Name ________________________________ Date__________
Globalization “Mini Book” Project:
SOLs 9 b, c, d
Block_________
Project: Globalization is ”the linking of nations through trade, information, technologies,
and communication and involves increased integration of different societies.” You will create a booklet about the impact globalization has had on Americans and humans around the world. Then, you will present you findings to the class. 
Include in your booklet:
 A cover page which includes a title, block, name, and picture.
 A table of contents on the first page.
 The definition of Globalization.
 Pick one question from EACH of the 3 categories listed (on the back of this page).
 Include at least 3 facts about EACH of the topics that you chose.
 At least 6 pictures (may be drawn, printed, or cut out from magazines).
 Answer the following question on the last page of you booklet: “Why is globalization
important and how have new discoveries impacted American life?”
 All facts should be written in complete sentences, booklet pages should be neat, and show quality work.
Globalization “Mini Book” Project RUBRIC:
Cover Page (with name, block, title, & picture)
Table of Contents Page
SOL Define Globalization (SOL 8e)
SOL 9b Question Topic
2 pts. total
1 pts. total
1 pts. total
6 pts. total
SOL 9c Question Topic
SOL 9d Question Topic
At least 6 pictures
6 pts. total
6 pts. total
6 pts. total
Answer: “Why is globalization important and how have
new discoveries impacted American life?”
Bibliography/Resource Page
1 pts. total
1 pts. total
TOTAL 30 Points
Score
/2
/1
/1
/6
/6
/6
/6
/1
/1
/30

SOL 9b: Impact of new technology on American life and industries that have benefited.
Pick one:

How have entertainment and media industries benefited from new technologies?

What new technologies have people benefited from due to space exploration?

How have the automobile industry and the interstate highway system changed travel and trade in the U.S.?

How has the telecommunications, satellite systems, and computer industry benefited from the discoverery of better, faster advances in technology? (ex: pagers, cell phones, television)?

How has the access to information, the ability to trade, and communicate on the internet benefited humanity?
SOL 9c: Influential Americans who have impacted society.
Pick one:

How has Charles Drew’s discovery of plasma affected the field of medicine?

How did Ray Kroc influence U.S. economics by franchising McDonald’s?

How did Frank Lloyd Wright influence architecture in the United States?

How did Martha Graham new dance style influence artistic expression?

How has Maya Angelou’s stories, poems, and books influenced the field of literature?

How did J. Robert Oppenheimer influence the field of physics with his work on the Manhattan Project?
SOL 9d: Modern-day concerns that affect people both in the U.S. and in other countries.
Pick one:

How have changing immigration patterns and fact that more people
want to immigrate to the U. S. than are allowed to by law affected
American citizens? (ex: The largest immigrant groups today are
Hispanic-Americans and Asian-Americans.)

How have conflicts in the Middle East and the increase in terrorist activities affected American foreign policy?

How have U.S. relationships with other nations changed since the creation of the United Nations such as energy
issues and U.S. dependence on foreign oil?

How have concerns about our planet, such as global climate change and need to conserve of water and other
natural resources, led to policies to protect the environment?

Why have world health issues such as global pandemics become such a major concern?

American Masters: “Martha Graham: About the Dancer.” www.pbs.org. September 16th, 2005.
Martha Graham’s impact on dance was staggering and often compared to that of Picasso’s on painting, Stravinsky’s on music, and Frank
Lloyd Wright’s on architecture. Her contributions transformed the art form, revitalizing and expanding dance around the world. In her search to express herself freely and honestly, she created the Martha Graham Dance Company, one of the oldest dance troupes in America. As a teacher, Graham trained and inspired generations of fine dancers and choreographers. She collaborated with some of the foremost artists of her time including the composer Aaron Copland.
Born in 1894 in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, Graham spent most of her formative years on the West coast. Her father, a doctor specializing in nervous disorders, was very interested in diagnosis through attention to physical movement. This belief in the body’s ability to express its inner senses was pivotal in Graham’s desire to dance. Athletic as a young girl, Graham did not find her calling until she was in her teens. In 1911, the ballet dancer Ruth St. Denis performed at the Mason Opera House in Los
Angeles. Inspired by St. Denis’ performance, Graham enrolled in an artsoriented junior college, and later to the newly opened Denishawn School.
Denishawn was founded by Ruth St. Denis and her husband Ted Shawn to teach techniques of American and world dance. Over eight years, as both a student and an instructor, Graham made Denishawn her home.
Graham improved her technique and began dancing professionally.
In “Xochital,” Graham danced the role of an attacked Aztec maiden. It was the wildly emotional performance of this role that garnered her first critical acclaim.
By 1923, eight years after entering Denishawn, she was ready to branch out. She found her chance dancing in the vaudeville revue Greenwich Village Follies. At the Greenwich Village Follies, Graham was able to design and choreograph her own dances. Though this work provided her with some economic and artistic independence, she longed for a place to make greater experiments with dance. It was then that she took a position at the Eastman School of
Music, where she was free of the constraints of public performance. At
Eastman, Graham was given complete control over her classes and the entire dance program. Graham saw this as an opportunity to engage her best pupils in the experiential dance she was beginning to create.

