St Leo the Great School
Physical Science
Chemical Bonds Chapter 13
Chapter Essential Question: How are chemical bonds classified?
Lesson One
Essential Question
Describe chemical
bonding.
Identify the
number of valence
electrons in an
atom.
Predict whether
an atom is likely to
form bonds
Lesson One Terms
Chemical Bonding
Chemical bond
Valence electrons
Combining Atoms Through Chemical Bonding
•
_____________________ is the joining of atoms to form
•
new substances.
An interaction that holds two atoms together is called a
_____________________. When chemical bonds form,
•
electrons are shared, gained, or lost.
Discussing Bonding Using Theories and Models We cannot see atoms and
chemical bonds with the unaided eye.
•
_____________________
So, the use of
helps people
discuss the theory of how and why atoms form bonds.
Electron Number and Organization
• The number of electrons in an atom is the same as the atomic number of the
element.
• Oxygen Atomic Number 8
_____________________ Carbon Atomic Number 6
_____________________ IN the Electron Cloud
•
• Electrons in an atom are organized in energy levels.
Electron Organization
Outer-Level Electrons and Bonding Most atoms form bond using only the electrons in
an atom’s outermost energy level.
_____________________ - electrons in outermost energy level
Valence Electrons and the Periodic Table You can use the periodic table to determine
the number of valence electrons for atoms of some elements.
To Bond or Not to Bond
The number of electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom determine whether
an atom will form bonds.
Energy level of elements
Lesson One
Evaluation
Describe chemical
bonding.
Identify the
number of valence
electrons in an
atom.
Predict whether
an atom is likely to
form bonds
Page 1
______________
Atoms that
electrons in their outermost energy level do
not usually form bonds. The outermost energy level is considered to be full if it contains
8 electrons.
________
Filling the Outermost Level An atom that has fewer than 8
electrons is more likely to form bonds than at atom that has 8 valence electrons is.
Atoms bond by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to have a filled outermost energy
level.
Atoms of hydrogen and lithium form bonds by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to
achieve 2 electrons in the first energy level.
Is Two Electrons a Full Set? Not all atoms need 8 valence electrons to have a filled
Mr. Swope
St Leo the Great School
Physical Science
Chemical Bonds Chapter 13
Chapter Essential Question: How are chemical bonds classified?
outermost energy level. Helium atoms need only 2 valence electrons because the
outermost level is the first energy level.
End of Lesson One
Lesson Two
Essential Question
Explain how ionic
bonds form.
Describe how
positive ions form.
Describe how
negative ions form.
Explain why ionic
compounds are
neutral
Lesson Two
Ionic Bonds
_____________________
Forming Ionic
An ionic bond is a bond that forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to
another atom.
Ionic Bond demo
Animation
Charged Particles An atom is neutral because the number of electrons in an atom
equals the number of protons. So, the charges cancel each other out.
• But when an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes a charged particle called
an ion.
_____________________
Forming
Metal Atoms and the Loss of Electrons Atoms of most metals have few valence
electrons and tend to lose these valence electrons and form positive ions.
The Energy Needed to Lose Electrons Energy is needed to pull electrons away from
atoms. The energy needed comes from the formation of negative ions.
Forming Negative Ions
Lesson Two
Evaluation
Explain how ionic
bonds form.
Describe how
positive ions form.
Describe how
negative ions form.
Explain why ionic
compounds are
neutral
_____________________
Nonmetal Atoms Gain
The outer energy
level of nonmetal atoms is almost full. So, nonmetal atoms tend to gain electrons and
become negative ions
Naming Negative Ions
When oxygen gains 2 electrons it becomes an oxide ion with a 2 – charge.
-ide ending is used for the names of negative ions.
Fluorine gains one electron is called?
_________________
Chlorine gains one electron is called ?
__________________
Sulfur gains two electrons is called?
__________________
_____________________
Page 2
The Energy of Gaining
Energy is given
off when nonmetals gain electrons. An ionic bond will form between a metal and a
nonmetal if the nonmetal releases more energy than is needed to take electrons from
Mr. Swope
St Leo the Great School
Physical Science
Chemical Bonds Chapter 13
Chapter Essential Question: How are chemical bonds classified?
Lesson Three
Essential Question
Explain how
covalent bonds
form.
Describe
molecules.
Explain how
metallic bonds
form.
Describe the
properties of
metals.
Lesson Three
Terms
Covalent Bond
Molecule
the metal.
Ionic Compounds
•
When ionic bonds form, the number of electrons lost by the metal atoms
equals the number gained by the nonmetal atoms.
The ions that bond are charged, but the compound formed is neutral because the
charges of the ions cancel each other.
_____________________
When
, they form a repeating threedimensional pattern called a crystal lattice, such as the one shown below.
Properties of ionic compounds include brittleness, high melting points, and high boiling
points.
