Cells to Tissues

Cells
o Basic, living, ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ unit of the body
o Cytology = ________________________________________________________
o Cell physiology = ___________________________________________________

Generalized Cell Structures
o Plasma membrane = ________________________________________________
o Nucleus = _________________________________________________________
o Cytoplasm = _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Plasma Membrane
o ____________________ but ___________________ barrier that surround
cytoplasm of cell
o ______________________________________ model describes its structure
o The gatekeeper of the cell
o 50 lipid molecules for each protein molecule

Comprises 20% of cell membrane lipids
o Interspersed among the other lipids in both layers
o Stiff steroid rings & hydrocarbon tail are nonpolar and hide in the middle of
the cell membrane

Functions of Membrane Proteins
o __________________________________________
 passageway to allow specific substance to pass through
o ___________________________________________
 cellular recognition site -- bind to substance
o ____________________________________________
 allow cell to recognize other similar cells
o _______________________________________________
 anchor proteins in cell membrane or to other cells
 allow cell movement
 cell shape & structure
o ________________________________________________
 speed up reactions

Cell Organelles
o ____________________________________________ organelles lack
membranes & are indirect contact with cytoplasm
o ____________________________________________ organelles surrounded
by one or two lipid bilayer membranes

Aging
o Age alters the body’s ability to ___________________________ to changes
in the environment
o Theories to explain aging

cells have a ______________________________ of divisions

_____________________________ bonds irreversibly with proteins

_________________________________---electrically charged
molecules with an unpaired electron cause cell damage

______________________________________________________
due to changes in cell identity markers
o Evidence of aging


___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________
Free Radicals
o Atom with an _______________________________________________ in its
outmost shell
o Unstable and highly ___________________________________________
o Can become stable
 by giving up electron
 taking one off ____________________________________________
(breaking apart important body molecules)

Free Radicals & Your Health
o Produced in your body by absorption of energy in ultraviolet light in
____________________________________, _________________________,
by breakdown _________________________________________________,
& during _____________________________________ metabolic reactions
o Linked to many diseases -- cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer, atherosclerosis and
arthritis
o Damage may be slowed with _____________________________________
such as vitamins C and E, selenium & beta-carotene (precursor to vitamin A)

Cellular Diversity
o 100 trillion cells in the body -- 200 different types
o Vary in size and shape related to their function

Cancer = out of control cell division
o _________________________________ = increased number of cell divisions
 benign tumor does not metatasize or spread
 malignant---spreads due to cells that detach from tumor and enter
blood or lymph
o _________________________________ -- carcinogens, x-rays, viruses
 every cell has genes that regulate growth & development
 mutation in those genes due to radiation or chemical agents causes
excess production of growth factors
o _________________________________multistep process that takes years
and many different mutations that need to occur

The Tissues
o Group of similar cells
 common _________________________________________________
 common _____________________________________________
o Histology
 study of ___________________________________________
o Pathologist
 looks for ________________________________ that indicate disease

4 Basic Tissues (1)
o Epithelial Tissue

__________________________________ because cells are in contact

_____________________________ hollow organs, cavities and ducts
 _____________________________ when cells sink under the surface
o Connective Tissue
 material found ___________________________________ cells


_________________________________________ structures together

stores energy as ________________________________

provides _______________________________________ to disease
4 Basic Tissues (2)
o Muscle Tissue
 cells ___________________________________ producing movement
o Nerve Tissue
 cells that conduct ________________________________________

detects ____________________________ inside and outside the body

responds with nerve
_________________________________________

Biopsy
o Removal of living tissue for microscopic examination
 surgery
 needle biopsy
o Useful for diagnosis, especially cancer
o Tissue preserved, sectioned and stained before microscopic viewing

Epithelial Tissue -- General Features
o Closely packed cells forming _______________________________________
o Cells sit on basement membrane
o ____________________________________ (upper) free surface
o _______________________________________---without blood vessels
 nutrients diffuse in from underlying connective tissue
o Good nerve supply
o _________________________________________ cell division
o _______________________________________________ versus
_____________________________________ types

Classification of Epithelium
o Classified by arrangement of cells into layers
 ____________________________________ = one cell layer thick

__________________________________ = many cell layers thick

___________________________________ = single layer of cells
where all cells don’t reach apical surface
 nuclei at found at different levels so it looks multilayered
o Classified by shape of surface cells


_________________________________ =flat

_________________________________ = cube-shaped

_________________________________= tall column

_________________________________ = shape varies with tissue
stretching
Simple Squamous Epithelium
o _______________________________________________ of flat cells
 lines blood vessels (endothelium), body cavities (mesothelium)
 very thin --- controls diffusion, osmosis and filtration
 nuclei centrally located
o Cells in direct contact with each other

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
o Single layer of cube-shaped cells viewed from the side
o Nuclei round and centrally located
o Lines tubes of kidney
o _______________________________________________________________

Nonciliated Simple Columnar
o Single layer rectangular cells
o ________________________________________ =goblet cells secrete mucus
 lubricate GI, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems
o _________________________________ = fingerlike cytoplasmic projections
 for absorption in GI tract (stomach to anus)

Stratified Squamous Epithelium
o Several cell layers thick
o Surface cells flat
o ______________________________________ = surface cells dead and filled
with keratin
 skin (epidermis)
o _________________________________________ = no keratin in moist
living cells at surface
 mouth

