A STUDY ON THE URBAN FLOODING
KONG YOKE YOON AE09037
NOOR AZIMAH BINTI BAHRUN AE09016
OOI YEW KUN AE09001
A REPORT SUBMITTED TO FULLFIL PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
UHL 2332 - ACADEMIC REPORT WRITING COURSE
FOR THE ATTTENTION OF:
MDM NIK ALOESNITA BINTI NIK MOHD ALWI
CENTRE FOR MODERN LANGUAGES AND HUMAN SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA PAHANG
26 OCTOBER 2010
15
DECLARATION
We declare that this report is own work except for quotations and summaries which have been
duly acknowledged
................................
Names: OOI YEW KUN
Signature.....................
Names: NOOR AZIMAH BT. BAHRUN
Signature......................
Names: KONG YOKE YOON
Signature.....................
Date
15
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our eternal gratitude and sincere appreciation to our UHL 2332 Academic
Report Writing Lecturer Mdm Nik Aloesnita Binti Nik Mohd Alwi, for her invaluable guidance,
empowering support and profound advice throughout the preparation and realisation of this academic
report.
Our heartfelt gratitude also goes to our colleagues from Faculty of Civil Engineering and
Environment Resources who were respondents for this study. We feel very thankful for their full support
and co-operation to make this study possible.
Finally, besides all above, we also thank to Almighty God for giving us good health, strength and
perseverance to complete this academic report.
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CONTENTS
Page
DECLARATION
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
iv
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Background of study
1.3
Objectives of the study
3
1.4
Research questions
3
1.5
Definition of terms
3
CHAPTER II
1
1-2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Introduction
4
2.2
Literature review
4
2.3
CHAPTER III
2.2.1
Factors of urban flooding
4-5
2.2.2
Effects of urban flooding
5
2.2.3
Solutions of urban flooding
6
Conclusion
7
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
8
3.2
Procedures
8
3.3
Data Collection
8
CHAPTER IV
4.1
FINDINGS & DISCUSSION
Introduction
9
15
4.2
Analysis and discussion of data- Findings
CHAPTER V
9-16
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
Introduction
17
5.2
Summary of findings
17
5.3
Limitations of the study
5.4
Recommendations for further research
18
5.5
Conclusion
18
REFERENCES
17-18
19
APPENDICES
A
Sample of a questionnaire
20-21
B
Sample of a questionnaire (with indications of variables)
22-23
C
Coding Sheet
D
Graphs
24
25-34
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No:
Page
1
Causes of urban flooding
9-10
2
The activities in forest contribute to urban flooding
11
3
The effects of urban flooding
12
4
The action that can be taken to reduce the effect of urban flooding
13
5
The most effective solution to prevent flooding in urban area
14
6
The drainage system plays an important role in preventing flooding
15
in urban area
15
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This introduction will describe about the background information of our study that is urban flooding.
Besides that we also discuss about the objective of our study and the questions that we researched about.
These all are commonly surveyed about the topics like the factors, solutions and effects of urban flooding.
At the end of introduction part, there will be the definition of some important terms in our study.
1.2 Background information
Urban flooding means a large quantity of water is overflowing and inundating cities or town. Urban
flooding is an inevitable problem for many cities around the world. The problems arising from urban
flooding range from minor ones, such as water entering the basements of a few houses, to major incidents,
where large part of cities are inundated for several days. Most modern cities in the industrialized part
world usually experience small scale local problems mainly due to insufficient capacity in their sewer
systems during heavy rainstorms. Cities in other regions, including those in South/South-East Asia, often
have more severe problems because of much heavier local rainfall and lower drainage standards. This
situation continues to get worse because many cities in the developing countries are growing rapidly but
without the funds to extend and rehabilitate their existing drainage systems.
