The Relation Between Professional Knowledge and Education
Julia W. Robinson, 11/99 (Landscape Architecture additions by L. Neckar 11/99-underlined)(rev JWR 21012,2014)(rev T. Hadjiyanni,2014)
Role/Architect
Education
Individuals
Project
Client
Knowledge
Materials/Med
ia
Egypt
Admin/Priest
Priest class(?), on-job
training?
Imhotep
Senmut
Pyramid Complex
(2600 BC)
Greece
Directors of Workmen
Directors of Workmen
Ictinos
Callicrates - Parthenon
Anthemius
Vitrivius
Parthenon
Rome
Apprenticeship +
Schools
Apprenticeship
Parthenon
10 Books
Military
Government
Geometry
Hydrology(htg)
Hydrology
(acqueducts)
Middle Ages
Master Craftsmen
Monasteries,
Apprenticeship
Guild texts
Builders: Jean de Chelles,,
Pierre de Motreuil, Pierre de
Chellles, Jean Ravy, Jean le
Buteiller
Brunelleschi
Michelangelo
Palladio
Notre Dame
Church
Nobles
(Merchants)
Algebra
Mechanics,
(pumps, windmills)
Renaissance
17th C
18th C
19th C
Master Craftsmen
Admin-Engineers
1671 Royal
Academy-FR
France-Bureaucrat
Engineeers(?)
US&UK,Gentlemen
Amateurs
Landscape
Gardeners
France-Ecoles
US&UKSelftaught/apprenticeship
UK Royal Academy
Professionals
Education becomes
established
US Universities sites of
formal education
(Arch, MIT-1870)
(LA, Harvd-1899)
Landscape
Architects, 1860’s
20th C
Apprenticeship
Texts
Architects
Interior Designers
Landscape Architects
Urban Designers,
Urban Planners
Professional degrees
Licensing Exams
Technical degrees
1980s IDP-elim of
apprenticiship rte
1990s-AIA Req
ContEd
Serlio &Le Vau-King’s arch,
Jean Colbert,
LeNotre, King’s gardener&
hydrol
Inigo Jones-UK
Wm Kent, trained in
practice,continental tour
Robert & James Adams
Samuel McIntire Thomas
Jefferson, John Wood
1797 Henry Latrobe trained
in Fr to US
1829 First Arch firm US
Repton First Lndscp
Gardener
US Archs to FR
Richard M. Hunt
HH Richardson
FL Olmsted
HWS Cleveland
Elsie Wolfe’
W. Manning,
Beatrix Farrand,
T. Church
FLW, Corbu
Mies, Gehry, Hadid
Sienna Palazzo
Publico
Cathedral of
Florence
Laurentian Llibrary
Villa Capra
Versailles
Whitehall Castle
Chiswick House
Osterly Park
Derby Park
Monticello
Circus at Bath
1824-1st concrAspdrin / 1871
Sommier 1st Steel
constr, FR/
1884 Jenny-First
skyscraper, Chic
Central Pk, 1858
TC park systems
Colony Cllub
Billerica
Dumbarton Oaks
Donnell Garden
FallgWater,Unité
Seagrams,
Priest/Royalty
Zoser,
Hatshepsut
Church
Nobles
Merchants
Military
Government
Bureaucracy
& King
Nobles
Civic Bldgs
Church
Design as
Business
Arch as
developer
Civic Bldgs
Small
Business
Civic
Corporatns
Developers
Consumers/U
sers
Mathematics
Perspective
(Printing, Paper)
Descartes-Analytic
Geometry
Stone
Papyrus
rollsReliefs
Stone
Scrolls
Concrete
Books
Stone
Manuscript
Books in
monasteries
Stone
Printed Books
Printed Books
Engineering
Sciences
Horticulture
Arbiculture,
Agriculture
Math, drwg
Humanties
Mnfacturg,
Division of
Labor
Infrastructure
Printed bks
Manufactured bldg
parts
Cast Iron
Steel
Reinforced
Concrete
Arch as Art
Drwg. Math, Eng,
Social Sciences,
Urb plnng,
Ecology,,Natl Hist
[Arch =cult]]
Books,
Photogrpy
Alum,Glass,Fab
ric,, Plastic,
Fiberglass
Books,
Photogrpy
Computers
NINE DIFFERENT APPROACHES/ ATTITUDES TO DESIGN (oversimplified for the sake of clarity)
Julia Robinson, Arch 3401, Fall 2015 version
Approach
FITS EXISTING HIERARCHY
CHALLENGES EXISTING HIERARCHY
Key
Issues
Attitude
to Client
Attitude
to User
Attitude
to Cost
Aestheti
cs
Systems/
Materials
Regulati
ons
Design
Personn
el
Innovation
Aesthetics
Art object
Profit
Product
Market
Service
Client satisfaction
Patron
Will adapt
Secondary
concern
Avant-garde /
Self expression
Medium for art
Necessary evil
Serve vision
Consumer
Interpeted by
client
Prime concern
Cost effectiveness
Economic
constraint
Economic
contributer
Client
Part of served
group
Important
contributing
factor
Relevance
depends on
clients
Part of service
Perfor-mance
Part of services
Team member
TECHNOLOGIST
Building
performance
Client
Research
subject (?)
Cost/
benefit
Technology=
aesthetics
Experimentation
Important
considera-tion
Expert
contributer
SOCIAL ADVOCATE
Social
change
Partner
Partner
Important
limitation
User’s ideas
Necessary
requirement
Part of service
Team member
THEORETICIAN
Advance in form,
social ideas or
practice
Funder
Supporter
Audience
Experimen-tal
subject
Irrelevant
Based in
theoretical
stance
May be paper
arch/
Depends on
theory
Irrelevant
Inconvenient or
part of service
Solo effort or
Serve vision
RESEARCHER
Discovery
Innovation
Testing
Prediction
Funder or
General Public
Research
subject (?)
Limitation
Variable to be
evaluated
Variable to be
evaluated
Variable to be
evaluated
Research team
Green design
Minimal impact
Maintaining
existing
enviroenments
Partner
Partner
Long term
performance
Ecology=
aesthetics
Expert team
member
Partner
Varies
Consider long
term
investment
Appreciate
historical ideas
as well as
today’s
Long term
perform-ance,
greenness
Reuse, recycle
and rehabiliate
existing
environments
Part of service
ECOLOGIST
Part of service
Team:
researchers,
community &
designers
ARTIST
BUSINESSPERSON
PROFESSIONAL
PRESERVATIONIST