These first experimentations at Eastman proved to be the sparks of a new mode of dance that would revolutionize theories of movement in all of the performing arts. For Graham, ballet’s concern with flow and grace left behind more violent traditional passions. Graham believed that through spastic movements, trembling, and falls she could express emotional and spiritual themes ignored by other dance. She desired to evoke strong emotions.
Beginning with her Eastman students, she formed the now famous Martha
Graham School for Contemporary Dance in New York. One of the early pieces of the company was “Frontier” (1935), a solo performance about the pioneer woman. This piece brought together the two men who would be close collaborators throughout her life. Isamu Noguchi , the Japanese-American sculptor, created a sparse and beautiful design that replaced flat backdrops with three-dimensional objects. Together Graham and Noguchi revolutionized set design through this inclusion of sculpture. “Frontier” also included the sound design of Louis Horst, a close friend and strong influence throughout Graham’s life.
Soon after “Frontier,” Graham brought a young ballet dancer named Erick Hawkins into the company.
Together they appeared in one of her major works, “American Document” (1938). For the next ten years he would remain with the company and perform in many of her great pieces. The most famous work from this period was “Appalachian Spring” (1944), for which Aaron Copland wrote the score. In 1948 Graham and
Hawkins married, but the marriage was short-lived. They continued to work together for a while and then made a permanent break. After this break, Graham plunged deeper into her work and in 1955 presented the world with one of her greatest pieces, “Seraphic Dialogue”. “Seraphic Dialogue” was a powerful and moving version of the story of Joan of Arc. Throughout Graham’s career she would return again and again to the struggles and triumphs of both great and ordinary women. Despite her age, she continued to dance throughout the 60s. It was not until 1969 that Graham announced her retirement from the stage.
For Graham, however, life away from dance was impossible.
Though no longer able to perform she continued to teach and choreograph until her death in 1991. It is nearly impossible to track the influence of Martha Graham. Everyone from Woody Allen to Bette Davis cites her as a major influence. She is universally understood to be the twentieth century’s most important dancer, and the mother of modern dance. She performed at the White House for Franklin Roosevelt, and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the French Legion of
Honor. She was the first choreographer to regularly employ both Asian- and African-American Dancers. Her contributions to the art of stage design and dance production are countless. Martha Graham’s continued experimentation and her constant attention to human emotion, frailty, and perseverance, is one of the greatest individual achievements in American cultural history.

The Black Inventor On-Line Museum. “Charles Drew.” www.blackinventor.com.
Charles Drew was born on June 3, 1904 in Washington, D.C., the son of
Richard and Nora Drew and eldest of five children. Charles was one of those rare individuals who seemed to excel at everything he did and on every level and would go on to become of pioneer in the field of medicine.
Charles' Charles’s early interests were in education, particularly in medicine, but he was also an outstanding athlete. As a youngster he was an award winning swimmer and starred Dunbar High School in football, baseball, basketball and track and field, winning the James E. Walker Memorial medal as his school's best all around athlete. After graduation from Dunbar in 1922, he went on to attend Amherst
College in Massachusetts where he captained the track team and starred as a halfback on the school's football team, winning the Thomas W. Ashley Memorial trophy in his junior year as the team most valuable player and being named to the All-American team. Drew had a rich assortment of graduation announcements and convocations since his education was extensive through his life. Upon graduation from Amherst in 1926 he was awarded the Howard Hill Mossman trophy as the man who contributed the most to Amherst athletics during his four years in school.
After graduation from Amherst, Drew took on a position as a biology teacher at Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland and also served as the school's
Athletic Director. During his two years at Morgan State, he helped to turn the school's basketball and football programs into collegiate champions.
In 1928, Charles decided to pursue his interest in medicine and enrolled at
McGill University in Montreal, Canada. He was received as a member of the Medical
Honorary Society and graduated in 1933 with Master of Surgery and Doctor of
Medicine degrees, finishing second in his class of 127 students. He stayed in
Montreal for a while as an intern at Montreal General Hospital and at the Royal Victoria Hospital. In 1935, he returned to the United States and began working as an instructor of pathology at Howard University in
Washington, D.C. He was also a resident at Freedmen's Hospital and was awarded the Rockefeller
Foundation Research Fellowship.
He spent two years at Columbia University in New York attending classes and working as a resident at the Columbia University Presbyterian Hospital. During this time he became involved in research on blood and blood transfusions.
Years back, while a student at McGill, he had saved a man by giving him a blood transfusion and had studied under Dr. John Beattie, an instructor of anatomy who was intensely interested in blood

transfusions. Now at Columbia, he wrote a dissertation on "Banked Blood" in which he described a technique he developed for the long-term preservation of blood plasma. Prior to his discovery, blood could not be stored for more than two days because of the rapid breakdown of red blood cells. Drew had discovered that by separating the plasma (the liquid part of blood) from the whole blood (in which the red blood cells exist) and then refrigerating them separately, they could be combined up to a week later for a blood transfusion. He also discovered that while everyone has a certain type of blood (A, B, AB, or O) and thus are prevented from receiving a full blood transfusion from someone with different blood, everyone has the same type of plasma. Thus, in certain cases where a whole blood transfusion is not necessary, it was sufficient to give a plasma transfusion which could be administered to anyone, regardless of their blood type. He convinced Columbia
University to establish a blood bank and soon was asked to go to
England to help set up that country's first blood bank. Drew became the first Black to receive a Doctor of Medical Science degree from
Columbia and was now gaining a reputation worldwide.
When World War II broke out in Europe, Drew was named the
Supervisor of the Blood Transfusion Association for New York City and oversaw its efforts towards providing plasma to the British Blood Bank. He was later named a project director for the American Red
Cross but soon resigned his post after the United States War Department issued a directive that blood taken from White donors should be segregated from that of Black donors.
In 1942, Drew returned to Howard University to head its Department of Surgery, as well as the
Chief of Surgery at Freedmen's Hospital. Later he was named Chief of Staff and Medical Director for the
Hospital. In 1948 he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People for his work on blood plasma. He was also presented with the E. S. Jones Award for
Research in Medical Science and became the first Black to be appointed an examiner by the American
Board of Surgery. In 1945 he was presented honorary degrees of Doctor of Science from Virginia State
College as well as Amherst College where he attended as an undergraduate student. In 1946 he was elected Fellow of the International College of Surgeons and in 1949 appointed
Surgical Consultant for the United States Army's European Theater of
Operations.
Charles Drew died on April 1, 1950 when the automobile he was driving went out of control and turned over. Drew suffered extensive massive injuries but contrary to popular legend was not denied a blood transfusion by an all-
White hospital. He indeed received a transfusion but was beyond the help of the experienced physicians attending to him. His family later wrote letters to those physicians thanking them for the care they provided. Over the years, Drew has been considered one of the most honored and respected figures in the medical field and his development of the blood plasma bank has given a second chance of live to millions.

