On-line Supporting Material
The impact of off-site land use energy intensity (LUEI) on the overall life cycle LUEI for utility-scale solar electricity generation technologies
David Murphy, Robert Horner, Corrie Clark
Note: These tables provide intermediate values used in the calculation of LUEI for individual elements of the upstream and
downstream material flows of a solar power plant. Numbers taken from within the tables may not represent physically existing
facilities, but rather may be intermediate calculations to determine a LUEI (e.g., a product solar capacity may be very large
because it comes from a very large facility that produces a very large amount of product; the ratio of the product solar capacity
to the product land area is what matters for LUEI). Calculations follow Equation 1 explained in Method subsection B of the main
document.
Table S.I. Upstream LUEI estimates for silicon (Si) PV production stages: Solar module production.
Production
Stage/Facility
Year
Product
(Unit)
Product
Quantity
Product
Solar
Capacity
(MW/y)
Product
Land
Area
(m2)
Land Area
Allocation
Assumed
Facility Life
(Years)
Land Use
(m2/MW)
Upstream
LUEI
(m2y/MWh)
Upstream
LUEI as a
Percentage of
GenerationSite LUEI
Separate Facilities
Silica Mine
2010
MG-Si
(Metallurgical
grade
2010
Poly-Si
2010
Silica
(Metric
Tons)
MG-Si
(Metric
Tons)
Poly-Si
(Metric
Tons)
1,275,000
318,750
2,977,311
1
30
0.311
0.000197
0.001%
28,500
2,053
296,597.14
1
30
4.815
0.00305
0.020%
19,667
1,601
1,078,644.56
1
30
22.459
0.0142
0.094%
27.586
0.0175
0.12%
Separate Facilities Total
1
Table S.I (Cont.)
Production
Stage/Facility
Year
Product
(Unit)
Product
Quantity
Product
Solar
Capacity
(MW/y)
Product
Land
Area
(m2)
Land Area
Allocation
Assumed
Facility Life
(Years)
Land Use
(m2/MW)
Upstream
LUEI
(m2y/MWh)
Upstream
LUEI as a
Percentage of
GenerationSite LUEI
Vertically Integrated Facilities (Poly-Si to Module)
Solar World
(Oregon Facility)
2011
PV
Module
(MW)
500
500
2011
Si Wafer
(MW)
740
740
2011
Si Cell
(MW)
550
550
590
590
REC
2011
PV
Module
(MW)
298,801.22
385,764.18
1
30
19.920
0.0126
0.083%
0.33
30
5.734
0.00364
0.024%
0.33
30
7.715
0.00489
0.032%
0.33
30
7.192
0.00456
0.030%
20.642
0.0131
0.086%
REC Total
2010 Si Powder
(Tons)
2010
Solar World
(German Facility) 2010
2010
Poly-Si
Wafers
(MW)
Poly-Si
Cells
(MW)
Mono and
Poly-Si
Modules
(MW)
850
69
437,477.57
1
30
210.753
0.134
0.82%
1,000
1,000
128,428.66
1
30
4.281
0.00271
0.015%
300
300
128,428.66
1
30
14.270
0.00905
0.049%
600
600
128,428.66
1
30
7.135
0.00452
0.025%
236.439
0.150
0.99%
SolarWorld (German Facility) Total
2
Table S.II. Upstream LUEI estimates for silicon PV production stages: BOS production.
