rd
3 Grade
Thermodynamics
Workbook
Name ______________
Dictionary
Use this dictionary to find the spelling, pronunciation, and part of speech of each
vocabulary word. On the lines, write a sentence using each word.
1. average
Pronunciation: (av-( -)rij)
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: the solution you get when you add numbers together and divide them by the
total amount of numbers
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2. boiling point
Pronunciation: (b i( )l ing p int)
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: the temperature at which water forms into a gas (100° Celsius or 212°
Fahrenheit)
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3. degrees Celsius
Pronunciation: (di- gr s sel-s - s)
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: the basic unit for measuring temperature in the metric system. Water
freezes at 0 °Celsius and 100 °Celsius.
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4. combine
Pronunciation: (k m- b n)
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: to bring or mix two things together
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5. conductor
Pronunciation: (k n- d k-t r)
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Part of Speech: noun
Definition: material that is good at transferring energy from one source to another
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6. cool
Pronunciation: (kül)
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: to become or make less warm
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7. decrease
Pronunciation: (di- kr s)
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: to make or become smaller
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8. energy
Pronunciation: (en- r-j )
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: usable power
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9. energy transfer
Pronunciation: (en- r-j tran(t)s- f r)
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: when energy moves from one place to another
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10. degrees Fahrenheit
Pronunciation: (di- gr s far- n- h t)
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: the scale for measuring temperature that is used in the U.S.
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11. freezing point
Pronunciation: (fr z ing p int)
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: the temperature when water becomes a solid (ice). (0°C or 32 °F)
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12. heat energy
Pronunciation: (h t en- r-j )
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: how fast molecules are moving
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13. increase
Pronunciation: (in- kr s)
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: to make or become greater
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14. insulator
Pronunciation: (in(t)-s - l t- r)
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: slows the transfer of energy from one source to another
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15. measure
Pronunciation: (mezh-( -)ri )
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: to find out the size or amount of something
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16. melt
Pronunciation: (melt)
Part of Speech: adjective
Definition: to change from a solid to a liquid state as a result of warming
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17. meteorologist
Pronunciation: (m t- - - räl- -j st)
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: a person who studies the weather
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18. molecule
Pronunciation: (mäl-i- kyü( )l)
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: the smallest particle of a substance
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19. prevent
Pronunciation: (pri- vent)
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: to hold or keep back
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20. range
Pronunciation: (r nj)
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: a scale between limits
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21. speed
Pronunciation: (sp d)
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: the act of moving swiftly
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22. surface area
Pronunciation: (s r-f s ar- - )
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: the area of liquid exposed to or touching the air
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23. temperature
Pronunciation: (tem-p (r)- ch r)
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: the measure of how much heat energy an object has
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24. thermometer
Pronunciation: (th (r)- mäm- t- r)
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: a scientific tool for measuring temperature
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25. transfer
Pronunciation: (tran(t)s- f r)
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Part of Speech: verb
Definition: to move to a different place
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26. volume
Pronunciation: (väl-y m)
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: how much space something takes up
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Thermodynamics Crossword
Across
2. lets energy flow
5. person who studies the weather
6. the act of moving swiftly
8. the space something takes up
9. to make bigger
10. move to a different place
11. area exposed to air
12. speed of molecules
13. usable power
15. 0°Celsius or 32°Fahrenheit
16. a scale between limits
17. to make smaller
20. measure of heat energy
22. find the size of something
23. 100°Celsius or 212°Fahrenheit
24. tool to measure temperature
Down
1. mix two things together
2. to make less warm
3. unit for temperature in the U.S.
4. movement of energy
5. smallest particle of a substance
7. metric unit for temperature
14. blocks the flow of energy
18. sum divided by the total
19. to hold back
21. solid to liquid
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Fill in the Blanks
Use the words from the word bank to fill each blank.
boiling point
Celsius
conductor
cooled
decrease
Fahrenheit
freezing point
increases
melt
meteorologist
temperature
thermometer
transfer
_________________ tells people how hot or cold something is. People sometimes touch
things to check temperature. Bread from the oven feels hot. Ice cream from the freezer feels
cold. Some things are too hot or too cold to touch. People should be careful about what they
touch.
Temperatures can change. Hot things are _________________ by air and water. Cold things
get warmer in sunlight or over a fire. A camper heats soup over a fire. The temperature of the
soup rises until it reaches its _________________.
Temperature changes can make things change form. Hot temperatures can
_________________ things. Butter melts on a hot ear of corn.
Cold temperatures can freeze things. Grape juice changes from a liquid to a solid in the
freezer. The _________________ is 32 Fahrenheit. Frozen juice makes a good treat.
Heated air expands and rises. A hot air balloon _________________ the temperature of the
air with burners. The hot air lifts the balloon into the sky.
Heat travels through objects that allow the _________________ of energy. Metal is a good
_________________ of heat. A metal spoon warms up in hot chocolate.
Temperatures change the weather. A _________________ studies the weather. Sunlight
heats the air. Thunderstorms can happen when warm, wet air meets cool, dry air. Rain
changes to snow or ice when temperatures _________________ below the freezing point.