Ray Kroc: “Burger Barron.” www.entrepreneur.com.
October 9, 2008.
When Ray Kroc was a child, his father took him to a phrenologist (a practitioner who claimed he could predict the future by reading the bumps on a person's head). Kroc's chart revealed that his future would be in the food-service industry. Whether through psychic power or sheer luck, the he proved to be correct. Able to identify popular trends, Kroc would go on to lay the foundation for the modern fast-food industry and champion the world's No. 1 fast-food chain.
Like many entrepreneurs, Kroc began working early in life. While still in grammar school, he started a lemonade stand in front of his home in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, he worked in a grocery store, and he spent a summer behind the soda fountain in his uncle's grocery store. Through these early experiences, Kroc began to view the world as one big place to sell to.
By the time he was a teenager, Kroc had no patience for school, so he quit to take a job as a salesperson for Lily-Tulip Cup Co. He was a natural.
Young, ambitious and willing to work hard for long hours, Kroc quickly became the company's top salesperson. In the course of selling cups, Kroc met Earl Prince; a client who had invented a five-spindle milk shake-mixing machine called a Multimixer.
Fascinated by the speed and efficiency of the machine, and recognizing a cash cow when he saw one, Kroc, then 37, left Lily and obtained exclusive marketing rights to the machine. He spent the next decade and a half crisscrossing the country peddling the Multimixer to drugstore soda fountain and restaurant owners.
As Kroc approached his 50th birthday, however, sales began to drop.
During the early 1950s people were leaving the cities for the suburbs, forcing many neighborhood soda fountains to close. Ray was losing customers by the dozens. But one small restaurant in San Bernardino,
California, ordered eight machines. Intrigued by the order, Kroc left for California to see for himself what kind of restaurant needed to churn out 40 milk shakes at a time. There he found a small hamburger stand run by two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald.
The McDonald brothers' restaurant was unlike any Ray had ever seen. In contrast to the popular drive-in restaurants of the time, it was self-service, had no indoor seating, and the menu was limited to cheeseburgers, hamburgers, fries, drinks and milk shakes, all of which were produced in an assembly-line fashion that enabled customers to place their orders and receive their meals in less than a minute.
Kroc quickly calculated the financial rewards possible with hundreds of these restaurants across the country. But when he approached the McDonalds with the idea, they told him they weren't interested in doing it themselves. So Kroc offered to do it for them. The brothers agreed, and gave Kroc the exclusive rights to sell the McDonald's method.
Ray opened his first McDonald's in April 1955 in the Chicago suburb of Des Plaines. He used the meticulously clean and efficient restaurant as a showcase for selling McDonald's franchises to the rest of the country. For each franchise he sold, Ray would collect 1.9 percent of the gross sales. From that he would give the McDonalds one-half percent. Kroc sold 18 franchises his first year in business but was shocked to discover

he was barely making enough money to cover his expenses. In his haste to acquire the rights to the McDonalds' methods, he had made them a deal they couldn't refuse. Unfortunately, it was a deal on which he couldn't make any money.
Then Kroc met Harry Sonnenborne, a financial genius who showed Kroc how to make money-not by selling hamburgers, but by selling real estate. Under Sonnenborne's plan, Kroc set up a company that would purchase or lease the land on which all
McDonald's restaurants would be located. Franchisees then paid
Kroc a set monthly rental for the land or a percentage of their sales, whichever was greater. By owning the land the franchises were built on rather than just the franchises themselves, Kroc was guaranteed a profit. Kroc then set out to fulfill his goal-opening 1,000 McDonald's from coast to coast.
Kroc continually clashed with the McDonald brothers over changes he wanted to make in their original formula. Kroc became increasingly frustrated and decided he wanted control of McDonald's all to himself. So in 1961, he bought out the McDonalds for $2.7 million-cash.
Without the rights to their own name, the McDonalds were forced to rename their restaurant The Big M. Kroc opened a brand-new McDonald's one block away and put The Big M out of business.
By 1965, he had opened more than 700 restaurants in 44 states. In April of that year, McDonald's became the first fast-food company to go public. Stock was issued at $22 per share. Within weeks it climbed to $49 a share, making Kroc an instant multimillionaire. By the end of the decade, Kroc had met and surpassed his goal, with nearly 1,500 McDonald's operating worldwide.
By the 1970s, McDonald's was the largest food supplier in the country and would remain so through the next two decades. At the time of his death on January 14, 1984, a new McDonald's was opening on average every 17 hours. Ten months later, McDonald's sold its 50-billionth burger.
Hamburger University: Ray Kroc believed that the success of his company lay in his franchisees following "the McDonald's Method" to the letter. To ensure this, he developed a 75-page manual that outlined every aspect of running a McDonald's operation. Burgers had to be exactly 1.6 ounces, served with a quarter ounce of onion, a teaspoon of mustard and a tablespoon of ketchup. Fries had to be cut at nine-thirty seconds of an inch thick. The manual even specified how often the restaurant needed to be cleaned.
In 1961, Kroc came up with a way to gain even greater control over his franchisees. In the basement of a McDonald's in Elk Grove,
Illinois, he opened a training center that would eventually become
Hamburger University, where students earned their degrees in
"Hamburgerlogy" with a minor in French fries.
: There are more than 25,000 McDonald's in operation worldwide today. 1 in 8 Americans has worked for McDonald's.
According to a recent survey, the McDonald's golden arches are now more recognizable around the world than the Christian cross.

Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. “ Wright’s Life and Work.” www.franklloydwright.org. 2011.
Frank Lloyd Wright spent more than 70 years creating designs that revolutionized the art and architecture of the twentieth century. Many innovations in today's buildings are products of his imagination. In all he designed 1141 works - including houses, offices, churches, schools, libraries, bridges, museums and many other building types. Of that total, 532 resulted in completed works, 409 of which still stand.
However, Wright's creative mind was not confined to architecture. He also designed furniture, fabrics, art glass, lamps, dinnerware, silver, linens and graphic arts. He was a writer, an educator and a philosopher. He authored twenty books and countless articles, lectured throughout the United States and in
Europe.
Wright is considered by most authorities to be the 20th century's greatest architect. The American Institute of Architects in a recent national survey, recognized Frank Lloyd Wright to be "the greatest American architect of all time." "Architectural Record" magazine declared that Wright's buildings stand out among the most significant architectural works during the last 100 years in the world.
To get a perspective on Wright's long and productive life, it is useful to remember that he was born in 1867, just two years after the end of the Civil War and died in 1959, two years after the launching of the first satellite Sputnik.
Wright's Spring Green home, Taliesin, built in
1911, was initially lighted by gas lamps. Wright revered the American experience and believed that democracy was the best form of government. Throughout his life he strived to create a new architecture that reflected the
American democratic experience, an architecture based not on failing European and foreign models (such as Greek, Egyptian and Renaissance styles) but rather an architecture based solely on America's democratic values and human dignity.

Wright preached the beauty of native materials and insisted that buildings grow naturally from their surroundings. He freed Americans from the Victorian
"boxes" of the 19th century and helped create the open plan with rooms that flowed and opened out to each other. By changing architecture and changing the way America lived, Wright may have had an even more profound effect. As Wright said, " Whether people are fully conscious of this or not, they actually derive countenance and sustenance from the
'atmosphere' of the things they live in or with. They are rooted in them just as a plant is in the soil in which it is planted ."
Throughout his life Wright spoke of the influence of nature on his work and attributed his love of nature to those early years in the rural Wisconsin countryside where he was born. During summers spent on his uncle's farm he learned to look at the patterns and rhythms found in nature - the branch of a tree outcroppings of limestone, and the ever-changing sandbars. Wright later advised his apprentices to
" study nature, love nature, stay close to nature. It will never fail you ." The influence of nature is apparent in his work. From the earth-hugging "Prairie" houses, to the cascading cantilevers of the 1936
Fallingwater in Pennsylvania, from the sky-lighted forest of concrete columns, to the spiraling, "snail-like"
Guggenheim Museum completed in 1959 in New York City, his work shows a command of nature and native materials and an instinctive understanding of social and human needs.
No other architecture took greater advantage of setting and environment. No other architect glorified the sense of "shelter" as did Frank Lloyd Wright. " A building is not just a place to be. It is a way to be," he said. Wright's work has stood the test of time. His buildings are still relevant to today's values and efforts have developed to preserve his work.
In 1970, there were only two Wright homes open to the public. Today there are more than twenty, which together attract more than one million visitors a year. More than one-third of Wright buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or are in a National Historic District.

Maya Angelou: Global Renaissance Woman. “Biography.” mayaangelou.com. 2012.
Dr. Maya Angelou is one of the most renowned and influential voices of our time. Hailed as a global renaissance woman, Dr. Angelou is a celebrated poet, memoirist, novelist, educator, dramatist, producer, actress, historian, filmmaker, and civil rights activist.
Born on April 4th, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri, Dr. Angelou was raised in St. Louis and Stamps,
Arkansas. In Stamps, Dr. Angelou experienced the brutality of racial discrimination, but she also absorbed the unshakable faith and values of traditional African-American family, community, and culture.
As a teenager, Dr. Angelou’s love for the arts won her a scholarship to study dance and drama at San Francisco’s Labor School. At 14, she dropped out to become San Francisco’s first African-American female cable car conductor. She later finished high school, giving birth to her son, Guy, a few weeks after graduation. As a young single mother, she supported her son by working as a waitress and cook, however her passion for music, dance, performance, and poetry would soon take center stage.
In 1954 and 1955, Dr. Angelou toured Europe with a production of the opera Porgy and Bess .
She studied modern dance with Martha Graham, danced with Alvin
Ailey on television variety shows and, in 1957, recorded her first album, Calypso Lady . In 1958, she moved to New York, where she joined the Harlem Writers Guild, acted in the historic Off-Broadway production of Jean Genet's The
Blacks and wrote and performed Cabaret for Freedom .
In 1960, Dr. Angelou moved to Cairo, Egypt where she served as editor of the English language weekly The Arab Observer . The

next year, she moved to Ghana where she taught at the University of Ghana's School of Music and
Drama, worked as feature editor for The African Review and wrote for The Ghanaian Times .
During her years abroad, Dr. Angelou read and studied voraciously, mastering French,
Spanish, Italian, Arabic and the West African language Fanti. While in Ghana, she met with Malcolm X and, in 1964, returned to America to help him build his new Organization of African American Unity.
Shortly after her arrival in the United States, Malcolm X was assassinated, and the organization dissolved. Soon after X's assassination, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. asked Dr. Angelou to serve as Northern Coordinator for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. King's assassination, falling on her birthday in 1968, left her devastated.
She began work on the book that would become I Know Why the Caged Bird
Sings and published it in 1970. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings was published to international acclaim and enormous popular success. The list of her published verse, non-fiction, and fiction now includes more than 30 bestselling titles.
A trailblazer in film and television, Dr. Angelou wrote the screenplay and composed the score for the 1972 film Georgia, Georgia . Her script, the first by an
African American woman ever to be filmed, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize.
She continues to appear on television and in films including the landmark television adaptation of Alex Haley's Roots (1977) and John
Singleton's Poetic Justice (1993). In 1996, she directed her first feature film,
Down in the Delta . In 2008, she composed poetry for and narrated the awardwinning documentary The Black Candle , directed by M.K. Asante.
Dr. Angelou has served on two presidential committees, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Arts in 2000, the Lincoln Medal in 2008, and has received 3 Grammy
Awards. President Clinton requested that she compose a poem to read at his inauguration in 1993.
Dr. Angelou's reading of her poem " On the Pulse of the Morning " was broadcast live around the world.
Dr. Angelou has received over 30 honorary degrees and is Reynolds Professor of American Studies at Wake Forest University. Dr. Angelou’s words and actions continue to stir our souls, energize our bodies, liberate our minds, and heal our hearts.