A few examples of historic urban flood problems are Mumbai (India), 2000 where nearly 17,000
telephone lines in Mumbai City ceased to function after flooding occurred and electric supply was cut off
for safety purposes. The water depth reached 1.5 m at the worst inundated locations and 15 lives were lost
in the flood. In Dhaka City (Bangladesh), even a small amount of rain may cause serious problems. Dhaka
has often experienced flooding with ankle to knee-deep water in the streets. In September/October 1996,
most of the daily activities in Dhaka were nearly paralyzed and heavy traffic jams occurred due to
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stagnant water. In 1983, Bangkok (Thailand) was flooded for nearly 6 months and it caused the loss of life
and infrastructural damages of approximately $146 million (AIT, 1985). In February 2002, five people
were killed in Jakarta (Indonesia) as heavy rain extended floods to the city centre, deepening a crisis,
which forced 200,000 people from their homes and killed 50 nationwide (Bangkok Post, 3rd February
2002). A final example is Houston, Texas (USA)—where the storm ‘Allison’ in June 2001 caused urban
flood damages in the order of $2 billion on the Texas Medical Centre in the Harris Gully watershed
(Holder et al., 2002).
Therefore, we need to find a solution to solve this problem from becoming worse. We need to ensure that
incidents like this can be reduced because this problem involves many parties. This problem also has
several adverse effects to humans and the environment.
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1.3 Objective of the study
The objectives of this study are:
1. to investigate the reasons of urban flooding when raining.
2. to identify the effects of urban flooding to humans and environment.
3. to determine the solution in reducing flooding in urban area.
1.4 Research question(s)
The main research questions of this study are:
1. What are the reasons of urban flooding?
2. What are the effects of urban flooding to humans and environment?
3. What are the solutions in reducing urban flooding?
1.5 Definition of terms
1. Urban - in, relating to, or characteristic of a town or city
2. Flood - an overflow of a large amount of water beyond its normal limits, especially over what is
normally dry land
3. Drainage - the action or process of draining something
4. Sewer system - an underground conduit for carrying off drainage water and waste matter
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, we will discuss about the details of urban flooding from some journals that we
have read. We are concerned about the factors, effects and solutions of urban flooding. The research
sources are based on the E-library from UMP website.
2.2 Literature review
2.2.1 Factors of urban flooding
The failure of an urban drainage system is defined as whenever the water level in a given point
exceeds a critical level within one rainfall event or rainstorm. According to Thorndahl and Willems
(2008), overloaded or flooding at certain manholes in drainage system will cause the malfunction of urban
drainage system. By using the first-order method (FORM) with more consider the parameters the basis of
failure probability estimation to investigate the failure of sewerage. As a result, we know that the FORM
is an alternative probability method that research for coalescent of high possibility factor of malfunction of
urban drainage system which will cause urban flooding.
In the paper of Gallegos, Schubert and Sanders (2009), a case of dam-break flooding in urban area
is used as study reference and high-resolution of urban flooding from a dam failure play the main role.
The result shows that stream flow accuracy is proportional to flood extent. However, heterogeneous
resistance may cause by the buildings representative method, pollutants or decaying of engineered flood
structure. The conclusion is the inaccuracy caused by human being towards the development of
urbanization brings trouble to them.
Based on the study Akin B. Oguntala and J.S Oguntiyinbo (1982), the number of rainy days in
Ibadan has been decreased, while the total quantity of annual rainfall is slightly increasing. The
uncontrolled deforestation of hill slope and encroachment of river flood plains have increased the runoff
15
rate into stream and finally bringing about flood.
In a conclusion, improper of designing of urban drainage, building presentation and environmental
management will cause the decreasing of the flow accuracy. Dam break and poor engineered structure
may also cause flood.
2.2.2 Effects of urban flooding
According to Vinet (2008), the effects of flooding can be separated according to humans and
environmental factors. Flood victims always face a problem on cost to repair the damage infrastructure
because they loss their property. Besides that, the destruction of the public infrastructures is also the
implication of the flood. Phones networks problems also affected. Death, physical injury and heavy
material losses also will affect the flood victims emotional.