Material
Year
Ala
2010
Ni
2010
Cua
2010
Steela
2010
Si Carbide
2010
Polystyrene
2011
Ethyl Vinyl
Acetate
(EVA)
2011
Product
(Unit)
Al
(Metric Tons)
Ni
(Metric Tons)
Cu
(Metric Tons)
Steel
(Metric Tons)
Si Carbide
(Metric Tons)
Polystyrene
(Metric Tons)
EVA
(Metric Tons)
Product
Quantity
Product
Solar
Capacity
(MW/y)
Product
Land Area
(m2)
Land
Area
Allocation
Assumed
Facility Life
(Years)
Land Use
(m2/MW)
Upstream
LUEI
(m2y/MWh)
Upstream LUEI as
a Percentage of
Generation-Site
LUEI
175,000
7,599
745,296
1
30
3.269
2.1E-03
0.014%
525
433,125
24,722
1
30
0.002
1.2E-06
0.0000079%
79,500
93,696
321,746
1
30
0.114
7.3E-05
0.0005%
2,400,000
3,128,127
2,586,577
1
30
0.028
1.7E-05
0.000115%
35,000
3,275
717,182
1
30
7.299
4.6E-03
0.030%
748,000
264,382,294
1,430,389
1
30
0.00018
1.1E-07
0.00000075%
240,000
30,462
2,997,946
0.11
30
0.350
2.2E-04
0.001%
Total
11.063
7.0E-03
0.046%
Land area and production quantity values for aluminum, copper, and steel represent averages of all of the facilities analyzed for each material. See Table S.XIII for
individual data.
a
Table S.III. Downstream LUEI estimates for silicon PV disposition stages.
Product
Quantitya
2011
Scrap Metal
(Metric Tons)
30,239
318.31
20,540
1
30
2.2
0.0014
0.01%
2011
Scrap Metal
(Metric Tons)
30,239
318.31
80,490
1
30
8.4
0.0053
0.04%
2011
Scrap Metal
(Metric Tons)
30,239
318.31
2,316
1
30
0.2
0.0002
0.00%
Average
3.6
0.0023
Product quantity values for aluminum, copper, and steel represent the combined total annual disposition at the three Rifkin facilities divided equally among them.
0.015%
Scrap Metal
(Al, Ni, Cu, Steel)
Scrap Metal
(Al, Ni, Cu, Steel)
Scrap Metal
(Al, Ni, Cu, Steel)
a
Location
Rifkin
Scrap Iron
and Metal
Company
Traverse City,
MI, USA
Saginaw, MI,
USA
West Branch,
MI, USA
3
Land Area
Allocation
Land Use
(m2/MW)
Product
(Unit)
Facility
Name
Assumed
Facility
Life
(Years)
Downstream
LUEI as a
Percentage of
GenerationSite LUEI
Year
Disposition
Stage
Product
Land
Area
(m2)
Downstream
LUEI
(m2y/MWh)
Product
Solar
Capacity
(MW/y)
Table S.IV. Conversion ratios used in the Si-PV pathway.
CONVERSION TABLEa
a
Quantity
Unit
Conversion Ratio
Units
Conversion Ratio
Units
Cells
73.4
pc
2.2
W/pc
2.2E-06
MW/pc
Wafers
77.8
p
2.1
W/p
2.1E-06
MW/pc
Silica
2.9
Metric Tons
250
w/kg
2.5E-01
MW/metric ton
Poly-Si
2.0
kg
81.4
W/kg
0.081
MW/metric ton
MG-Si
2.3
kg
72.0
W/kg
0.072
MW/metric ton
Aluminum
3.8
kg
43.4
W/kg
0.043
MW/metric ton
Copper
0.1
kg
1178.6
W/kg
1.179
MW/metric ton
Nickel
0.0002
kg
825000.0
W/kg
825.000
MW/metric ton
Steel
0.1266
kg
1303.4
W/kg
1.303
MW/metric ton
Silicon Carbide
1.8
kg
93.6
W/kg
0.094
MW/metric ton
Polystyrene
0.0005
kg
353452.3
W/kg
353.452
MW/metric ton
Ethyl Vinyl Acetate
1.3
kg
126.9
W/kg
0.127
MW/metric ton
All values are derived from LCI data reported by de Wild-Scholten et al..1
4
Table S.V. Upstream LUEI estimates for CdTe thin film production stages.
