The Greek World
Geography
 Greece – rugged, rocky ________,
________ rainfall amounts –
unpredictable ________
conditions
 Only 10% of land is ________, and
it must be ________ often. Poor,
chalky, acidic ________.
 Heavy reliance on the
“Mediterranean Triad” –
________, ________, ________
– specifically, beans, barley, and
wheat.
Maritime Culture
 No place in the islands or the
southern mainland is more than
32 miles from the ________
 Relatively ________ waters
and inlets along the coast make
sailing relatively safe and
________.
 This means that ________
becomes important.
 This combination of terrain,
weather, and soil conditions
leads to the formation of
separate, small, farming
________ that are periodically
forced to trade amongst each
other – early forms of
________ ____________
The history of settlement in Greece can be divided into 8 distinct periods:
 ____________ – 1000,000 – c3500 BCE
 ____________ ____________(Cycladic) – c3500 BCE – 2000BCE
 ____________ ____________(Minoan) – c2000 BCE – 1600 BCE
 ____________ ____________ (Mycenaean) - 1600 BCE – 1100 BCE
 ____________– 1100 BCE – 700 BCE
 ____________– 700 BCE – 480BCE
 ____________– 480 BCE – 323 BCE
 ____________– 323 – 31 BCE
Stone Age
 Divided into three eras – Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic
 ____________– hunting and gathering, no permanent settlements and stone tools.
 ____________– agriculture begins – gradual formation of permanent settlements –
Francthi
 ____________– agricultural revolution is complete, permanent settlements begin to
form, social stratification develops, political class is formed, public works indicate civic
organization – palaces
The Bronze Age
 There are three dominant Bronze Age cultures found in ancient Greece:
 ____________– 2500 BCE to 1900 BCE
 ____________– 2000 BCE to 1400 BCE
 ____________- 1600 BCE to 1100 BCE
Early Bronze Age
 Development of ____________- Bronze
 multiplier effect – a single event that triggers
a ____________ ____________ of
developments in a society
 ____________ begins and trade follows – citystates fight and trade for new innovations in
weaponry
Social changes – Early Bronze Age
 Craft ____________– trade skills for staples
allows for specialized craftsmen in urban
centers.
 New ____________
 New ____________
 ________________shifts
 ____________ distribution of settlements
change – fewer, larger settlements that control
larger areas - markets
 Social stratification becomes more
____________
 Accumulations of ____________occur
 As ____________becomes more important,
certain settlements along the coast become
more important than others.
 ____________increases
 ____________emphasized
 The cities begin to rise – Aegean Sea and the west coast of
Turkey - ____________
Cycladic Period
 Centered in the scattered, rocky islands in the Eastern
____________: Ios, Naxos, Melos
 Skilled ____________and craftsmen
 Not ____________in towns, not ____________– had no
defences for their settlements
 Religion focussed on ____________deities
 No emphasis on ____________– all art is small, figurines, etc.
Cycladic culture
 Early Cycladic settlements prominent with
____________and ____________
 Linear A style develops from the ____________
needs of the local central palace
 Ends with the Indo-European invasions c2000BCE
– only surviving culture from this time is on the island of
____________– Minoans
Middle Bronze Age
 Cycladic society faded slowly but had great ____________ on the cultures that would
follow.
 Gradually pushed out from an ____________ from the north - Indo-European tribes –
linguists show that this infiltration was gradual and ____________– they blended with
local populations to form Achaeans (proto-Greeks)
 Only the ____________ survive on Crete
 Eventually, Minoans ____________ the mainland – ____________ flourishes/spreads
 ____________ style found - simplified form of Egyptian ____________ – indicating
trade and contact
 Emphasis on animals and nature loving in ____________
Minoan
 Centered on the island of ____________ – last of the
Cycladic islands, resisted the Indo-European invasion
 Remarkably ____________ culture – largely unknown
until 1899
 Arthur Evans – Discovered a massive palace at Knossos –
held 6000 people, over 800 rooms, no organized
____________ – palace appears to have been added to
over time – ____________
Minoan Culture
 Assumed to be the palace of King ____________ from
Homeric poetry.
 Some walls still had ____________ on them depicting
bulls – the bull figured prominently in Minoan culture –
____________
 Prominent ____________ – Crete lies along trade routes between mainland
____________, ____________, and the ____________.
 Other large centers have been ____________ on Crete at Phaestus and Hagia Triada.