Similarly, Mirza (2002) found that damage of the flood to humans and environment causes
negative effects to many parties. Mirza (2002) founds that flood problem damage to agriculture and
infrastructure in Bangladesh. The damage to socio-economic activities is also significant. It is because a
devastating affects on large segment of the population especially those who are poor. The research also
found the relations between global warming and floods that occurred in Bangladesh. Global warming
caused by the greenhouse effect and it will lead more serious flood in Bangladesh.
In contrast, Banerjee (2007) found that the effect of flood has positive implication on agricultural
wages in Bangladesh. In other words, floods affect the demand and supply conditions in agriculture labor
market. Flood years have higher agricultural than no flood years in Bangladesh. Monsoon crop season also
causes the wages high. Banterer detailed out the wage fluctuation in times of flood. He also found that
higher current wages usually cause by the high wage in the past.
In conclusion, all people in this world should be aware that urban flooding causes a lot of bad events
to humans and environment. Therefore, all people must cooperate and make sure the management of flood
in future will be more efficient to reduce the cost of damage in infrastructure. Although the agriculture
wages increase during flood, people must concern about the implication of flood to public damage and
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also people’s life.
2.2.3 Solutions for urban flooding
Texier (2008) recommends that to overcome this unexpected disaster, the first objective is to control
the hazards with structural measures. The second objective is to make the poor population more conscious
of flood hazards and sanitation by awareness campaigns by government. The third goal is to remove
people from the flooded illegal districts and to relocate them into social housing (flat). As a result, we
know the government plays an important role to prevent flooding. Flooding is very hard to prevent
because it is an unexpected disaster in the world.
On the other hand, Swan (2006) explores the relationship between increased urbanization and
subsequent capacity problems within drainage infrastructure that will caused flooding. Swan (2006),
suggests reducing or resolving the flooding problems with ‘ quick fix ’ engineered solutions, retrofit
options, and long-term ‘planning-based’ remedial measures. In conclusion, proper urban planning and
related sufficient drainage provisions for different areas covered under a city or township can play a
significant role in arresting the menace of urban flooding.
Similarly, Smith (2009) reports that recognition of the dual drainage problem and design
consideration of the drainage, research and development when construct the drainage and GIS tools
(Geographic Information System) and to support urban dual drainage modeling.
In summary, construct and maintain drainage in isolation without consideration of overall integrated
drainage and sustainability resulting in flooding. We need to be elaborately planned while developing a
city or an area with some strategies planning and research, so that there will no flooding or disaster that
will make people to suffer.
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2.3 Conclusion
In conclusion, urban flooding is caused by many factors, like malfunction of urban drainage
system, dam break, the improper management of environment and development of urbanization. There are
many effects that caused by urban flooding. For example, death, physical injury, heavy material losses,
flood victims emotional, and damage to agriculture and infrastructure are the effects of urban flooding.
However, there are also some ways to solve the urban flooding. Control the hazards with structural
measures, remove people from the flooded illegal districts, proper urban planning and design
consideration of the drainage are the solutions for urban flooding.
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
To investigate the question under consideration, as a researcher, we have been chosen the students
of University Malaysia Pahang as our subjects. There are amount of 30 students are selected as our targets
to answer our questionnaire. They are going to provide their opinions and information to us for our
research about urban flooding. We are randomly selected UMP students from different faculties, different
races and gender.
3.2 Procedures
Questionnaire is the method that we have chosen to collect data that we need. The questionnaire
has been divided into four sections. In section A, we have the background of respondents, section B is
about the causes of urban flooding, section C is about effects of urban flooding while section D is about
the solutions of urban flooding. Then, we give it randomly to respondents to answer it. The opinions that
provided for us will help to analysis our research.
3.3 Data collection
Data is recorded in code book by using Microsoft Excel. After that, the data are representing in
the form of pie chart and the percentage is calculated.
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CHAPTER IV FINDINGS & DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
In this chapter, after collecting the questionnaires from our respondents, we gathered all the data
and inserted them in the coding book. Then, we need to analyze them that related to our research.
