Bio 171
Lab Practical II – Organism Study Guide
This practical will cover the fungi lab and both plant labs. I will ask you
Fungi
Zygomycota:
- Rhizopus stolinifera
- Pilobus crytallinus
Ascomycota:
- Peziza
- Morechella (Morels)
- Ergot (Claviceps purpurea)
- Penicillium
Basidiomycota:
- Coprinus (shaggy manes)
- Oyster mushrooms
- Button mushrooms
- Portabella
Lichens
Three main types: Fruticose, Crustose, Foliose
Plants
Bryophyta:
- Sphagnum
- Polytrichum
- Mnium
Hepatophyta:
- Marchantia
- Porella
Lycophyta & Pterophyta:
- L. lepidophylla (Resurrection plant)
- Isoetes
- Marsilea
- Salvinia
- Selaginella
- Lycopodium
- Equisetum
Gymnosperms
Coniferophyta
- Pinus contorta
- Pseudotsuga menziesii
Ginkgophyta
- Ginkgo biloba
Cycadophyta
- Cycads
Bio 171
Lab Practical II – Organism Study Guide
Gnetophyta
- Ephedra
Angiosperms
- Including Lemma minor (duckweed)
- Flower parts and the evolutionary advantages thereof
- Dry vs. Fleshy fruits and the evolutionary advantages thereof
Vocab for Fungi
Apothecia = cups on lichens where spores are formed
Ascocarp = structure that holds asci, found in the phylum Ascomycota
Ascospores = sexually produced by fungi in the phylum Ascomycota in the ascus
Ascus = site of meiosis for Ascomycota
Basidia = club-shaped structures inside the gills of basidiocarps where spores are formed
Basidiocarp = a fungus from the phylum Basidiomycota
Basidiospore = spores formed in basidia of fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota
Budding = asexual reproduction of fungi such as yeast
Chitin = a complex carbohydrate found in fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of insects
Club fungi = fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota
Coprophilous = grows in dung
Conidia = site of asexual spore production in the phylum Ascomycota
Crustose = lichen with a crust-like thallus
Cup fungi = fungi in the phylum Ascomycota
Foliose = lichen with a leafy thallus
Fruticose = lichen with a branching, cylindrical thallus
Fungi = a kingdom of multicellular heterotrophic Eukaryotic organisms that absorb (rather than
ingesting) their food, often with complex life cycles
Gametangia = Sexually reproducing hayphea, the precursor to zyygosporangia
Gills = Site of spore formation in fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota
Hyphae = clear, filamentous strands that make up the fungal mycelium
Bio 171
Lab Practical II – Organism Study Guide
Imperfect fungi = lacking a reproductive structures, were classified as Dueteromycota, now
various other Phyla
Lichen = a symbiotic organisms involving a fungi and green algae and/or cyanobacteria
Meiosis = cell division with recombination of alleles and a halving of the ploidy (forms sex cells)
Mitosis = cell division resulting in two identical sister cells
Mushroom = layterm for a basidiocarp (or sometime fungi from the Ascomycota)
Mycelium = the body of the fungus
Pileus = the cap of a basidiocarp
Poikilohydry = the ability to rehydrate after extreme desiccation
Rhizoids = root-like structures that release digestive enzymes
Sac fungi = Ascomycota
Stipe = the stalk of a basidiocarp
Sporangium = round structures for asexual reproduction, situated on a raised filament that release
spores in the phylum Zygomycota
Spores = haploid reproductive particles, germinate into hyphae
Thallus = the fungal body of a lichen
Zygosporangia = fused gametangia, they hold the meosis leading to the production of haploid
spores
Zygote fungi = Zygomycota
Vocabulary for Plant Diversity I & II
alternation of generations – A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form
(sporophyte) and a multicellular haploid form (gametophyte). This life cycle is typical of land
plants.
angiosperm – A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.
antheridium – The male gametangium; a chamber in which gametes develop.
archegonium – The female gametangium; a chamber in which gametes develop.
carpel - The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a floers, consisting of the stigma, style, and
ovary.
Bio 171
Lab Practical II – Organism Study Guide
double fertilization – A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells
unite with two cells in the female gameophyte (embryo sac) to form the zygote and endosperm.
gametangium – Multicellular plant structure in which gametes are formed. Female gametangia
are called archegonia and male gametangia are called antheridia.
gametophyte – The multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. The
haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophytes.
gemmae – A modified bud of tissue that detaches from the parent and develops into a new
individual. It is a means of asexual propagation in plants.
gymnosperm – A vascular plant that bears naked seeds that are not enclosed in specialized
chambers.
heterospory - The production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of
land plants.
homospory – The production of a single kind of spore which develops into a bisexual
gametophyte.
megasporangium – A sporangium that produces the spores that give rise to the female
gametophytes; associated with the flower carpel and the megasporangial cone.
megaspore – A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a female
gametophyte.
microsporangium - A sporangium that produces spores that give rise to male gametophytes. In
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms, the microsporangium is contained within a pollen grain. The
term is not used for Bryophytes.
megaspore mother cell – A diploid cell within the megasporangium (inside the ovule) that
produces haploid megaspores through meiosis. These megaspore cells are the first gametophyte
generation.
microspore – A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male
gametophyte.
microspore mother cell – A cell that develops inside the microsporangia. These cells divide by
meiosis to produce four haploid microspores, which develop into pollen grains.
ovule - A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female
gametophyte.
rhizoid – A long, tubular single cell or filament of cells that anchors bryophytes to the ground.
Unlike roots, rhizoids are not composed of tissues, lack specialized conducting cells, and do not
play a primary role in water and mineral absorption.
Bio 171
Lab Practical II – Organism Study Guide
perianth - In angiosperms, the perianth is the outer, sterile whorls of a flower (sepal, petal, and
tepal)
polar nuclei - Two centrally located nuclei in the embryo sac that unite with a second sperm cell
in a triple fusion. In certain seeds, the product of this fusion develops into the endosperm.
pollen tube – A tube formed after germination of the pollen grain that functions in the delivery
of sperm to the ovule.
seed – An adaptation of some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a
store of ood within a protective coat.
seed coat – A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule. In a
flowering plant, the seed coat encloses and protects the embryo and endosperm.
sorus – A cluster of sporangia on a fern sporophyll.
sporgangium – A multicellular organ in plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid cells
develop.
spore – A haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis. A spore can divide by mitosis to
develop into a multicellular haploid individual (gametophyte) without fusing with another cell.
sporophyll – A modified leaf that bears sporangia.
sporophyte - The multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes. The
sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytes.
stomata – A microscopic pore in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange
between the environment and the plant.
strobilius- A cluster of sporophylls, known commonly as a cone, found in most gymnosperms
and some seedless vascular plants.
vascular tissue – Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and
nutrients throughout the plant body.
zygote – The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes during fertilization.
ALSO: Know the alternation of generations lifecycle. Pay special attention to what parts of
this cycle are haploid or diploid, as well as the function of each stage. This will definitely be on
the practical.
Anything from the Powerpoints and lab manual is fair game. So please check them out on
the website. Ask if you have questions.