End Of Lesson Two
Lesson Three
Covalent and Metallic Bonds
Covalent Bond
_____________________ A covalent bond forms when atoms
share one or more pairs of electrons.
Covalent Bond Animation
Lesson Three
Evaluation
Explain how
covalent bonds
form.
Describe
molecules.
Explain how
metallic bonds
form.
Describe the
properties of
metals.
Bonding of Oxygen Animation
Substances that have covalent bonds tend to have low melting and boiling points and
are brittle in the solid state.
Covalent bonds usually form between atoms of nonmetals,
_____________________ Bonds and Molecules Substances
containing covalent bonds consist of particles called molecules. A molecule usually
consists of two or more atoms joined in a definite ratio.
One way to represent atoms and molecules is to use electron-dot diagrams. An
electron-dot diagram shows only the valence electrons in an atom.
_____________________ Compounds and Molecules
•
A molecule is the smallest particle into which a covalently bonded compound
can be divided and still be the same compound.
• The Simplest Molecules are made up of two bonded atoms. Molecules made up
of two atoms of the same element are called diatomic molecules.
More-Complex Molecules Carbon atoms are the basis of many complex molecules
Each carbon atom can form four covalent bonds. These bonds can be with atoms of
other elements or with other carbon atoms, as shown at right.
Page 3
Mr. Swope
St Leo the Great School
Physical Science
Chemical Bonds Chapter 13
Chapter Essential Question: How are chemical bonds classified?
_____________________ Bonds
A metallic bond is a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal
ions and the electrons in the metal.
_____________________
Movement of Electrons Throughout a
Bonding in metals is a result of the metal atoms being so close to one another that their
outermost energy levels overlap. This overlapping allows valence electrons to move
throughout the metal.
Metallic Bonding
Properties of Metals
•
•
•
•
•
•
_____________________ Electric Current Metallic
bonding allows metals to conduct electric current.
Electric current is conducted when valence electrons move within a metal.
These electrons are free to move because the electrons are not connected to
any one atom.
Reshaping Metals Because the electrons swim freely around the metal ions,
atoms in metals can be rearranged. The properties of ductility and malleability
describe a metal’s ability to be reshaped.
Ductility is the ability to be draw in to wires.
Malleability is the ability to be hammered into sheets.
_____________________
Bending Without
When a piece
of metal is bent, some of the metal ions are forced closer together.
But the metal does not break because the positive metal ions are always surround by
and attracted to the electrons in the metal.
End Of Lesson Three
End Of Chapter 13
Page 4
Mr. Swope
St Leo the Great School
Physical Science
Chemical Bonds Chapter 13
Chapter Essential Question: How are chemical bonds classified?
Lesson One
Essential Question
Describe chemical
bonding.
Identify the
number of valence
electrons in an
atom.
Predict whether
an atom is likely to
form bonds
Lesson One Terms
Chemical Bonding
Chemical bond
Valence electrons
Combining Atoms Through Chemical Bonding
•
Chemical bonding is the joining of atoms to form new
substances.
•
An interaction that holds two atoms together is called a
chemical
bond. When chemical bonds form, electrons are shared, gained, or lost.
•
•
Discussing Bonding Using Theories and Models We cannot see atoms and
chemical bonds with the unaided eye.
models
So, the use of
helps people discuss the theory of how and why
atoms form bonds.
Electron Number and Organization
• The number of electrons in an atom is the same as the atomic number of the
element.
• Oxygen Atomic Number 8
• Electrons 8
•
Carbon Atomic Number 6
• Electrons 6
IN the Electron Cloud
• Electrons in an atom are organized in energy levels.
Electron Organization
Outer-Level Electrons and Bonding Most atoms form bond using only the electrons in
an atom’s outermost energy level.
Valence electrons- electrons in outermost energy level
Valence Electrons and the Periodic Table You can use the periodic table to determine
the number of valence electrons for atoms of some elements.
To Bond or Not to Bond
The number of electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom determine whether
an atom will form bonds.
Energy level of elements
Lesson One
Evaluation
Describe chemical
bonding.
Identify the
number of valence
electrons in an
atom.
Predict whether
an atom is likely to
form bonds
Page 5
have 8
Atoms that
electrons in their outermost energy level do not usually form
bonds. The outermost energy level is considered to be full if it contains 8 electrons.
valence
Filling the Outermost Level An atom that has fewer than 8
electrons is
more likely to form bonds than at atom that has 8 valence electrons is.
Atoms bond by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to have a filled outermost energy
level.
Atoms of hydrogen and lithium form bonds by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to
achieve 2 electrons in the first energy level.
Is Two Electrons a Full Set? Not all atoms need 8 valence electrons to have a filled
Mr. Swope
St Leo the Great School
Physical Science
Chemical Bonds Chapter 13
Chapter Essential Question: How are chemical bonds classified?
outermost energy level. Helium atoms need only 2 valence electrons because the
outermost level is the first energy level.