Therefore, we present the data in form of pie chart and we provide the results and discussion based on the
pie chart. Besides that, we also provide reasons and relate the results with literature review. Lastly, we
summarize the results.
4.2 Analysis and discussion of data- findings
Causes of Urban Flooding
0%
Drainage syatem
20%
28%
The weather
Management of urbanization
7%
Management of environment
11%
16%
Dam break
Pollution
18%
Other
Figure 1: Causes of urban flooding
Figure 1 describes about the causes of urban flooding. There are total of seven causes or options
like drainage system, weather, and management of urbanization, management of environment, dam break,
pollution and others.
More people think that drainage system causes the urban flooding which shows the highest
percentage (28%). 20% of cause of urban flooding is pollution, 18% is the management of urbanization
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and management of environment take 16%. Besides that, a few people think the weather (11%) and dam
break (7%) cause flood in urban area. However, there is no people share their other comments due this
title. So, the option named other hits the lowest percentage of the causes of urban flooding (0%).
The finding is same with found by S. Thorndahl and P. Willems (2008). According to S.
Thorndahl and P. Willems (2008), overloaded or flooding at certain manholes in drainage system will
cause the malfunction of urban drainage system. On the other hand, the urban flooding due to dam
breaking also has been stated in the paper of Gallegos, H.A., Schubert, J.E. and Sanders B.F. (2009).
Based on the study on Akin B. Oguntala and J. S. Oguntoyinbo (1982) improper management of
environment is one of the factors of urban flooding. Similarly, in the pie chart, this three causes are having
the most supports (66%) which indirectly also support our research.
In conclusion, there are more supports from people to the statement that drainage system causes
urban flooding.
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The Activities in Forest Contribute to Urban
Flooding
0%
20%
10%
Fire
Camping
Deforestation
Buid dam
70%
Figure 2: The activities in forest contribute to urban flooding
Figure 2 describes about the activities in forest contribute to urban flooding.
70% of the people think that deforestation is the main activities that may cause urban flooding. As
a result, deforestation hits the highest percentages. Besides that, 20% of people also support that build dam
is the main activity in forest which contribute to urban flooding. Fire in forest has 10% of support among
the respondents. There is no one think that camping is the main factor of urban flooding.
Similarly, the study on Akin B. Oguntala and J. S. Oguntoyinbo (1982) stated that the improper
management of environment especially uncontrolled deforestation of hill slope, blockage of natural
drainage and encroachment of river flood plains have increased the runoff rate into stream and finally
bringing about floods. The others activities like fire in forest, camping and build dam are not the main
factor of urban flooding.
In conclusion, deforestation is the main activity in forest which can contribute to urban flooding.
From the chart, we will know the main factor due to urban flooding.
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The effects of urban flooding
Water damages to house or
structure
25%
33%
Water damage to contents
(furniture, appliances, personal
effect)
Transportation disruption
17%
25%
Lost income because of misses
work or business closings
Figure 3: The effects of urban flooding
Figure 3 describes the effects of urban flooding. Overall, the effect is water damages to house and
structure.
More than one third/ (33%) agree that water damages to house or structure is the effect of urban
flooding. Water damage to contents like furniture, appliances and personal effect and lost income because
of misses work or business closings also the effects of urban flooding. About 25% of people agree for
these two effects. Finally, the effect of urban flooding is transportation disruption (17%).
The above result is similar to the findings by Vinet (2008). In his research, he found that
industries, shops and private housing suffer during floods. Flood victims also had a problem about cost to
repair the damage infrastructure.
In conclusion, there are many effects of urban flooding but the water damages to house or
structure is the main one.
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The action that can be taken to reduce the effect
of urban flooding
5%
17%
Participate in any type of
emergency flood fighting
Moved to higher elevation
34%
44%
Flood proofed or modified
structure
None of above
Figure 4: The action that can be taken to reduce the effect of urban flooding
Figure 4 describes the action that can be taken to reduce the effect of urban flooding. Overall, the
action that people take to reduce the effect of urban flooding is moved to higher elevation.