Facility
Name
Location
Year
Product
(Unit)
Product
Quantity
Product
Solar
Capacity
(MW/y)
Product
Land
Area (m2)
Land Area
Allocation
Assumed
Facility Life
(Years)
Land Use
(m2/MW)
Upstream
LUEI
(m2y/MWh)
Upstream LUEI as a
Percentage of
Generation-Site LUEI
Refinery/
Smelter
Teck
Cominco
Trail, British
Columbia,
Canada
2003
Cd
(Metric Tons)
1,000
5.9E+05
2.6E+06
0.0027
30
0.04
2.5E-05
0.00017%
Refinery/
Smelter
Ronnskar
Sweden
2004
13
7.0E+01
6.3E+06
1.5E-05
30
0.044
2.8E-05
0.00019%
Panel
Construction
First Solar
Perrysburg,
Ohio
2010
Panels
(MW)
248
248
2.9E+05
1
30
39
0.025
0.17%
Panel
Construction
First Solar
Kulim, Malaysia
2010
Panels
(MW)
1,584
1,584
4.1E+05
1
30
8.7
0.0055
0.038%
Panel
Construction
First Solar
Frankfurt Oder,
Germany
2010
Panels
(MW)
528
528
2.5E+05
1
30
16
0.0101
0.069%
39
0.025
0.17%
Production
Stage
Te
(Metric Tons)
Totala
a
All totals are the sum of the Teck Cominco and Ronnskar refinery/smelter data and only the Perrysburg, Ohio, First Solar facility data because all of the First Solar facilities represent the
same process stage (i.e., manufacturing).
5
Table S.VI. Downstream LUEI estimates for CdTe thin film disposition stages.
Disposition
Stage/Facility
Hazardous
Waste Facilitya
Hazardous
Waste Facilitya
Facility
Name
Environmental
Quality
Environmental
Quality
Year
Product
(Unit)
2011
Hazardous
Glass Dust
(Metric Tons)
Belleville, MI,
USA
2011
Hazardous
Glass Dust
(Metric Tons)
2011
Glass Attached
to EVA
(Metric Tons)
2011
Glass Fines
(Metric Tons)
Location
Detroit, MI, USA
Incinerator
Facility
Ross
Incineration
Service
Grafton, OH,
USA
Landfill
BFI-Vienna
Junction
Erie, MI, USA
Product
Product
Assumed
Product
Solar
Land Area
Land Area
Facility Life
Quantity Capacity
Allocation
(m2)
(Years)
(MW/y)
Land Use
(m2/MW)
Downstream
Downstream
LUEI as a
LUEI
Percentage of
(m2y/MWh) Generation-Site
LUEI
0.109
124
1.11E+05
~0
30
0.0E+00
0.0000
0.000%
0.109
124
8.93E+05
~0
30
0.0E+00
0.0000
0.000%
185.68
248
3.24E+05
0.096
30
4.2E+00
0.0026
0.018%
185.68
248
5.87E+05
0.00025
30
2.0E-02
0.0000
0.000%
4
0.0026
0.018%
Total
a
Both hazardous waste facilities represent one disposition stage. Product quantity and solar capacity were divided between them so that the LUEI for each site could be added
directly with the LUEIs from the other stages (instead of averaging the LUEI of the two sites and then adding the result to the LUEIs of the other stages).
6
Table S.VII. Conversion ratios used in the CdTe pathway.
CdTe LCI Conversion
Material
Cadmium
Cadmium Sulfide
Cadmium Telluride Powder
a -Fthenakis
b
Quantitya
Unit
Panel Rating
(W/ m2)b
Panel Rating
(W/g)
0.7
2.6
43.2
g / m2
g / m2
g / m2
124
124
124
172.2
47.5
2.8690
et al.(2006).2
-Personal communications with P. Sinha of First Solar November 2 and 26, 2012.3,4
Table S.VIII. Upstream LUEI estimates for parabolic trough CSP production stages.