 Depictions of Cretan life showed a ____________ people with a fully developed and
prosperous ____________ class. Women were depicted topless, indicating they held a
high status.
 Their style of their art emphasized ____________, ____________, and
____________ over idealized and essential in Egyptian art. ____________ rather than
stylized
Minoan Religion
 Minoan religion was centred on worship
of the ______. Young females were
often shown “bull vaulting” – presumably
showing ____________ and
____________ of the savagery and
power of nature.
 No depictions of the ____________
class, no walls or ____________ for
major cities, there are no ________
depictions of the ruler and the cult of
the king is absent – possibly due to the
high status of ________ in the culture
 There is, however, some evidence of child ____________
Linear A/B
 Minoans developed their own style of writing called ____________ –this indicated a
____________ class that controlled trade and taxation.
 Well developed ____________ systems crossed the island. Towns had ____________,
____________, and ____________ show a social stratification between upper and
lower classes. First flush ____________ are found in Knossos
 ____________ and ____________ were paid in the form of goods and flowed through
regional centers before ending up at Knossos.
 A second style of writing ____________, was found at Knossos, this later style
indicated to Evans that Knossos Palace had ____________ hands.
Minoan Collapse
 Beginning around 1450 BCE, Minoan
civilization began to die out with the
final ____________ of Knossos in
1375 BCE. There are several theories
as to the cause:
 Eruption of the ____________ at
Thera – causing massive devastation all
over the Cyclades
 Invasion from ____________ Greeks –
Mycenaeans
Late



Bronze Age
____________ capture Knossos – conquer ____________ in c1450 BCE
____________ pottery becomes ____________ as Minoan influence ends
Greece becomes divided into loose ____________ of city-states subject to federal
capital at Mycenae
 Development of ____________ style
 Accumulation of ____________ as capital gains
 Control of trade routes through ____________
/____________
Mycenae
 Dominated the eastern ____________ from
1600 BCE to 1100 BCE – become one of the
three dominant Mediterranean cultures:
1) ____________
2) ____________
3) ____________
 Dynasty founded in c1600 BCE Perseus (?)
 City is named in ____________ epics –
Agamemnon, Odysseus, Atreus
Mycenaean culture
 The Mycenaean economy was based on small
scale ____________, including the “Mediterranean Triad” as well as ____________ and
____________. The most important industry was ____________ – wool and linen.
 Above all, while the Minoans were based on ____________ and ____________, the
Mycenaeans were based on ____________ and ____________.
 The palace was the ____________ center for the surrounding countryside. It would
house the ____________ king and their ____________ as well as the service
craftsmen required to run the capital.
 Land surrounding the palace was either owned by the king and worked by ____________
or leased to free farmers.
Mycenaean religion
 Classical Greek ____________ begin to arise – Poseidon, Zeus-Hera
 Role of women is ____________
 Borrowed heavily from ____________ culture
 Priest class ____________ to the king
 ____________ found at Mycenae for a snake-goddess
Mycenae
 Reached the peak of it’s power after it came to dominate the ____________ trade
routes from Eastern Europe
 1400’s – construction of the ____________:
 Massive “Lion’s Gate” above the main entrance to the city
 ____________ walls – massive stone block construction
 ____________ dug under the city – water supply could withstand long sieges
Mycenaean burials
 Peribolos walls surround a series of ____________ – 2 circles
 Capital city discovered in 1870’s by Heinrich Schliemann
 He thought he had found the grave of ____________ himself
due to the amount of gold it contained.
 2 grave circles contained ______ bodies – 8 men, 4 women, 7
children – men were all wearing gold, approx. 6ft. Tallindicating high ____________, ____________, and good
____________ throughout their lives.
Mycenaean burials – Tholoi
 By 1400 Tholos _______ become
common – Treasury of Atreus
 Just outside the walls of Mycenae
 Circular beehive construction corbel – largest interior dome for
the next _________ years
 Lintel stone over 118 tonnes
 Used for multiple burial but the
treasures were __________ –
obvious, not hidden.
Mycenae
 2500 BCE – earliest evidence of _________ at Mycenae
 1600 BCE – _________ comes to Mycenae, probably result of _________ activity hired
by _________
 1200 BCE – economic _________, loss of markets, force Myceneans to attack northern
allies – _________
 1180 BCE – according to Homer – _________, a Mycenaean priestess and wife of
Menelaus, brother of Agamemnon is abducted by Paris of Troy – sparking the ________.