End of Lesson One
Lesson Two
Essential Question
Explain how ionic
bonds form.
Describe how
positive ions form.
Describe how
negative ions form.
Explain why ionic
compounds are
neutral
Lesson Two
Ionic Bonds
Bonds
Forming Ionic
An ionic bond is a bond that forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to
another atom.
Ionic Bond demo
Animation
Charged Particles An atom is neutral because the number of electrons in an atom
equals the number of protons. So, the charges cancel each other out.
• But when an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes a charged particle called
an ion.
Positive Ions
Forming
Metal Atoms and the Loss of Electrons Atoms of most metals have few valence
electrons and tend to lose these valence electrons and form positive ions.
The Energy Needed to Lose Electrons Energy is needed to pull electrons away from
atoms. The energy needed comes from the formation of negative ions.
Forming Negative Ions
Electrons
Lesson Two
Evaluation
Explain how ionic
bonds form.
Describe how
positive ions form.
Describe how
negative ions form.
Explain why ionic
compounds are
neutral
Nonmetal Atoms Gain
The outer energy level of nonmetal atoms is
almost full. So, nonmetal atoms tend to gain electrons and become negative ions
Naming Negative Ions
When oxygen gains 2 electrons it becomes an oxide ion with a 2 – charge.
-ide ending is used for the names of negative ions.
Fluorine gains one electron is called?
Fluoride
Chlorine gains one electron is called ?
Chloride
Sulfur gains two electrons is called?
Sulfide
Electrons
The Energy of Gaining
Energy is given off when nonmetals gain
electrons. An ionic bond will form between a metal and a nonmetal if the nonmetal
releases more energy than is needed to take electrons from the metal.
Page 6
Mr. Swope
St Leo the Great School
Physical Science
Chemical Bonds Chapter 13
Chapter Essential Question: How are chemical bonds classified?
Lesson Three
Essential Question
Explain how
covalent bonds
form.
Describe
molecules.
Explain how
metallic bonds
form.
Describe the
properties of
metals.
Lesson Three
Terms
Covalent Bond
Molecule
Ionic Compounds
•
When ionic bonds form, the number of electrons lost by the metal atoms
equals the number gained by the nonmetal atoms.
The ions that bond are charged, but the compound formed is neutral because the
charges of the ions cancel each other.
ions bond
When
, they form a repeating three-dimensional pattern called a crystal
lattice, such as the one shown below.
Properties of ionic compounds include brittleness, high melting points, and high boiling
points.
End Of Lesson Two
Lesson Three
Covalent and Metallic Bonds
Covalent Bond
Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Covalent Bond Animation
Lesson Three
Evaluation
Explain how
covalent bonds
form.
Describe
molecules.
Explain how
metallic bonds
form.
Describe the
properties of
metals.
Bonding of Oxygen Animation
Substances that have covalent bonds tend to have low melting and boiling points and
are brittle in the solid state.
Covalent bonds usually form between atoms of nonmetals,
Covalent Bonds and Molecules Substances containing covalent bonds consist
of particles called molecules. A molecule usually consists of two or more atoms joined
in a definite ratio.
One way to represent atoms and molecules is to use electron-dot diagrams. An
electron-dot diagram shows only the valence electrons in an atom.
Covalent Compounds and Molecules
•
A molecule is the smallest particle into which a covalently bonded compound
can be divided and still be the same compound.
• The Simplest Molecules are made up of two bonded atoms. Molecules made up
of two atoms of the same element are called diatomic molecules.
More-Complex Molecules Carbon atoms are the basis of many complex molecules
Each carbon atom can form four covalent bonds. These bonds can be with atoms of
other elements or with other carbon atoms, as shown at right.
Metallic Bonds
A metallic bond is a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal
Page 7
Mr. Swope
St Leo the Great School
Physical Science
Chemical Bonds Chapter 13
Chapter Essential Question: How are chemical bonds classified?
ions and the electrons in the metal.
Metal
Movement of Electrons Throughout a
Bonding in metals is a result of the
metal atoms being so close to one another that their outermost energy levels overlap.
This overlapping allows valence electrons to move throughout the metal.
Metallic Bonding
Properties of Metals
•
•
•
•
•
•
Conducting Electric Current Metallic bonding allows metals to
conduct electric current.
Electric current is conducted when valence electrons move within a metal.
These electrons are free to move because the electrons are not connected to
any one atom.
Reshaping Metals Because the electrons swim freely around the metal ions,
atoms in metals can be rearranged. The properties of ductility and malleability
describe a metal’s ability to be reshaped.
Ductility is the ability to be draw in to wires.
Malleability is the ability to be hammered into sheets.
Breaking
Bending Without
When a piece of metal is bent, some of the
metal ions are forced closer together.
But the metal does not break because the positive metal ions are always surround by
and attracted to the electrons in the metal.
End Of Lesson Three
End Of Chapter 13
Page 8
Mr. Swope