1904 - 1967
Robert Oppenheimer was born on April 22, 1904, into a wealthy, New York, Jewish family.
They lived in an apartment overlooking the Hudson River and vacationed in a summer home on Long
Island. As a 17-year-old, Oppenheimer went to Harvard where a classmate says he "intellectually looted the place." But it was after Harvard that Oppenheimer found his intellectual passion. First at
Cambridge University in England and then at Göttigen University in Germany, the young American scholar began making his mark in quantum theory. By the time he returned to America, he'd published more than a dozen articles and established a reputation as a theoretical physicist.
In the 1930s, Oppenheimer became drawn into left-wing politics. In part, this may have been a reaction to the rise of Nazism in Germany where his relatives were suffering under increasingly severe anti-semitic laws, but it may also have been a reaction to the Great Depression. Many of his students were unable to get jobs and Oppenheimer would say, "I began to understand how deeply political and economic events could affect men's lives." He got involved with a number of left-leaning organizations and began making an annual donation of about $1,000 to various funds associated with the Communist Party. When he joined the atomic bomb project he admitted in his security questionnaire that he had been "a member of just about every Communist Front organization on the West Coast." It was an admission that cast suspicion on him and eventually played a large role in the loss of his security clearance.
In 1941 Oppenheimer was brought into the atomic bomb project. His first task was to calculate the critical mass of uranium-235, i.e. the amount of uranium needed to sustain a chain reaction. The following summer he gathered together at
Berkeley a small group of some of the best theoretical physicists in the country to talk about the actual bomb design. By the end of the summer they concluded that the bomb project would require a major scientific effort.
General Leslie Groves, the army officer in charge of the bomb

project wanted Oppenheimer to be the scientific director of the program, despite what he would call the "snag" of Oppenheimer's political past. After the war, he explained why: " He's a genius. A real genius ... Why, Oppenheimer knows about everything. He can talk to you about anything you bring up. Well, not exactly. I guess there are a few things he doesn't know about. He doesn't know anything about sports ."
Together the two men picked out a site for a new laboratory for the project. It had to be isolated, but it needed to be easily accessible, it needed an adequate supply of water, and a moderate climate for year-round construction. Oppenheimer took Groves to a boys' school on a mesa in the New Mexico desert, which he had visited as a young man. The site became the location for the top secret Los Alamos weapons laboratory.
By July 1945, Los Alamos was ready to test its bomb. Oppenheimer sent a cryptic telegram to scientists back at Berkeley: " Any time after the 15th would be a good time for our fishing trip...As we do not have enough sleeping bags to go around, we ask you please do not bring anyone with you ."
The test, code-named "Trinity," took place on July 16. It exploded with a force equivalent of 18,000 tons of TNT. Recalling the scene,
Oppenheimer said: " A few people laughed, a few people cried, most people were silent. There floated through my mind a line from the
"Bhagavad-Gita" in which Krishna is trying to persuade the Prince that he should do his duty: "I am become death: the destroyer of worlds ."
After the war Oppenheimer achieved nation-wide recognition as the "father of the A-bomb," and he was widely quoted as the moral conscience of those who had worked on the project.
He also rose to prominence as a scientific advisor to the Federal
Government. He pushed hard for international control of atomic energy, and was appointed Chairman of the General Advisory Committee to the
Atomic Energy Commission. It was in this role that he voiced strong opposition to the development of the H-bomb.
His political past and his resistance to the hydrogen bomb ultimately had devastating consequences for his career. In 1953, the Atomic Energy Commission suspended his security clearance. Despite testimonials from scores of witnesses during the hearings, his clearance was not reinstated. Oppenheimer returned to academic life, but as one colleague would say, the public ordeal had broken his spirit.

SOL 9b: Impact of new technology on American life and industries that have benefited
 In the 1930’s the method, which eventually evolved to the green screen method, was invented. This method helps to create map backdrops for meteorologists, and it also helps make special effects for movies and television shows.
( http://zephyrphotoworks.com/greenscreenDetail/136 )
 Technology called “Third Screen”, which is cell phone-based content that includes music and video, has helped significantly boost the cell phone market.
At the start of 2012, there were almost 323 million wireless subscriptions (for devices such as cell phones and tablets) in the United States, and almost 6 billion around the world.
( http://www.plunkettresearch.com/entertainment-mediapublishing-market-research/industry-trends )

Advances in internet technology have increased the internet advertising industry by 20% since 2010 alone. It makes for a quicker and more efficient way for companies and businesses to spread news about their new products and offers. ( http://www.plunkettresearch.com/entertainmentmedia-publishing-market-research/industry-trends )

In 1997 the TiVo system came onto the market, and since then companies like DirecTV and
Comcast have produced similar products, boosting their sales greatly over the years.
( http://www.wikinvest.com/industry/Media_%26_Entertainment )

Many on-demand video services have helped benefit the entertainment and media industries.
For example, Netflix is a service available on game systems such as Xboxes and Wii’s, which has increased the sales of those systems over the years.
( http://www.plunkettresearch.com/entertainmentmedia-publishing-market-research/industry-trends )


Because of the growing capability of smart phones, cell phone companies have earned more and more money each year. Most cell phones today are considered “smart phones”, and they can provide users with access to applications like games, email, website access, and even news updates.
( http://www.plunkettresearch.com/entertainmentmedia-publishing-market-research/industry-trends )

XM Radio companies such as Sirius radio have gained over 21 million paid subscribers because of the ability to provide higher quality, commercial free radio with more channels to their listeners.
( http://www.plunkettresearch.com/entertainment-mediapublishing-market-research/industry-trends )

SOL 9b: Impact of new technology on American life and industries that have benefited

On June 26, 1993, the US Air Force sent the 24 th Navstar satellite into orbit. This completed a network of 24 satellites that was known as the Global Positioning System, or GPS. With GPS people can know their exact locations and easily find directions to and from places.

