CHAPTER 1 SECTION 1
Note Taking Study p. 34-35)
The Italian Renaissance
I. What was the Renaissance?
A. A changing worldview
1. Reawakened interest in classical Greece and Rome
2. New emphasis on human experience and individual achievement
B. A spirit of adventure
1. Looked at universe in new ways
2. Experimented with new forms and techniques
C. The growth of humanism
1. Study of classical Greece and Rome to understand their own times
2. Emphasis on humanities-rhetoric, poetry, history
II. Italy: Cradle of the Renaissance
A. Italy's history and geography
1. Rome the seat of Catholic Church, an important patron for the arts
2. Location encouraged trade with markets in the Mediterranean and Africa
3. Exposed to Muslim learning
B. Italy's vibrant city-states
1. Each city-state controlled by powerful family and dominated by wealthy
merchant class
2. Florence - a symbol of the energy and brilliance of the Italian
Renaissance
III. Renaissance art and artists flower
A. Reflecting Humanist thought
1. Portrayed well-known figures of the day
2. Revived many classical forms
B. New artistic techniques
1. Invented perspective
2. Drew from live models
C. Architecture: a "social art"
1. Meant to blend beauty with utility and improvement of society
2. Adopted columns, arches, and domes favored by Greeks and Romans
D. Leonardo da Vinci
1. Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
2. His notebooks a testament to his genius and creativity
E. Michelangelo
1. Multitalented artist
2. Pieta, David, Sistine Chapel ceiling among his masterpieces
F. Raphael
1. Blended religious and classical styles
2. Best known for his tender portrayals of the Madonna
IV. Writing for a New Society
A. Castiglione's ideal courtier
1. Ideal courtier-a well-educated, well-mannered aristocrat who mastered
many fields
2. Ideal woman-graceful, kind, lively, and beautiful
B. Machiavelli's successful prince
1. The Prince-guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power
2. Stressed that the end justifies the means
Summaryp. 36
Reading Check It allowed artists to create realistic art and paint scenes that
appeared three-dimensional.
Vocabulary Strategy Comprehend means "understand; take in."
Reading Skill Students should identify any three of the following: exploration of
human experience, emphasis on individual achievement, humanism, and the study
of classical Greek and Roman culture.
Review Questions
1. During the Middle Ages, the focus was generally on religion. During the
Renaissance, thinkers explored the human experience and studied the classical
cultures of Greece and Rome to understand their own times.
2. Students should identify any two of the following: Rome was the seat of the
Roman Catholic Church, an important patron of the arts. Italy's location
encouraged trade in the Mediterranean, Africa, and Europe. Trade provided the
wealth that fueled Italy's Renaissance. Trade had brought contact with Muslim
learning.
CHAPTER 1 SECTION 2
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 37
The Printing Revolution
 In 1455, Johann Gutenberg produces the first complete Bible using a printing
press.
 Printed books are cheaper and easier to produce.
 Books become more readily available.
 More people learn to read.
Artists and Writers
 Flemish painter Jan van Eyck portrays townspeople and religious scenes in
realistic detail.
 Flemish painter Pieter Bruegel uses vibrant colors to portray scenes of peasant
life.
 Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens blends realistic tradition of Flemish painters with
classical themes of the Italian Renaissance.
 German painter Albrecht Durer applies painting techniques to engraving.
Humanists
 Humanists stress education and classical learning to bring religious and moral
reform.
 Erasmus spreads humanism to wider audience and calls for a translation of the
Bible into the vernacular.
 Sir Thomas More writes Utopia, which describes an ideal society where people
live in peace and harmony.
 William Shakespeare expresses universal themes and Renaissance ideals in his
poems and plays.
Summary (p. 38
Reading Check Flanders
Vocabulary Strategy Prosperous means "successful; wealthy."
Reading Skill Flemish painters pursued realism in their art.
Review Questions
1. With the printing press, books were cheaper and easier to produce. More people
learned to read. Through printed books, people were exposed to new ideas and
places.
2. religious upheaval
CHAPTER 1 SECTION 3
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 39
Protestant Reformation: Full-scale revolt due to abuses by the Catholic Church;
The 95 Theses stir debate; Emphasis on Bible as only source of truth; Rejection of
church tradition and ritual;
Protestant Reformers: Martin Luther; John Calvin; Ulrich Zwingli
Summary p. 40
Reading Check a reformer in Switzerland who, like Martin Luther, also
challenged the Catholic Church
Vocabulary Strategy Doctrine means "practice; teaching."
Reading Skill the belief that all Christians have equal access to God through faith
and the Bible
Review Questions
1. Factors included the increased worldliness of the Church, popes' lavish lives,
increased fees to finance Church projects, questioning of papal and Church
authority, and selling of indulgences.
2. He argued that indulgences had no basis in the Bible, that the pope had
no authority to release souls from purgatory, and that Christians could be saved
only through faith.
CHAPTER 1 SECTION 4
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 41
The Reformation Spreads
Protestant sects explode throughout Europe. King Henry VIII breaks with the
Catholic Church. Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy.
Henry VIII becomes head of the Church of England.
Edward VI takes steps to make England a Protestant country.
Queen Mary tries to return England to the Catholic faith.
Elizabeth I brings religious unity to England with the Elizabethan settlement.
Summary p. 42
Reading Check The Council of Trent reaffirmed Catholic beliefs.
Vocabulary Strategy Rigorous means "strict; thorough."
Reading Skill Through the Elizabethan settlement, she kept many Catholic
traditions but made England a Protestant nation.
Review Questions
1. The pope refused to annul Henry VDTs marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Furious, Henry had Parliament pass a series of laws to take the English church
from the pope's control.
2. Many Catholics, including Sir Thomas More, refused to accept the Act of
Supremacy and were executed.
CHAPTER 1 SECTION 5
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 43
Thinkers of the Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus: Developed sun-centered universe theory
Tycho Brahe: Provided evidence to support Copernicus's theory
Johannes Kepler: Calculated the orbits of planets around the sun
Galileo Galilei: Observed that Jupiter's moons move around the planet, as Earth
moves around the sun
Francis Bacon: Stressed experimentation and observation
Rene Descartes: Emphasized human reasoning Andreas Vesalius: Published a
study of human anatomy
Ambrose Pare: Developed new surgical techniques, an ointment for preventing
infection, and scientific instruments
William Harvey: Described the circulation of blood for the first time
Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Perfected the microscope
Robert Boyle: Opened the way for chemical analysis
Isaac Newton: Developed laws of motion and mechanics
Summary p. 44
Reading Check gravity
Vocabulary Strategy Contradict means "to go against."
Reading Skill Until then, people believed that Earth was the center of all the
heavens, while Copernicus stated in his theory that the solar system is centered on
the sun, not Earth.
Review Questions
1. the assumption that mathematical laws governed nature and the universe;
2. His ideas challenged the Christian teaching that the heavens were fixed in relation
to Earth.