Year
Product
(Unit)
Product
Quantity
Product
Solar
Capacity
(MW/y)
Product
Land Area
(m2)
Land
Area
Allocation
Assumed
Facility Life
(Years)
Land Use
(m2/MW)
Upstream LUEI
(m2y/MWh)
Upstream LUEI as
a Percentage of
Generation-Site
LUEI
Aluminuma
2010
Al
(Metric Tons)
175,000
451,613
745,296
1
30
0.055
2.5E-05
0.00025%
Coppera
2010
Cu
(Metric Tons)
14,500
12,211
321,746
1
30
0.88
4.0E-04
0.0040%
Steela
2010
Steel
(Metric Tons)
2,400,000
12,800
2,586,577
1
30
6.7
3.1E-03
0.031%
Concretea
2011
Concrete
(Metric Tons)
300,000
1,333.33
95,695
1
30
2.4
1.1E-03
0.011%
Glass
2011
Glass
(MW)
450
450
90,102
1
30
6.7
3.8E-03
0.031%
Production
Stage/Material
a
Total
16.7
0.0076
0.077%
Land area and production quantity values for aluminum, copper, steel, and concrete represent averages of all of the facilities analyzed for each material.
7
Table S.IX. Downstream LUEI estimates for parabolic trough CSP disposition stages.
Product
Quantitya
2011
Scrap Metal
(Metric Tons)
30,239
1.65E-04
20,540
0.5
30
4.3
0.002
0.020%
2011
Scrap Metal
(Metric Tons)
30,239
1.65E-04
80,490
0.5
30
16.8
0.008
0.077%
2011
Scrap Metal
(Metric Tons)
30,239
1.65E-04
2,316
0.5
30
0.5
0.000
0.002%
Average
7.2
0.003
Product quantity values for aluminum, copper, and steel represent the combined total annual disposition at the three Rifkin facilities divided equally among them.
0.033%
Location
Scrap Metal
(Al, Cu, Steel)
Scrap Metal
(Al, Cu, Steel)
Scrap Metal
(Al, Cu, Steel)
Rifkin
Scrap Iron
and
Metal
Company
Traverse City,
MI, USA
Saginaw, MI,
USA
West Branch, MI,
USA
a
Table S.X. Conversion ratios used in the CSP pathway.
Conversion Table for Upstream CSPa,b
Conversion
ITEM
QUANTITY
UNIT
Ratio
(MW/ton)
Concrete
18,000
Metric Ton
0.0044
Steel
15,000
Metric Ton
0.0053
Copper
95
Metric Ton
0.84
Aluminum
31
Metric Ton
2.6
a
-Data in table from Martin,5 as reported in Burkhardt et al.6
b
-Data based on the Luz SEGS VIII CSP facility, which is an 80-MW parabolic trough
CSP plant with natural gas cofiring.
8
Assumed
Facility
Life
(Years)
Land Use
(m2/MW)
Product
(Unit)
Facility
Name
Land
Area
Allocation
Downstream
LUEI as a
Percentage of
Generation-Site
LUEI
Year
Disposition
Stage
Product
Land
Area
(m2)
Downstream
LUEI
(m2y/MWh)
Product
Solar
Capacity
(MW/y)
Table S.XI. Additional Upstream Facility Data from Sources Identifying Both Land Area and Production Capacity.
Company
Facility Location
Products
Capacity (MW/y)
Land Area (m2)
SolarWorld
Hillsboro, Oregon
Solar-Grade Si, Wafers, Cells, Modulesa
500
392,545
Trina Solar
Changzhou, China
Modules
1,900
5,120,000
First Solar
Perrysburg, Ohio
Thin Film
248
83,613
First Solar
Mesa, Arizona
Thin Film
248
497,763
First Solar
Kulim, Malaysia
Thin Film
1,584
645,109
First Solar
Frankfurt Oder, Germany
Thin Film
528
190,202
9
Table S.XII. Additional Upstream Facility LUEI Data for Silicon PV: Solar Module Production.
Production
Stage/Facility
Location
Company Name
Land Area (m2)
Product (Unit)
Product Quantity
Year
701 Boyce Memorial Drive,
Ottawa, IL, USA
U.S. Silica
5,813,000
Silica
(Metric Tons)
2,200,000
2010
5263 Edmund Highway West
Columbia, SC, USA
U.S. Silica
141,000
Silica (Metric Tons)
350,000
2010
2401 Old Montgomery Rd.,
Selma, AL, USA
Globe Specialty Metals, Inc.