Mycenaeans
 Mycenaeans are _________, but have eliminated an _________ on their northern
frontier and have exhausted the royal _________ in the process.
 1125 BCE – Mycenaeans are overrun by the _________ invasion.
Bronze Age Ends
 Trojan War develops 1180 – begins the _________ in power of Mycenae as settlements
are raided and destroyed - eg. Palace of Nestor at Pylos – 1200 BCE
 Mycenaean _________ – 1100 BCE
Dark




Ages - c1200 BCE to 480 BCE
After the fall of Mycenae – a _________ begins in Greece.
No _________ surviving, no written _________
Federal system is _________ – palaces burned, Knossos, Mycenae, Pylos
_________ drops significantly, very few historical records exist because ___________
stopped sometime between 1100 and 1000 BCE
Dark Age society
 ___________ Age – heroes, great men honour becomes ___________ focus and prime
motivation. Stress of the type not the individual.
 Trade ___________ – produces closed
household ___________. Each household aims to
___________ all it ___________. Exceptions –
iron, salt
 Social stratification ___________ – becomes
more simple
 Similar to Egyptians, ___________ conceptual
art dominates the Greek world.
 ___________ design develops.
Population Collapse
 Eg. Pylos – population falls to ____% of Late
Bronze Age levels
 ___________ government, ___________,
___________, ___________, all disappear from
Greek life for 400 years
 Exact cause is still ___________
Possible Causes?
 ___________ Invasion from the
north – possible but not sufficient
to _________ the entire culture
 Decline in ___________ and
___________ kingdoms – would
disrupt ___________ networks
that made Mycenae so powerful
 Volcanic or other natural
___________ – could have
caused agricultural failures
Historians now think that the
Mycenaean Collapse was internal:
 Fragile culture based on
___________ elites dominating
maritime commerce
 ___________ in a land that could
not support too many people
 ______________ on certain cash
crops like sheep and wheat
 ___________ among city states lead to mutual ___________ of city palaces
Father will have no common bond with son
Neither will guest with host, nor friend with friend
The brother-love of past days will be gone...
Men will destroy the towns of other men...
Hesiod (c800 BCE)
 What kind of society is depicted here?
 How reliable is this as a source?
The Greeks scatter across the Mediterranean
 Evidence of ___________ service in the Egyptian military
 Many turned to ___________.
 Many migrated out of mainland Greece to the islands and west coast of Asia Minor
(___________)
 Each of these migrations develops a separate ___________ for their region. Different
___________ of Greek is spoken:
 ___________ - Peloponesse
 ___________ – West coast of Asia Minor and islands
 ___________ – Attica and scattered mainland settlements
Technology
 _______ replaces bronze as copper and tin become difficult to ___________. Quality
of iron tools begins to improve as ___________ are mastered over time.
 Pottery quality ___________, decoration is ___________ and ___________
 Pictorial representations of humans and animals almost ___________ and there is little
to no ___________ items being produced.
 What _____ from this period that has been found dates from the ___________
Period and was probably ___________ from original ___________.
Cultural contributions
 All that is known from this period comes from ___________ and from epic ________:
 ___________ – older poem, dating from the 8th c BCE
 ___________ – dating from c750 BCE
 Both are ______ ___________ that originate in the previous Late Bronze Age
Mycenaean period – harkening back to the “______ ___ ______” where society was in a
more perfect state.
 These oral histories transmit a desire to ___________ to previous culture from
___________ to ___________.
 The societies depicted in ___________ poetry are not truly ___________, but more
___________ ___________
Literature
 Literature __________ in the Dark Ages – essential in formation of Greek
___________.
 _________ of _________, historical accounts passed on from Mycenean ages as
___________ in an effort to ___________ the past.
 ___________ poetry – Homer: Illiad and Oddessy – Trojan War and Odysseus’ return to
Ithica – becomes the first exploration of human _______ and the human ___________
Philosophy emerges…
 ___________ poetry – Hesiod – ___________ /_______
 ___________ first attempt to explain/understand the world
around them
 Near the end of the period, the realization that
___________ and epic ___________ are ___________
for this purpose. More is needed
Social Structure
 Social distinctions were based on ___________ and
___________ prowess.
 ___________ would own farmland and engage in combat with their own weapons and
horses in ___________ with other aristocrats.
 Petty kings would ___________ small populations of farmers, herders, kin and military
alliances.