Velcro, which was first thought of in 1941 by George de Mestral, was originally only used as a way to close space suits, because it was much easier to use than zippers and snaps. Today Velcro is used by many people in shoes, clothing, as an organizational tool, and even as a recreational sport called Velcro Jumping.

Nitinol, which was discovered in 1962, was first used to manufacture spacecrafts and space shuttles, but today it is commonly used to make braces for your teeth.

Satellites located throughout space can help to predict natural disasters such as floods, tornadoes, storms and hurricanes, and to locate wildfires and their extent.

Satellites help to create accurate weather forecasts, and they can also help to predict crop yields to help farmers.

In 1978 Teflon-coated fiberglass was being used as a new fabric for astronaut spacesuits, and it is now commonly used as a roofing material for buildings and stadiums such as Atlanta’s
Georgia Dome.

In 1986 NASA technologies helped to create a breathing system for firefighters that was more lightweight and helped to reduce inhalation injuries.


NASA helped in 2000 to create a new low-cost parachute system to help safely lower aircrafts to the ground in case of emergency. Now the parachutes are used to provide safe landing for pilots and passengers if there is an emergency, and it has been credited with saving over 200 lives so far.

NASA created a material called IC531 to protect its launch pads from destruction because of hot, humid, salty air. In 1986 the material was used to coat the
Golden Gate Bridge and the Statue of Liberty to provide the same protection.

NASA found it was necessary to create a system to be sure astronauts would not get food poisoning on the way into space, and now the
Food and Drug Administration and the
Agriculture Department have adopted the same system for us to reduce the number of cases of salmonella.
( http://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/benefit s.html
)

SOL 9b: Impact of new technology on American life and industries that have benefited

President Eisenhower signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, under which the federal government agreed to help pay 90% of the construction costs for the new interstate system, which was largely paid for by taxes on gas. The interstate system helps not only with transportation of people and goods, but also with communication.
( http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/autos/news-americaninterstate-highway-system-changed-face-america )

The interstate system helped make transportation of goods quicker and more efficient for businesses across America.
( http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/autos/news-americaninterstate-highway-system-changed-face-america )

The interstate supports over 23% of all roadway traffic, and the fatality rate is
60% lower than the rest of the highway systems in the nation.
( http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/autos/n ews-american-interstate-highway-systemchanged-face-america )

Automobiles have helped to provide a simpler form of transportation. With cars, people no longer have to worry about the hassles of booking tickets for air, train, or bus travel, and they can still reach their destinations within reasonable amounts of time.
( http://www.ehow.com/facts_4897112_advantages-havingcar.html
)

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)
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)
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)

SOL 9b: Impact of new technology on American life and industries that have benefited

The speed of smart phones has enabled businesses to increase their accessibility. It has helped to provide the ability to work and communicate from anywhere and at any time, so communication can occur with much greater speed and ease.
( http://www.ehow.com/about_6528779_technologychanged-business-communications.html
)

Companies are able to offer bundles and packages of their services. For example, Comcast offers television, internet, and television packages, which boosts business for their company because it allows people to purchase multiple services at once.
( http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Telecommunications.aspx
)

Satellites and radio towers are necessary to provide the ability to use cell phones, so as the cell phone market expands, the need for satellite systems increases as well. ( http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-telecommunicationstechnology.htm
)

Cell phones are able to pick up satellite from lower altitudes, so satellite systems are being set up closer to the earth’s surface. Because of this, solar satellites can piggy-back off of the closer satellites, so eventually solar powered technology will be able to become available.
( http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/beam_it_down_how_the
_new_satellites_can_power_the_world.shtml
)

Pagers have become increasingly useful to people in many situations. They used to be more commonly used by doctors in hospitals, but now they’re also commonly used as ways to contact people in emergencies or to let patients know information outside of the hospital. ( http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/pager.htm
)

SOL 9b: Impact of new technology on American life and industries that have benefited

Using electronic mail, it has become increasingly easier for people to communicate in a fast and easy manner. Email has made it extremely easy for people to communicate from different states and countries around the world. ( http://www.isoc.org/oti/articles/1196/sadowsky.html
)

Electronic networking has also become a very inexpensive way to communicate and trade information. It has almost eliminated the need for companies to set aside large budgets for international travel, and the fact that it is so easy to use has helped companies save time and money.
( http://www.isoc.org/oti/articles/1196/sadowsky.
html )

The ability to use the internet for trade and communication has provided many jobs to people around the world. It has become a staple in many companies, and it has helped to provide new job opportunities for people everywhere.
( http://www.isoc.org/oti/articles/1196/sadowsky.html
)

The ability to access information has greatly impacted
America’s educational abilities. Education is no longer privileged, because the information on the internet is available to anyone with access, without any discrimination.
( http://www.ehow.com/about_4815039_advantagesdisadvantages-technology-education.html
)


Students having the ability to access information on the internet helps them to find resources for papers and assignments in classes.
Although books can provide most information for assignments, the internet is a faster and just as efficient access to the information you need.
( http://www.ehow.com/about_48
15039_advantages-disadvantagestechnology-education.html
)

Social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr have provided people with a way to communicate with relatives and friends around the world. People no longer have to worry about waiting for letters to arrive or paying costly international phone call fees.
( http://www.isoc.org/oti/articles/1196/sadowsky.html
)

People can easily shop on the internet using services like eBay or Amazon, and most stores have websites with options to purchase online. This has becom e a conven ience to people who don’t have a store location nearby, or who would like to purchase from the comfort of their own home.
( http://www.usatoday.com/tech/top25internet.htm
)

