Do not step on or place objects on electrical cords.)
m) (Do not allow an electrical cord to become twisted; it can cause a short
circuit.)
n) (Disconnect appliances by pulling on the plug, not the cord.)
o) (Do not attempt to repair electrical appliances unless you are qualified.)
ELECTROTHERAPY
25.
(Electronic facial treatments) are commonly referred to as electrotherapy.
26. A(n) (wall plate) or (facial stimulator) is an instrument that plugs into an
ordinary wall outlet and produces different types of electric currents that are
used for (facial and scalp treatments) . They are called (modalities) .
27. A(n) (electrode) , or probe, is an applicator for directing the electric current
from the machine to the client’s skin and is usually made of (carbon) ,
(glass) , or (metal) .
28. (Polarity) indicates the negative and positive poles of an electric current.
Electrotherapy devices always have one negatively charged pole, called a(n)
(anode) and one positively charged pole, called a(n) (cathode) .
29. The positive electrode is usually
sign.
30. The negative electrode is usually
(–) sign.
(red) and is marked with a “P” or a plus (+)
(black) and is marked with an “N” or minus
31. List the three modalities used in cosmetology.
a) (Galvanic.)
b) (Microcurrent.)
c) (Tesla high-frequency.)
32. (Galvanic) current is constant and direct, with a positive and negative pole,
that produces chemical changes when it passes through the tissues and fluids
of the body.
33. The electrode used on the area to be treated is the
(inactive) electrode is the opposite pole.
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Chapter 13 Basics of Ele ctr icity
(active) electrode; the
34. (Iontophoresis) is the process of infusing water-soluble products into the skin
with the use of electric current.
35. (Cataphoresis) forces acidic substances into deeper tissues using galvanic
current from the positive toward the negative pole.
36. (Anaphoresis) is the process of forcing liquids into the tissues from the
negative toward the positive pole.
37. (Desincrustation) is a process used to soften and emulsify grease deposits
and blackheads in the hair follicles.
38. A client with pustular acne is a good candidate for receiving galvanic current.
True
(X)
False
MICROCURRENT
39. An extremely low level of electricity that mirrors the body’s natural electrical
impulses is called (microcurrent) .
40. List nine ways this type of low level electricity may be beneficial to clients.
a) (Improving blood and lymph circulation.)
b) (Producing acidic and alkaline reactions.)
c) (Opening and closing hair follicles and pores.)
d) (Increasing muscle tone.)
e) (Restoring elasticity.)
f) (Reducing redness and inflammation.)
g) (Minimizing healing time for acne lesions.)
h) (Improving the natural protective barrier of the skin.)
i) (Increasing metabolism.)
41. The (Tesla high-frequency current) is a thermal or heat-producing current with
a high frequency, commonly called the (violet ray) and is used for both scalp
and facial treatments.
42. The Tesla current electrodes are made from either
(glass)
or (metal) .
43. List the benefits from the use of Tesla high-frequency current.
a) (Stimulated blood circulation.)
b) (Improved glandular activity.)
Chapter 13 Basics of Ele ctr icity
143
c) (Increased elimination and absorption.)
d) (Increased metabolism.)
e) (Improved germicidal action.)
f) (Relief of congestion.)
44. Neither Tesla high-frequency current nor microcurrent should be used on female
patients who are (pregnant) .
OTHER ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
45. Give the use or a description of each of the following electrical appliances.
a) Hood hair dryers/heat
lamps
(Sources of dry heat that can be used
to shorten chemical processing time.)
b) Ionic hair dryers
(Combat static electricity and flyaway hair.)
c) Curling and flat irons
(Available in many types and sizes; have
built-in heating elements.)
d) Heating caps
(Provide a uniform source of heat; used
with hair and scalp conditioning treatments.)
e) Haircolor processing
machines
(Also known as accelerating machines;
shorten the time needed to process
chemical hair services.)
f) Steamers or vaporizers
(Produce moist heat that can be applied
to the head or face.)
LIGHT ENERGY AND LIGHT THERAPY
46. (Visible light) is electromagnetic radiation that we can see. Electromagnetic
radiation is also called (radiant energy) because it carries energy through
space on waves.
47. The distance between two successive peaks is called the
(wavelength) .
48. Long wavelengths have low frequency, meaning (fewer waves) within a given
length. Short wavelengths have higher frequency, meaning (more waves)
within a given length.
49. The (visible spectrum of light) is part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
50. Visible light makes up (35 percent) of natural sunlight.
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Chapter 13 Basics of Ele ctr icity
51. (Ultraviolet rays) and (infrared rays) are invisible because their wavelengths
are beyond the visible spectrum of light. They make up (65 percent) of natural
sunlight.
52. What are some other names for ultraviolet light?
(The abbreviation UV, cold
light, and actinic light.)
53. List six characteristics of ultraviolet light.
a) (It is invisible light.)
b) (It has a short wavelength, so has higher energy.)
c) (It is less penetrating than visible light.)
d) (It causes chemical reactions to happen more quickly than visible light.)
e) (It produces less heat than visible light.)
f) (It kills germs.)
g) (It causes the skin to make vitamin D.)
h) (It causes skin cancer.)
54. Which of the following types of UV light is used in tanning beds?
(X)
a) UVA
b) UVB
c) UVC
55. (Infrared light) has long wavelengths, penetrates the deepest, and produces
the most heat.
56. What are some uses for infrared light in the salon?
(It is used during hair
conditioning treatments, for processing haircolor, for relaxation and warming
up muscles, for diminishing signs of aging, and for increasing circulation.)
57. (Catalysts) are used to make reactions happen more quickly. They may be
either a (heat) energy source or a (light) source.
58. What is light therapy? (The application of light rays to the skin for the
treatment of wrinkles, capillaries, pigmentation, or hair removal.)
59. What does the acronym laser stand for?
L: (Light)
A: (Amplification)
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145
S: timulation)
E: (Emission)
R: (Radiation)
60. What does the process of selective photothermolysis do?
(It turns the light from a laser into heat.)
61. What does LED stand for?
L: (Light)
E: (Emitting)
D: (Diode)
62. Which color LED reduces acne?
(Blue.)
63. Which color LED improves collagen and elastin production in the skin?
(Red.)
64. Which color LED reduces inflammation?
(Yellow.)
65. What is the name of a medical device that is used to treat spider veins, rosacea,
and excessive hair?
(Intense pulse light.)
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