The first action to reduce the effect of urban flooding is moved to higher elevation. About 44% of
people agree for this action. The second action is used flood proofed or modified structure that can prevent
urban flooding. More than one third/ (34%) agree for this action. The other reasons for reduces the effect
of urban flooding is participate in any type of emergency flood fighting (17%). Finally, 5% agree that
none of these actions that they take to reduce the effect of urban flooding.
The above result is similar to the findings by Texier (2008). In his research, he found that the
solution of urban flooding is remove people from the flooded illegal districts and relocate them into social
housing (flats). He also mentioned that controlling the hazards with structural measures.
In conclusion, there are many actions to reduce the effect of urban flooding but moved to higher
elevation is the main one.
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The most effective solution to prevent flooding
10%
Awareness campaign
by government.
3%
Proper design and
repair for the drainage
system in urban area.
33%
54%
Plant more trees in the
urban area.
Remove the people from
the flooded illegal
districts.
Figure 5: The most effective solution to prevent flooding in urban area
Figure 5 shows the most effective solution to prevent flooding in urban area. According to the
chart, proper design and repair for the drainage system in urban area has the highest percentage while
awareness campaign by government has the lowest percentage.
As illustrated by the chart, the most effective solution to prevent flooding is proper design and
repair for the drainage system in urban area about 54%. Plant more trees in urban area is the second
highest which is 33% for the most effective solution to prevent flooding. Remove people from the flooded
illegal districts is about 10% and awareness campaign by government is about 3% only for the most
effective solution to prevent flooding.
The finding is similar to Swan, A. (2006). In his study, he explores the relationship between
increased urbanisation and subsequent capacity problems within drainage infrastructure that will cause
flooding. It is similar to current finding which is proper design and repair for the drainage system in urban
area is the most effective solution to prevent flooding.
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It can be conclude that proper design and repair for the drainage system is the most effective
solution to prevent flooding because drainage system is a very important system by which the water level
on or in the river is controlled so that flooding can prevent.
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Drainage system play an important role in
preventing flooding in urban area
3%
Yes
No
97%
Figure 6: The drainage system plays an important role in preventing flooding in urban area
Figure 6 shows the drainage system plays an important role in preventing flooding in urban area.
According to the figure, about 97% respondents agree that drainage systems play an important
role in preventing flooding in urban area. Only 30% respondents do not agree that drainage system play an
important role in preventing flooding in urban area.
Based on the study of Smith, M. B. (2009), he comments that recognition of the dual drainage
problem and design considerations of the drainage, research and development when construct the
drainage, and GIS tools (Geographic information system) and to support urban dual drainage modelling
can prevent flooding.
It can be conclude that drainage system is very important to prevent flooding with proper design
and consideration to control the water flow while the water elevation is high.
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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
This chapter contains summary of the findings. We provide the limitations of the study. Besides
that, we also include suggestions for further study based on the research outcome in this chapter.
Therefore, we can provide concluding remarks of our research.
5.2 Summary of findings
Based on our results and analysis, there are more supports from people to the statement that
drainage system causes urban flooding. Deforestation is the main activity in forest which can contribute to
urban flooding. There are many effects of urban flooding but the water damages to house or structure is
the main one. Therefore, there are many actions to reduce the effect of urban flooding but moved to higher
elevation is the main one. Proper design and repair for the drainage system also are the most effective
solution to prevent flooding because drainage system is a very important system by which the water level
on or in the river is controlled so that flooding can prevent. Besides that, drainage system is very
important to prevent flooding with proper design and consideration to control the water flow while the
water elevation is high. Although we had some limitations during our research such as the content of the
articles which related to our research objectives that we found were limited but we are still able to
complete this research by applying another way to remediate the demerit or limitation of our research.
5.3 Limitation of the study
The limitation of our research is the respondents. The knowledge about the urban flooding is
limited because we choose students as the respondents. They do not have enough experience or
knowledge about urban flooding. The second limitation of our research is the irresponsible respondents.
