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Heartwater
Author: Dr Hein Stoltsz
Adapted from: Allsopp, B.A., Bezuidenhout, J.D. & Prozesky, L. 2005. Heartwater, in: Infectious diseases of
livestock, edited by Coetzer, J.A.W. & Tustin, R.C. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa.
Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license.
REFERENCES
1. Allsopp, B.A., Bezuidenhout, J.D. & Prozesky, L. 2005. Heartwater, in: Infectious diseases of
livestock, edited by Coetzer, J.A.W. & Tustin, R.C. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern
Africa.
2. Chamboko, T., Mukhebi, A.W., Callaghan, C.J.O., Peter, Kruska, R.L., Medley, G.F., Mahan,
S.M., Perry, B.D. 1999. The control of heartwater on large-scale commercial and smallholder
farms in Zimbabwe. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 39: 191-210.
3. Deem, S.L., Donachie, P.L., Norval, R.A.I. 1996.Colostrum from dams living in a heartwaterendemic area influences calfhood immunity to Cowdria ruminantium. Veterinary Parasitology 61:
133-144.
4. Deem, S.L., Norval, R.A.I., Donachie, P.L., Mahan, S.M. 1996. Demonstration of vertical
transmission of Cowdria ruminantium, the causative agent of heartwater, from cows to their
calves. Veterinary Parasitology 61: 119-132.
5. Mahan, S.M., Smith, G.E., Kumbula, D., Burridge, M.J., Barbet, A.F. 2001. Reduction in mortality
from heartwater in cattle, sheep and goats exposed to field challenge using an inactivated
vaccine. Veterinary Parasitology 97: 295-308.
6. Norval, R.A.I., Donachie, P.L., Meltzer, M.I., Deem, S.L., Mahan, S.M. 1995. The relationship
between tick (Amblyomma hebraeum) infestation and immunity to heartwater (Cowdria
ruminantium infection) in calves in Zimbabwe. Veterinary Parasitology 58: 335-352.
7. Yonow, T., Brewster, C.C., Allen, J.C., Meltzer, M.I. 1998. Models for heartwater epidemiology:
practical implications and suggestions for future research. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary
Research 65: 263-273.
8. Shkap, V., De Vos, A.J., Zweygarth, E., Jongejan, F. 2007. Attenuated vaccines for tropical
theileriosis, babesiosis and heartwater: the continuing necessity. Trends in Parasitology 23: 420426.
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