296,000
MG-Si (Metric Tons)
27,000
2010
3807 Highland Ave.
Niagara Falls, NY, USA
Globe Specialty Metals, Inc.
197,000
MG-Si (Metric Tons)
30,000
2010
12334 Geddes Rd., Hemlock,
MI, USA
Hemlock Semiconductor Corp.
2,648,000
Poly-Si (Metric Tons)
36,000
2010
1616 S. Pioneer Way
Moses Lake, WA, USA
REC
8,000
Poly-Si (Metric Tons)
15,000
2010
501 Pearl Drive,
St. Peters, MO, USA
MEMC Electronic Materials
579,000
Poly-Si (Metric Tons)
8,000
2010
25300 NW Evergreen Rd.,
Hillsboro, OR, USA
SolarWorld (Oregon Facility)
299,000
PV Module (MW)
500
2011
Wafers (MW)
740
2011
Si Cell (MW)
550
2011
PV Module (MW)
590
2011
437,000
Si Powder (Tons)
850
2010
128,000
Poly-Si Wafers (MW)
1,000
2010
Berthelsdorfer Str. 111 A, 09599
Freiberg/Saxony, Germany
128,000
Poly-Si Cells (MW)
300
2010
Ferdinand-Reich Str. 1, 09599
Freiberg/Saxony, Germany
128,000
Mono and Poly-Si
Modules (MW)
600
2010
Silica Mine
Metal-Grade
(MG) Si
Poly-Si
20 Tuas South Ave. 14,
Singapore 637312, Tuas,
Singapore
Vertically
Integrated
Facilities
(Poly-Si to
Module)
REC
Alfred-Lange Str. 15, 09599
Freiberg/Saxony, Germany
Berthelsdorfer Str. 111 A, 09599
Freiberg/Saxony, Germany
SolarWorld (German Facility)
386,000
10
Table S.XIII. Additional Upstream Facility LUEI Data for Silicon PV: BOS Production.
Production
Stage/Material
Location
Company Name
Land Area
(m2)
Product
(Unit)
Product
Quantity
Year
43840 State Route ,
Hannibal, OH, USA
Ormet Primary
Aluminum Corp.
1,850,000
Al
(Metric Tons)
265,000
2010
391 St. Jude Industrial Park
Hwy New Madrid, MO
63869, USA
Noranda Aluminum
Holding Corp.
1,050,000
Al
(Metric Tons)
250,000
2010
400 East Lincoln Highway
Chicago Heights, IL, 60411,
USA
Aleris International,
Inc.
61,000
Al
(Metric Tons)
130,000
2010
Birmingham, AL, USA
Bermco Aluminum Co.
21,000
Al
(Metric Tons)
55,000
2010
1891 E 1st Avenue South,
Columbus, MT, USA
Stillwater Mining Co.
25,000
Ni
(Metric Tons)
525
2010
Bagdad, AZ, USA
Freeport-McMoRan
Copper & Gold
284,000
Cu
(Metric Tons)
92,000
2010
Sierrita, AZ, USA
Freeport-McMoRan
Copper & Gold
359,000
Cu
(Metric Tons)
67,000
2010
13th Street and Braddock
Avenue, Edgar Thompson
Plant, Braddock, PA, USA
US Steel
1,223,000
Steel
(Metric Tons)
2,800,000
2010
5700 Valley Road, Fairfield
Works, Fairfield, AL, USA
US Steel
3,950,000
Steel
(Metric Tons)
2,000,000
2010
13230 ESK Street,
Hennepin, IL, USA
Washington Mills
Hennepin, Inc.
717,000
Si Carbide
(Metric Tons)
35,000
2010
Polystyrene
Hwy 75 & River Rd. 70721 ,
Carville, LA, USA
Carville Styrenics
Complex –
Polystyrene Plant,
Total Petrochemicals
USA
1,430,000
Polystyrene
(Tons)
748,000
2011
Ethyl Vinyl
Acetate
Daesan Complex, Daesan,
South Korea
Samsung Total
Petrochemicals
2,998,000
EVA
(Metric Tons)
Primary
Aluminum
Secondary
Aluminum
Nickel
Copper
Steel
Silicon Carbide
11
240,000
2011
Table S.XIV. Additional Upstream Facility LUEI Data for CdTe Thin Film.