We are hard to find responsible respondent. So, we also faced the problem to get back the questionnaires
and some of the respondents is not answer the question seriously which is some question was blank. The
third limitation about our research is the literature review. We were very hard to find an article or journal
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which is relevant to our topic and objectives in limited time.
5.4 Recommendations for further study
Based on the results that we get, we suggest that choosing a respondent is very important. We
should choose the respondent which has enough knowledge and experience about the urban flooding, For
example, drainage designer, civil engineering, and others. We also recommend that to choose the
responsible respondent. It is means that the respondent should have responsibility to answer the entire
question seriously and care the questionnaires. For the further research, we should try our best to find a
suitable article that relevant to our research. We also suggest that co-operation and time management is
very important to find a suitable article in limited time. For future, hopefully we are capable to overcome
all the limitations and improve ourselves in doing research.
5.5 Conclusion remark
In a nutshell, our research is about the flooding in urban area. The research objectives are to find
out the factors, effects and solutions of urban flooding. While in questionnaire research, most of the
opinions that we had collected are almost the same as the literature review that we did. The respondents
are able to give their useful opinions due to our research. It means we are able to achieve the research
objectives and the research questions which we had been mentioned in our report proposal. In conclusion,
we hope that we are competent to come out with more useful and valuable research.
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References
Banerjee, L. (2007). Effect of flood on agricultural wages in Bangladesh: An empirical analysis. World
Development, 35(11), 1989-2009.
Gallegos, H.A., Schubert, J.E. & Sanders B.F. (2009). Two-dimensional, high-resolution modeling
of urban dam-break flooding: A case study of Baldwin Hills, California. Advances in Water
Resources, 32(8), 1323-1335.
Mirza, M. (2002). Global warming and changes in the probability of occurrence of floods in Bangladesh
and implications. Global Environmental Change, 12(2), 127-138.
Oguntala, A.B. & Oguntoyinbo, J.S. (1982). Urban flooding in Ibadan: A diagnosis of the problem. Urban
Ecology, 7(1), 39-46.
Smith, M. B. (2009). Comment on ‘Analysis and modeling of flooding in urban drainage system’.
Advances in Water Resources, 32(8), 1323-1335.
Swan, A. (2006). How increased urbanization has induced flooding problems in the UK: A lesson for
African cities? Journal of Hydrology, 317(3-4), 355-363.
Texier, P. (2008). Floods in Jakarta: When the extreme reveals daily structural constraints and
mismanagement. Disaster prevention and management, 13, 358-372.
Thorndahl, S. & Willems, P. (2008). Probabilistic modelling of overflow, surcharge and flooding in urban
drainage using the first-order reliability method and parameterization of local rain series. Water
Research, 42(1-2), 455-466.
Vinet, F. (2008). Geographical analysis of damage due to flash floods in southern France: The cases of 1213 November 1999 and 8-9 September 2002. Journal of Hydrology, 361(1-2), 199-213.
15
All information that is provided will be kept confidential and will only used for academic
purposes.
Please tick (√) in the box provided, unless stated or otherwise.
SECTION A
Respondent Profile
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1. Gender:
Male
Female
2. Race:
Malay
Chinese
3. Faculty:
FKASA
FKKSA
FSKKP
FIST
Indian
Others:
FKEE
FKM
FKPPT
SECTION B FACTORS OF URBAN FLOODING
4. In your opinion, which are the causes
of urban flooding? (You may choose up
to FIVE answers)
Drainage system
6. One of the causes of urban flooding is
the malfunction of sewer system. In your
opinion, what is the MAIN cause of the
situation above?
Poor engineered flood structure
The weather
Management of urbanization
Management of environment
Size of the drain
Pollutants in drain
The design of sewer system
Dam break
Pollution
7. The following are the activities in the
forest. Which activity you think is the
main activity that can contribute to
flooding in urban area?
Other :
5. Do you agree that bad weather, for
example raining days and storms are the
main cause of urban flooding?