World Book Online, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://edition.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/04/27/pandemics.history/index.html
A pandemic (from Greek pan "all" + demos "people") is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide. A widespread endemic disease that is stable in terms of how many people are getting sick from it is not a pandemic.
2009 CNN article:
LONDON, England (CNN) -- -- The World Health Organization has called the swine flu outbreak spreading around the world a "public
health emergency of international concern."
Swine flu is usually diagnosed only in pigs or people in regular contact with them. Health workers worldwide are racing to prevent what may potentially become a pandemic.
An influenza pandemic occurs when a new virus appears against which the human population has no immunity, according to the WHO.
Christine Layton, a public health expert who specializes in influenza at research institute RTI International, told CNN the swine flu has "pandemic potential."
"Unlike the avian flu that people were concerned about a few years ago, a lot more cases are occurring in a lot more different places," she said.
"The mortality rate is lower with swine flu, but it seems to be cropping up in a lot more different places."
Previous influenza pandemics have been deadly . According to current projections, a pandemic today could result in up to 7.4 million deaths worldwide, the WHO says.
Since 1900, three pandemics have occurred, according to the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. Spanish flu was the worst pandemic of the 20th century. Up to 40 percent of the worldwide population became ill when it occurred in 1918-1919.
The World Health Organization estimates the Spanish flu resulted in upwards of 50 million deaths -- or more deaths than those during World War I.
A virus as severe as Spanish flu has not been seen since.

Although 10 times deadlier than other pandemics, Spanish flu was far less contagious than diseases such as measles or chicken pox, according to
Harvard epidemiologists Christina Mills and Marc Lipsitch, who carried out a study in 2004.
In 1957, another influenza pandemic surfaced . The 1957 pandemic was known as the Asian flu.
It was sparked by the H2N2 strain and was first identified in China.
There were two waves of illness during this pandemic: The first wave mostly hit children, while the second mostly affected the elderly. It caused about 2 million deaths globally.
But the medical community was able to identify that pandemic more quickly because of improvements in scientific technology, according to the
U.S. Centers for Disease Control.
The most recent pandemic occurred in early 1968 when a flu pandemic surfaced in Hong Kong. About 33,800 people died between September 1968 and March 1969 -- making it one of the mildest pandemics of the 20th century.
While no pandemics have surfaced since 1968, other pandemic
"threats" have occurred in the 20th century, including the 1976 "killer flu" (later named "swine flu") threat in the United States, which led to a mass vaccinations amid fears it was related to the Spanish flu virus.
The most recent pandemic threats occurred in 1997 and 1999.
Hundreds of people became infected with the avian flu virus , or bird flu, which killed six people and infected hundreds . This virus was different as it moved from chickens to people, rather than moving through pigs first.
Around 1.5 million poultry were slaughtered in
Hong Kong to contain the threat.
The rise of global air travel has raised the ability of disease to spread more rapidly than ever before. Severe acute respiratory syndrome, better known as SARS, was the first severe transmissible disease to hit the globalized world when it hit in 2003.
But outbreaks like SARS, which saw the application of control measures like quarantine, travel restrictions and fever checks at airports, have helped the health community better prepare for emergencies.

http://epa.gov/climatechange/policy/neartermghgreduction.html http://usa.usembassy.de/technology-environment.htm
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in 1970 by President Nixon. It was created to permit coordinated and effective governmental action on behalf of the environment.
Its mission is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment - air, water, and land - under the laws enacted by Congress. EPA's purpose is to ensure that: all
Americans are protected from significant risks to human health and the environment where they live, learn and work.
Climate change is a problem that is affecting people and the environment. Greater energy efficiency and new technologies hold promise for reducing greenhouse gases and solving this global challenge.
Clean Energy-Environment State Partnership
The Clean Energy-Environment State Partnership Program is a voluntary statefederal partnership that encourages states to develop and implement costeffective clean energy and environmental strategies. These strategies help further both environmental and clean energy goals while achieving public health and economic benefits. Under the Partnership Program, states work across their relevant agencies to develop and implement a comprehensive strategy for using existing and new energy policies and programs to promote energy efficiency, clean distributed generation, renewable energy and other clean energy sources that can provide air quality and other benefits.
Climate Leaders is an EPA industry-government partnership that works with companies to develop comprehensive climate change strategies. Partner companies commit to reducing their impact on the global environment by setting aggressive greenhouse gas reduction goals.
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Partnership
The CHP Partnership is a voluntary program to reduce the environmental impact of power generation by promoting the use of
CHP. CHP is an efficient, clean and reliable approach to generating power and thermal energy from a single fuel source.

ENERGY STAR
In 1992, EPA introduced ENERGY STAR as a voluntary labeling program designed to identify and promote energy-efficient products to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ENERGY STAR has successfully delivered energy and cost savings across the country, saving businesses, organizations and consumers approximately $10 billion in 2004.
EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality Voluntary Programs
Transportation and Air Quality voluntary programs aim to reduce pollution and improve air quality by means of forming partnerships with small and large businesses, citizen groups, industry, manufacturers, trade associations and state and local governments. The Partnership is a collaborative voluntary program between EPA and the freight industry that will increase the energy efficiency and energy security of our country while significantly reducing air pollution and greenhouse gases.
Green Power Partnership
The Green Power Partnership is a voluntary partnership between EPA and organizations that are interested in buying green power. Green power is an environmentally friendly electricity product that is generated from renewable energy sources.
High GWP Gas Voluntary Programs
EPA has a set of voluntary industry partnerships that are substantially reducing
U.S. emissions of high global warming potential (high GWP) gases. Some species of these gases, while released in small quantities, are extremely potent greenhouse gases with very long atmospheric lifetimes. To date, these voluntary programs have achieved significant emission reductions and industry partners are expected to maintain emissions below 1990 levels beyond the year 2010.
Methane Voluntary Programs
U.S. industries along with state and local governments collaborate with EPA to promote profitable opportunities for reducing emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. These voluntary programs are designed to overcome a wide range of informational, technical and institutional barriers to reducing methane emissions, while creating profitable activities for the coal, natural gas, petroleum, landfill and agricultural industries.
WasteWise
WasteWise is a voluntary EPA program through which organizations eliminate costly municipal solid waste and select industrial wastes, benefiting their bottom line and reducing the amount of waste deposited in landfills.