Glandular Epithelium
o Derived from epithelial cells that sank below the surface during development
o ___________________________________________glands
 cells that secrete---sweat, ear wax, saliva, digestive enzymes onto free
surface of epithelial layer
 connected to the surface by tubes (ducts)
 unicellular glands or multicellular glands
o __________________________________________ glands
 secrete hormones into the bloodstream
 hormones help maintain homeostasis

Connective Tissues
o Cells rarely touch due to _____________________________________ matrix
o
o
o
o

___________________________(fibers & ground substance secreted by cells
Consistency varies from liquid, gel to solid
Does not occur on free surface
Good nerve & blood supply except __________________________________
Types of Connective Tissue Fibers
o _____________________________________ (25% of protein in your body)
 tough, resistant to pull, yet pliable
 formed from the protein collagen
o _____________________________________ (lungs, blood vessels, ear
cartilage)
 smaller diameter fibers formed from protein elastin surrounded by
glycoprotein (fibrillin)
 can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length and return to original shape
o _____________________________________ (spleen and lymph nodes)
 thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs
 formed from protein collagen

____________________________________ Tissue
o Peripheral nuclei due to large fat storage droplet
o Deeper layer of skin, organ padding, yellow marrow
o Reduces heat loss, energy storage, protection
o Brown fat found in infants has more blood vessels and mitochondria and
responsible for heat generation

Liposuction or Suction Lipectomy
o Suctioning removal of subcutaneous fat for body contouring
o Dangers include fat emboli, infection, injury to internal organs and excessive
pain

__________________________________________ Connective Tissue
o Collagen fibers in parallel bundles with fibroblasts between bundles of
collagen fibers
o White, tough and pliable when unstained (forms tendons)
o Also known as white fibrous connective tissue

__________________________________________ Connective Tissue
o Collagen fibers are irregularly arranged (interwoven)
o Tissue can resist tension from any direction
o Very tough tissue -- white of eyeball, dermis of skin

Cartilage
o Network of fibers in rubbery _______________________________________
o Resilient and can endure more stress than loose or dense connective tissue
o Types of cartilage
 ____________________________________________________


____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________
Hyaline Cartilage
o Bluish-shiny white rubbery substance
o Chondrocytes sit in spaces called ___________________________________
o _____________________________________ or nerves so repair is very slow
o Reduces friction at joints as articular cartilage

Growth & Repair of Cartilage
o Grows and repairs slowly because is _______________________________
o Interstitial growth
 chondrocytes divide and form new matrix

occurs in _________________________________________________
o Appositional growth
 chondroblasts secrete matrix onto surface

produces increase in _______________________________________

Bone (Osseous) Tissue
o Spongy bone
 sponge-like with spaces and _______________________________
 trabeculae = struts of bone surrounded by red bone marrow
 no osteons (cellular organization)
o Compact bone
 solid, dense bone
 basic unit of structure is osteon (________________________ system)
o Protects, provides for movement, stores minerals, site of blood cell formation

Compact Bone
 Osteon = lamellae (rings) of mineralized matrix

________________________________________---give it its hardness
interwoven collagen fibers provide strength
o ______________________________ in spaces (lacunae) in between lamellae
o Canaliculi (tiny canals) connect cell to cell


Muscle
o Cells that shorten
o Provide us with motion, posture and heat
o Types of muscle

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________
Skeletal Muscle
o Cells are ____________________________________________________
with many peripheral nuclei
o Visible light and dark banding (looks striated)
o __________________________________________or conscious control

Cardiac Muscle
o Cells are ____________________________________________________
with one central nuclei
o _________________________________________ and striated
o Attached to and communicate with each other by ______________________
and desmosomes

Smooth Muscle
o ____________________________________ cells with a single central nuclei
o Walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, GI tract, bladder)
o _______________________________________and nonstriated



Nerve Tissue
o Cell types -- nerve cells and neuroglial (supporting) cells
o Nerve cell structure
 nucleus & long cell processes conduct nerve signals

_________________________ --- signal travels towards the
cell body

____________________________---- signal travels away from
cell body
Tissue Engineering
o New tissues grown in the laboratory (skin & cartilage)
o Scaffolding of cartilage fibers is substrate for cell growth in culture
o Research in progress

____________________________________________ cells (pancreas)

______________________________________________ cells (brain)

bone, tendon, heart valves, intestines & bone marrow
Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis
o Worn-out, damaged tissue must be replaced
o _______________________________________________ = replacement with
stromal connective tissue cells (scar formation)
o ________________________________________ = replacement with original
cell types (parenchymal cells)
 some cell types can divide (liver & endothelium)

some tissues contain ______________________________________
that can divide


 bone marrow, epithelium of gut & skin
some cell types
_____________________________________________- divide & are
not replaced
 muscle and nervous tissue

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________
Conditions Affecting Tissue Repair
o _____________________________________
 adequate protein for structural components
 vitamin C production of collagen and new blood vessels
o ___________________________________________
 delivers O2 & nutrients & removes fluids & bacteria
o ________________________________________________
 collagen fibers change in quality
 elastin fibers fragment and abnormally bond to calcium
 cell division and protein synthesis are slowed

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
o ____________________________________ -- causes unknown
o Chronic inflammation of connective tissue
o
o
o
o
______________________________ during childbearing years
Females 9:1 (1 in 2000 individuals)
Painful joints, ulcers, loss of hair, fever
Life-threatening if inflammation occurs in major organs --- liver, kidney,
heart, brain, etc.