Yes
No
Fire
Camping
Deforestation
Build dam
15
SECTION C : EFFECTS OF URBAN FLOODING
8. Which of the following are the effects of
urban flooding? (You may choose up to 2
answers)
Water damages to house or structure
Water damage to contents (furniture,
appliances, personal effect)
Transportation disruption
Lost income because of misses work or
business closings
9. Have you experienced urban flooding
problems?
Yes
No
10. If you said yes to question 9, was
anyone in your home injured because of
the tragedy?
Yes
No
11. What action can you take to reduce the
effect of urban flooding? (You may choose
up to 2 answers)
Participate in any type of emergency
flood fighting
Moved to higher elevation
Flood proofed or modified structure
None of above
SECTION D : SOLUTIONS OF URBAN FLOODING
12. Do you think humans can prevent the
natural disaster with some strategies?
Yes
No
14. Do you think drainage system play an
important role in preventing flooding in
urban area?
Yes
13. The following are the solutions to
prevent flooding in urban area. Which do
you think is the most effective solution to
prevent flooding?
Awareness campaigns by government.
Proper design and repair for the
drainage system in the urban area.
Plant more trees in the urban area.
Remove the people from the flooded
illegal districts.
No
15. Proper urban planning is very
important to prevent flooding. From your
understanding, what does it mean by
‘proper urban planning’? (You may choose
up to 2 answers)
Proper construct the drainage system
in urban area.
Proper development of the area by
using some strategies.
Research and survey of the historical
map of the place to understand the quality
of the place.
Using GIS tools (Geographic
information system) before construct the
area.
15
All information that is provided will be kept confidential and will only used for academic
purposes.
Please tick (√) in the box provided, unless stated or otherwise.
SECTION A
Respondent Profile
1. Gender:
Male 1
Female 2 (V1)
2. Race:
Malay 1
Chinese 2
Indian 3
3. Faculty:
FKASA 1
FKKSA 2
FKEE 3
FSKKP 5
FIST 6
FKPPT 7
Others : 4
(V2)
FKM 4
(V3)
SECTION B FACTORS OF URBAN FLOODING
4. In your opinion, which are the causes
of urban flooding? (You may choose up
to FIVE answers)
Drainage system (V4)
6. One of the causes of urban flooding is
the malfunction of sewer system. In your
opinion, what is the MAIN cause of the
situation above? (V12)
Poor engineered flood structure 1
The weather (V5)
Management of urbanization (V6)
Management of environment (V7)
Size of the drain 2
Pollutants in drain 3
The design of sewer system 4
Dam breaks (V8)
Pollution (V9)
Other:
(V10)
5. Do you agree that bad weather, for
example raining days and storms are the
main cause of urban flooding? (V11)
Yes 1
No 2
7. The following are the activities in the
forest. Which activity you think is the
main activity that can contribute to
flooding in urban area? (V13)
Fire 1
Camping 2
Deforestation 3
Build dam 4
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SECTION C : EFFECTS OF URBAN FLOODING
8. Which of the following are the effects of
urban flooding? (You may choose up to 2
answers)
Water damages to house or structure
(V14)
Water damage to contents (furniture,
appliances, personal effect) (V15)
Transportation disruption (V16)
Lost income because of misses work or
business closings (V17)
10. If you said yes to question 9, was
anyone in your home injured because of
the tragedy? (V19)
Yes 1
No
2
11. What action can you take to reduce the
effect of urban flooding? (You may choose
up to 2 answers)
Participate in any type of emergency
flood fighting (V20)
Moved to higher elevation (V21)
9. Have you experienced urban flooding
problems? (V18)
Yes 1
No 2
Flood proofed or modified structure
(V22)
None of above (V23)
SECTION D : SOLUTIONS OF URBAN FLOODING
12. Do you think humans can prevent the
natural disaster with some strategies?
Yes 1
No 2
(V24)
14. Do you think drainage system play an
important role in preventing flooding in
urban area? (V26)
Yes 1
13. The following are the solutions to
prevent flooding in urban area. Which do
you think is the most effective solution to
prevent flooding? (V25)
Awareness campaign by government.1
Proper design and repair for the
drainage system in the urban area. 2
Plant more trees in the urban area.