A _________________ is a tool that measures temperatures. They can measure the
temperatures of air, food, and people.
Thermometers use _________________ and _________________ to measure temperature.
These scales help people know how hot or cold something is.
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Reading a Thermometer
Write the temperature of each thermometer on the lines below.
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
10
Write the temperature of each thermometer on the lines below.
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
11
°F
°C
°C
°C
°F
12
°F
°F
°C
°F
°C
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Match the thermometer to the temperature. Write the letter of the matching
thermometer on the line.
1. Which thermometer shows 46°F? ___
6. Which thermometer shows 39°F? ___
2. Which thermometer shows 66°F? ___
7. Which thermometer shows 96°F? ___
3. Which thermometer shows 75°F? ___
8. Which thermometer shows 62°F? ___
4. Which thermometer shows 96°F? ___
9. Which thermometer shows 4°F? ___
5. Which thermometer shows 23°F? ___
10. Which thermometer shows 29°F? __
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Shade in the thermometers to the correct temperatures.
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Shade in the thermometers to the appropriate temperatures.
46°C
20°F
55°C
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Determine the difference in the temperatures for the following thermometers.
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
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°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
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Measuring Temperature
The thermometer is the most common tool for measuring temperature. Many
thermometers use two different temperature scales: Fahrenheit and Celsius. You may
have wondered how they relate to each other. Both scales were invented in the 1700’s
and are named after their inventors.
The Fahrenheit scale was invented by Gabriel Fahrenheit. He set the boiling point for
water at 212°, and the freezing point at 32°. Temperatures are measured all along the
scale, much like a number line or ruler. The unit of measurement for temperature is a
degree, instead of an inch on a ruler.
Anders Celsius invented the Celsius scale after the Fahrenheit scale. He kept
Fahrenheit’s anchor points. The anchor points are the temperatures at which water
would freeze or boil. Celsius however, changed the numbers of his temperature scale.
Under the Celsius scale, water freezes at 0° and boils at 100°. This numbering scale
has been adopted for most scientific purposes. It works well with the metric system.
Many thermometers work because liquid changes its volume, or the amount of space
it takes up, based on its temperature. When a liquid is cold, it takes up less space than
it does when it is warm. Many of the changes in a temperature are very small.
Thermometers use a large bulb filled with liquid and a very narrow tube to show the
changes. The markings on the thermometer are based on the freezing point and
boiling point of water. Why? Because Gabriel Fahrenheit chose them as conditions that
are easy to recreate. Anders Celsius agreed. Sometimes, inventors set the standard
for everyone.
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Answer the following questions based on the passage you just read.
1. Which scale came first: Fahrenheit or Celsius?
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2. Why do scientists use the Celsius scale?
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3. Why do many thermometers use liquid?
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4. What is the unit of measurement for temperature?
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5. Which temperature would be more comfortable for most people: 80°Fahrenheit or
80°Celsius?
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Surface Area
Ms. Gosselin loves to bake. She made 5 different sized cakes. She wants to put icing
on each of her cakes, but she has to wait for the cakes to cool down. Order the cakes,
1-5, by the time it would take to cool: 1= takes the shortest amount of time to cool, 5 =
takes the longest amount of time to cool.
How did you determine the speed at which each cake will cool?
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Insulators and Conductors #1
Materials that let heat pass through them are called thermal conductors. Metals are
great thermal conductors, though the best thermal conductor is a diamond. Diamonds
are crystals made of carbon. Glass, water, wood, and air are poor thermal conductors.
Materials that are poor conductors of heat are called thermal insulators. Some types
of materials are better thermal insulators than others.
Five cups with 60°C were each wrapped in different types of materials. After 10
minutes, the water temperature in each cup was recorded. The results are shown in
the table below.
Material around the
cup
Uncovered
Temperature after 10
minutes
20°C
Aluminum
30°C
Cardboard
40°C
Cotton
50°C
Styrofoam
55°C
What material is the best thermal conductor? How do you know?
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What material is the best thermal insulator? How do you know?
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If you wanted to keep your tea hot for a long period of time, which material would you
choose to wrap your cup? Why?
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Insulators and Conductors #2
Some materials, such as metal, feel cold when you touch them because they take heat
away from your hand. When heat is taken away from you, you feel cooler. These
materials are said to be good thermal conductors, as they are able to conduct heat.
Other materials, such as wood, do not feel cold to the touch. They do not take heat
away from your hand. These materials are thermal insulators. They are poor
conductors of heat.
Five spoons made of different materials were placed in a bowl. Five different scholars
held a spoon while hot water was poured into the bowl. The amount of time it took
each scholar to feel the heat is recorded in the data table below.
Plastic Spoon
Time it took to feel
the heat
1 minute
Steel Spoon
15 seconds
Wooden Spoon
Never
Porcelain Spoon
2 minutes
Aluminum Spoon
30 seconds
Type of Spoon
Which spoon is the best thermal conductor? How do you know?
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Which spoon is the best thermal insulator? How do you know?
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Which spoon would you use to stir a pot of hot soup? Why?
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