http://www.hoover.org/publications/monographs/27201
During the 1990s, more immigrants arrived in the United
States than in any previous decade: between 1990 and 2000, the number of foreign-born U.S. residen ts rose by thirteen million to total thirty-two million. According to the best estimates of demographers, about nine million of these newcomers were legal immigrants.
Three major types of foreigners arrive in the United States: immigrants, non-immigrants, and unauthorized foreigners. By
U.S. law, immigrants are persons entitled to li ve and work permanently in the country and, after five years, become naturalized U.S. citizens. There are four major types of immigrants:
 By far the largest category includes relatives of U.S. residents; 63 percent of the one million immigrants admitted in 2001 had family members already in the
United States who petitioned the U.S. government to admit them.
 The second-largest category was employment-based,

179,000 immigrants and their families admitted for economic or employment reasons.
 The third group was refugees and asylees, 108,000 foreigners granted safe haven in the United States.
The fourth group is dominated by diversity and other immigrants, persons who applied for a
U.S. immigrant visa in a lottery open to those from countries that sent fewer than 50,000 immigrants to the
United States in the previous five years.
Non-immigrants are foreigners who come to the United
States to visit, work, or study. There are no limits on most types of non-immigrants; the United States is willing to accept far more than the twenty-nine million foreign tourists and business visitors who arrived in 2001.
Foreign workers are more controversial. The 991,000 foreign workers admitted in 2001 represented almost 50 percent of the net growth of U.S. employment, which expands by about two million a year.

About two-thirds of the foreign workers were professionals who received H-1B visas that allow them to stay in the United States for up to six years, and become immigrants if they can find a U.S. employer to sponsor them for an employmentbased visa by showing that qualified U.S. residents are not available to fill their jobs.
A sixth of the foreign workers were unskilled workers who did jobs that ranged from harvesting tobacco to cleaning hotels in resort areas.
IMMIGRATION AND POPULATION:
Immigration is a major factor changing the size and composition of the U.S. population. The most recent population projections were made in 1995, when the U.S. had 263 million residents, including 193 million non-Hispanic whites (74 percent), 31.5 million blacks (12 percent), 26.9 million
Hispanics (10 percent), 8.7 million Asians and Pacific Islanders (3 percent) and about two million Native Americans. If the current immigration patterns continue, the Census Bureau projected the U.S. population will be 394 million in 2050 and the composition of the population will have changed over the half-century to 53 percent non-Hispanic white, 14 percent African American, 24 percent Hispanic, and 8 percent Asian. The Census Bureau assumed a net influx of 820,000 legal and illegal immigrants annually in making these projections.
9
Besides Caribbean countries, the most important source of newcomers is Mexico. No other industrial democracy has a 8 to 1 income difference with a neighbor that is a traditional source of migrants. For Mexicans and Central Americans, the
United States is often El Dorado, the place where migrants and their children can achieve their economic dreams, as well as enjoy political stability, cons titutional government, and freedom from corruption.
The number of immigrants from Asia is also striking. Between 1971 and 1990, the Hispanic population of the United States increased by 141 percent, while the Asian population grew by 385 percent. Asians in the United States now consist of many nationalities: Filipinos, Japanese, East
Indians, Koreans, and Vietnamese, with the largest group being the Chinese.
The United States is also a destination for migrants from other parts of the world. Africa is a strife-torn continent from which many wish to escape. Additional claimants for refuge in the United
States might include Russians, Ukrainians, Slovaks, Croats, Serbs, Bosnian Muslims, and Kosovars, whose respective homelands are devastated or could again be stricken by economic slumps, political turmoil, or war.

http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/IB95112.pdf
International terrorism has long been recognized as a foreign and domestic security threat. The tragic events of September 11 in New York, the Washington,
D.C., area, and Pennsylvania have dramatically reenergized the nation’s focus and resolve on terrorism.
U.S. policy toward international terrorism contains a significant military component, reflected in current U.S. operations in Afghanistan and
(on a smaller scale) the Philippines and in planned deployments of U.S. forces to Yemen and the former Soviet republic of
Georgia. President Bush had expressed a willingness to provide military aid to “governments everywhere” in the fight against terrorism.
The Administration’s response to the September 11 events was swift, wide-ranging and decisive. Administration officials attributed responsibility for the attack to Osama bin
Laden and the Al Qaeda organization. A full-scale campaign was launched, using all elements of national and international power, to go after Al Qaeda and its affiliates and support structures.
The campaign involved rallying the international community, especially law enforcement and intelligence components, to shut down Al Qaeda cells and financial networks. A U.S. military operation, Operation Enduring Freedom, was launched in early
October 2001 against the Taliban regime – which had harbored Al Qaeda since 1996 – and against Al Qaeda strongholds in Afghanistan.
Diplomacy/Constructive Engagement.
Use of diplomacy to help create a global anti-terror coalition is a central component of the response to September 11 events. To date, the United Nations (U.N.)
Security Council has condemned the attacks in a unanimous declaration, and NATO Secretary General
George Robertson has characterized the attacks, in terms of Article V (mutual defense provisions) of the NATO Treaty, as an attack on all members of the NATO alliance.

Economic Sanctions.
U.S. bans on trade and investment relations with
Cuba and Iran
Extradition/Law Enforcement Cooperation.
International cooperation in such areas as law enforcement, customs control, and intelligence activities is an essential pillar of the antiterrorism policy and response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on
America. For example, the stationing of FBI agents overseas (in some 44 countries as of late 2000) facilitates investigations of terrorist crimes and augments the flow of intelligence about terrorist group structure and membership


Charles Drew (blood banks)

Ray Kroc (franchising)

Frank Lloyd Wright (architecture)

Martha Graham (dance)

Henry Louis Gates

May Angelou

J. Robert Oppenheimer (Manhattan Project)

U.S. immigration
 terrorist activities (terrorism)

Middle East foreign policy

United Nations
 global climate change
 environmental protection
 conservation (of water and other natural resources)
 dependence on foreign oil
 global pandemics
 jet engine (travel)
 entertainment and media
 space exploration

automobile industry/ highway system
 internet
 computers

telecommunications (ex: pagers, cell phones, television)