No 2
15. Proper urban planning is very
important to prevent flooding. From your
understanding, what does it mean by
‘proper urban planning’? (You may choose
up to 2 answers)
Proper construct the drainage system
in urban area. (V27)
3
Remove the people from the flooded
illegal districts. 4
Proper development of the area by
using some strategies. (V28)
Research and survey of the historical
map of the place to understand the quality
of the place. (V29)
Using GIS tools (Geographic
information system) before construct the
area. (V30)
15
SECTION A: RESPONDENT PROFILE
V1
The Gender of Respondents
43%
Male
Female
57%
V2
The Race of Respondents
3%
13%
34%
Malay
Chhinese
Indian
Others
50%
V3
The Faculty of Respondents
FKASA
7%
13%
FKKSA
13%
FKEE
7%
20%
FKM
FSKKP
27%
13%
FIST
FKPPT
15
SECTION B: FACTORS OF URBAN FLOODING
V4
Drainage System is The Factor of Urban
Flooding
23%
Yes
No
77%
V5
The Weather is The Factor of Urban Flooding
30%
Yes
No
70%
V6
The Management of Urbanization is the
Factor of Urban Flooding
50%
50%
Yes
No
15
V7
The Management of Environment is The
Factor of Urban Flooding
Yes
43%
57%
No
V8
Dam Break is The Factor of Urban Flooding
20%
Yes
No
80%
V9
Pollution is The Factor of Urban Flooding
43%
57%
Yes
No
15
V10
The Other Factor of Urban Flooding
0%
Yes
No
100%
V11
Raining days and storms is the main cause of
urban flooding
Yes
47%
53%
No
V12
Main cause of the malfunction of sewer
system
23%
37%
13%
27%
Poor engineered flood structure
Size of the drain
Pollutants in drain
The design of sewer system
15
V13
The Activities in Forest That Contribute to
Urban Flooding
10%
0%
Fire
20%
Camping
Deforestation
70%
Buid dam
SECTION C: EFFECTS OF URBAN FLOODING
V14
Water damages to house or structure is the
effect of urban flooding
37%
No
Yes
63%
V15
Water damage to contents
(furniture,appliances, personal effect) is the
effect of urban flooding
No
47%
53%
Yes
15
V16
Transportation disruption is the effect of
urban flooding
33%
No
67%
Yes
V17
Lost income because of misses work or
business closings is the effect of urban
flooding
No
47%
53%
Yes
V18
The experienced of urban flooding
27%
Yes
No
73%
15
V19
Anyone injured because of urban flooding
23%
Yes
No
77%
V20
Participate in any type of emergency flood
fighting is the action that can be taken to
reduce the effect of urban flooding
23%
No
Yes
77%
V21
Moved to higher elevation can reduce the effect of
urban flooding.
40%
No
60%
Yes
15
V22
Flood proofed or modified structure can reduce
the effect of urban flooding
No
47%
53%
Yes
V23
None can reduce the effect of urban flooding.
7%
No
Yes
93%
V24
Human can prevent the natural disaster with
some strategies
30%
Yes
No
70%
15
V25
The most effective solution to prevent flooding
10%
Awareness campaign
by government.
3%
Proper design and
repair for the drainage
system in urban area.
33%
Plant more trees in the
urban area.
54%
Remove the people from
the flooded illegal
districts.
V26
Drainage system play an important role in
preventing flooding in urban area
3%
Yes
No
97%
V27
The' proper urban planning' means proper
construct the drainage system in urban area
37%
No
Yes
63%
15
V28
The 'proper urban planning' means proper
development of the area by using some strategics
No
47%
53%
Yes
V29
The 'proper urban planning' means research and
survey of the historical map of the place to
understand the quality of the place
23%
No
Yes
77%
V30
The ' proper urban planning ' means using GIS tools (
Geographic information system) before construct the
area
33%
No
Yes
67%
15