 Tensions were indicated in literature between emerging ___________ class peasants
and ___________ warrior classes.
Change begins…
 Beginning in the 11th century – ___________ from beyond the ___________ of Greek
civilization begin to appear.
 Geometric pottery designs – ___________?
 Iron works that have no ___________ in mainland or island Greek culture
 Greek forms of ___________ burial change and ___________ becomes common
 Changes in ______ forms throughout the Dark Ages begins to indicate that it is coming
to an ________:
Geometric Period – 900-700 BCE
 ___________ style dominates
 ___________ and ___________ appear for the first time
 Depictions of humans in ___________ and ___________
Orientalising Period – 700 – 600 BCE
 Rendering of human form becomes more ___________
 Egyptian influence prominent in ___________,
___________, ___________, ___________
 2 styles – ______ – mythological/fantastic
stories
__________ – imaginary/mythological
animals
 Development of Doric and Ionic ___________
styles
What it means to be Greek….
 Awakening of Greek ___________ – Dorian, Ionian, Minoan, Aeolian
 While a different dialect is used, their ___________ experience is Greek and they are
all unified by the oral ___________
 First pan-hellenic ___________ Games – 776 BCE at the festival of ___________ at
___________
 ___________ emerge at the end of the period – ___________ and ___________
dominate – ___________ and ___________
Archaic Period - c700 BCE– c500 BCE
 Out of the Dark Age social ___________ of farmers and herdsmen loosely ruled by
petty kings develops a ___________ new social structure
 New ___________ organization
 New ___________ organization
 New ___________ traditions
 New ___________ approaches
 New ___________
C800 BCE – Archaic Period begins
 Population begins to ___________, this stresses the land capacity.
 ___________ appears – money. This ___________ social stratification, slavery
appears
 Growing sense of ___________ emerges – manifested in the appearance of ________
poetry – Sappho, _________ characters and __________ poetry is in stark contrast to
male dominated ________ poetry
 ____________ appears as well.
 Artwork _________ increases, figures become more ___________ and less
___________. 3 dimensional
 Emphasis on the ___________ as ___________ and ___________ from their social
role or position
 More ___________ and ___________ allowing for ___________ intellectual pursuits –
___________ and ___________.
 All of these developments become major ___________ in the development of Western
Civilization
Signs





of a rapid change in Greek society
Huge ___________ increase – in some regions (Attica – 7x)
Shift in ___________ to stable ___________
Increased ___________, larger settlements
Population soon outstrips carrying ___________ of arable land
Increased division of ___________
 The old social structure of ___________ and ___________ becomes inadequate for
this more ___________ society
 These changes, combined with the ___________ of the region lead to a broad social
class with the ___________ and ___________ time to pursue ___________ innovation
– included outside influences through trade.
 2 kinds of political organization emerge:
 ___________ – Peloponnesian/oligarchy
 ___________ – Aegean/ democracy
Polis
 Polis – ___________, ___________, ___________ group. The city-state arises out of
these. Organized ___________ separated by landforms and connected by the sea and
trade. The result is a grouping of small ___________ – the city state, dominated by a
large central permanent ___________.
 Like a large extended family:
 ___________ – 1000 sq miles, ½ the size of P.E.I.
 ___________ – 3000 sq miles, 43 different poleis
 ___________ – 6 different poleis
 Winnipeg would have 4 ___________ for its size
 Each polis would have its own ___________, ___________, ___________, social
___________, its own ___________, regional ___________, system of ______
and ___________ and its own ___________.
 Polis – root of the word politics
Social Hierarchy
 These populations got even ___________ – only adult males were given full
___________.
 Women – ___________ to males
 ___________ – resident aliens, also don’t count. ___________ from one polis to
another
 ___________ – did not have citizenship.
 ___________
The Emergence of Political Life
 Athens – 250,000 __________ – 20,000 free adult _________
 By far the biggest polis
 Overall, Greek life takes place in a very small __________. Everything occurs on a
__________ setting/__________ setting. Out of this environment comes __________
life – a new development
Social Stratification
 Vast wealth accumulations were __________ in Greece – gap between rich and poor is
very __________. With the climate, there is an abundance of __________ time – a
totally new development this leading to “__________ __________ ” – interaction
among relatively __________ members of small __________, political life develops.
 Small farms, a focus on __________ cultivation, no __________ agriculture is possible
– __________ not agriculture.
