Supplementary information S3 | Reliability, clinical validity and norms for social perception measures
Test
Ekman 60 Faces
(From the Facial
Expressions of
1
Emotion – Stimuli and Tests,
FEEST)*
Reliability
Internal consistency
Split-half reliability r = 0.62.
1
Clinical validity
Autism can disrupt recognition of specific emotions.
2,3 One study identified no deficits in accuracy, but slower responses.
4
The Ekman 60, particularly when negative expressions are used, is also sensitive to bvFTD.
5–7
People with schizophrenia are impaired relative to controls.
8
Norms
Norms and cut-off scores available.
1
Population
Adults and children
Comprehensive
Affect Testing
System
(CATS) 11–13
Internal consistency
‡
α across all subtests = –0.15–
0.76, 13 split half r s = –0.12–
0.75.
13 For subtest 10,
α = 0.67–0.72
14 and 0.66.
15
For subtest 5, α = 0.61.
15 α for two facial subtests = 0.70, 16 and for two prosody subtests = 0.56.
16
Test-retest
Mean interval of 1 year, r s = 0.61, 16 and 0.70 for subtest 10.
14
The Ekman 60 is also sensitive to brain damage that differentially affects the recognition of specific emotions.
9,10
Performance on subtests from the CATS is impaired in bvFTD.
17,18 One of these studies found impairment on one of two administered subtests, 18 the other identified impairment on both administered subtests.
17 subtests from the CATS battery, but not in a global manner, with performance on some subtests typically intact.
19–22
People with schizophrenia exhibit deficits on
Adult norms are available for both the original and abbreviated
CATS.
13,23
Adults
Florida Affect
Battery (FAB) 24
Internal consistency
α = 0.85 for a total score towards which all subtests contribute.
25 α = 0.82 for a composite score pooling the facial subtests, 25 and α = 0.76 for a composite score pooling the prosody subtests.
25
Test-retest
People with FTD exhibit impairments in facial affect recognition but not in identity discrimination.
26
Recognition of facial expressions is related to regional changes in grey matter in neurodegenerative disorders.
27
A high proportion of people with TBI are impaired on the FAB.
28
The FAB is sensitive to emotion recognition
Norms are available for adults, 24 as children and adolescents aged 9–
15 years.
31
as well
Developed for adults, but some studies have also used the FAB to assess children and adolescents
Mean interval of 2 weeks, r = 0.89–0.97.
24 difficulties in other clinical groups, including patients who have undergone temporal lobectomy, 29 patients with multiple-domain mild cognitive impairment, 30 and schizophrenia.
25
TASIT Emotion
Evaluation Test
(EET) 32,33
Test-retest
Mean interval of 1 week, r = 0.74.
34
Alternative forms
Mean interval of 15 weeks, r = 0.83.
34
People with bvFTD are impaired relative to controls.
17,18
Many studies show that people with TBI also exhibit deficits on the EET, 33–36 although exceptions have been noted.
37
The EET also differentiates between people with schizophrenia and controls.
8
Adult and adolescent norms are available.
32,38
Age ≥13 years
*The FEEST also includes the Emotion Hexagon Test, which uses stimuli of graded difficulty and may be more sensitive to subtle emotion recognition difficulties. This task has higher split-half reliability ( r = .92), and also has norms available.
1
‡
Composite and quotient scales can also be derived for the CATS, and have higher reliability overall.
13 α refers to Cronbach’s alpha, mean interval refers to average interval between testing occasions. Abbreviations: bvFTD, behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia; TBI, traumatic brain injury.
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