Production Stage
Smelter/Refinery
Smelter/Refinery
Panel
Manufacturing
Panel
Manufacturing
Panel
Manufacturing
Location
Trail, British Columbia,
Canada
Skelleftehamn, Sweden
28101 Cedar Park Blvd.,
Perrysburg, OH 43551, USA
Hi-Tech Park 09000, Kulim,
Kedah Darul Aman,
Malaysia
Marie - Curie - Str. 3 15236
Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
Company
Name
Teck
Cominco,
Ltd.
Ronnskar
Land Area (m2)
2,593,824.66
6,291,377.04
Product (Unit)
Product
Quantity
Year
Zn (Metric Tons)
283,100
2003
Pb (Metric Tons)
80,700
2003
Cd (Metric Tons)
1,000
2003
In (Metric Tons)
34
2003
Ag (Metric Tons)
569
2003
Cu (Metric Tons)
224,400
2002
Te (Metric Tons)
13
2002
Se (Metric Tons)
34
2002
Pb (Metric Tons)
17,700
2002
Au (Metric Tons)
15.6
2002
Ag (Metric Tons)
408
2002
Zn Clinker (Metric
Tons)
Sulfuric Acid
(Metric Tons)
Liquid SO2
(Metric Tons)
34,400
2002
544,000
2002
54,700
2002
First Solar
288,590.82
Panels (MW)
248
2010
First Solar
414,759.69
Panels (MW)
1,584
2010
First Solar
252,520.89
Panels (MW)
528
2010
12
Table S.XV. Additional Upstream Facility LUEI Data for Parabolic Trough CSP.
Production
Stage/
Material
Primary
Aluminum
Secondary
Aluminum
Location
Company Name
43840 State Route 7
Hannibal, OH, USA
391 St. Jude Industrial Park
Hwy., New Madrid, MO, USA
400 East Lincoln Highway
Chicago Heights, IL, USA
Ormet Primary
Aluminum Corp.
Noranda Aluminum
Holding Corp.
Aleris International,
Inc.
Birmingham, AL, USA
Bermco Aluminum
Co.
Bagdad, AZ, USA
Copper
Sierrita, AZ, USA
Steel
13th St. and Braddock Ave.
Edgar Thompson Plant
Braddock, PA, USA
5700 Valley Rd., Fairfield Works
Fairfield, AL, USA
Freeport-McMoRan
Copper & Gold
Freeport-McMoRan
Copper & Gold
Land Area
(m2)
1,849,918
1,049,642
60,923
20,699
284,175
359,318
U.S. Steel
1,222,703
U.S. Steel
3,950,450
18825 Old Lagrange Rd.
Mokena, IL, USA
Ozinga
83,751
12660 S. Laramie Ave.
Alsip, IL, USA
Ozinga
125,757
400 E. Blaine Street
Gary, IN, USA
Ozinga
74,258
2255 S. Lumber St.
Chicago, IL, USA
Ozinga
99,013
2201 Sweeney Drive
Clinton, PA, USA
FLABEG Solar
U.S. Corporation
90,102
Concrete
Glass
Product (Unit)
Al
(Metric Tons)
Al
(Metric Tons)
Al
(Metric Tons)
Al
(Metric Tons)
Cu
(Metric Tons)
Cu
(Metric Tons)
Steel
(Metric Tons)
Steel
(Metric Tons)
Ready-Mix
Concrete
(Metric Tons)
Ready-Mix
Concrete
(Metric Tons)
Ready-Mix
Concrete
(Metric Tons)
Ready-Mix
Concrete
(Metric Tons)
Glass Mirrors
(MW)
13
Product
Quantity
Year
265,000
2010
250,000
2010
130,000
2010
55,000
2010
11,000
2010
18,000
2010
2,800,000
2010
2,000,000
2010
300,000
2012
300,000
2012
300,000
2012
300,000
2012
450
2010
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16