 Silver mines are one of the only large scale __________ – Laurium – just outside of
Athens – worked by __________.
 Average lifespan of a slave was one ___ year in the mines
Ostracism
 __________ – some individuals’ personal characteristics warrant extreme social
__________ and __________; people could be “voted off the polis”
 Ostracism becomes necessary to maintain social __________ and to reduce
__________. There may not be crime or guilt involved, simply social __________ could
warrant ostracism.
 Aristotle – man is a __________ animal
 Ostracised individuals would be __________ from their home polis and would be forced
to live in __________ or try to join another __________.
All of these developments lead to political and social __________ – normal flows of
political life are blocked. Tensions begin to build
 Solutions:
o __________ – killing of the less desirable young to curb population growth.
o __________ – finding new breathing spaces to support higher numbers – up to
1500 are established all over the Mediterranean and parts of Persia – brings
Greeks into new __________.
 Colonization period – 750 BCE to 550 BCE
o __________ – someone who forces their way into power from outside the social
structure, a sudden and radical political change from one order to another
o __________ – when faced with difficult social pressures, religion begins to
pervade daily life more and more.
Social Development
 Frederick Jackson Turner – American frontier historian – developed the Turner Thesis of
social development
 The frontier is where __________ take place in a society – social, technological,
political, etc.
 The frontier __________ and __________ make the best laboratory for these kinds of
developments. They are then passed into the __________ culture.
 This effect is exhibited in ancient Greek civilization in the ______ ____ as population
pressures lead to colonization and the creation of a frontier culture in the western
Mediterranean and the Southern Balkans
Greek religion during the Dark Ages – polytheistic spectrum
 Apollo – calm acceptance: “__________ thyself”
Vs
 Dionysius- Abandon self control: “__________ thyself”
 Dionysian approach to religion – rooted in the notion of life cycle – __________
 Dualistic religion like the __________
 Based on mystery and religious __________. Acceptance into the religion was granted
only after __________ and included ceremonies that were kept __________.
 This created a mechanism for __________ for de-individualization of economically
strained eras
 Eleusinian Mysteries – based in the temple of Dionysus in Eleusis – place where
mysterious rites were __________ that were fabled to grant eternal life.
Classical Greece (480 BCE – 323 BCE)
 This period lasts through the creation of a Greek __________, by __________ the
Great.
 Characterized by most of the __________ wonders that we associate with ancient
Greece.
 The period of the height of __________, the flowering of Greek __________, and the
__________ marvels at Athens.
 Begins either with the __________ of the Athenian tyrant Hippias, in 510 B.C., or the
__________ Wars, which the Greeks fought against the Persians in __________ and
__________ Minor from 490-479 B.C.
 When you think of the movie __________, you're thinking of one of the battles fought
during the __________ Wars.
 This period ends with the __________ of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C.
The Rise of Democracy
 Democracy didn’t happen overnight. The process __________ and __________ over
time.
 Besides war and conquest, in the Classical period the Greeks produced great
__________, __________, __________, __________, and __________.
 the genre of __________ was first established.
 It also produced the institution we know of as Athenian __________.
 Democracy lasted beyond the Classical period and had its roots in the earlier time,
but it still __________ the Classical age.
Oligarchy vs. Democracy
 In the Archaic Age, __________ and __________ had followed different paths. Sparta
had two kings and an oligarchic (rule by a few) government
Oligarchy
 oligos “__________” + arche “__________”
Democracy
 demos “ ______ ___ _____ ________” + krateo “________”

A Spartan woman had the right to own __________, whereas in Athens, she had few
__________. In Sparta, men and women served the __________; in Athens, they
served the __________ 'household/family'.
Economy
 Economy = oikos “________” + nomos “_________________________________”

Men were trained in Sparta to be laconic __________ and in Athens to be public
__________.
Persian Wars
 Despite an almost endless series of differences, the __________ from Sparta, Athens,
and elsewhere fought __________ against the monarchical __________ Empire.
 In 479 they repelled the __________ mightier Persian force from the Greek
__________.
Peloponnesian and Delian Alliances
 For the next few decades after the end of the Persian Wars, relations between the 2
major Poleis'_______________’ deteriorates
 The __________, who had earlier been the unquestioned __________ of the Greeks,
suspected __________ (a new naval power) of trying to take control of all of Greece.
 Most of the poleis on the Peloponnese __________ with Sparta.
 Athens was at the head of the __________ in the Delian League.
 Its members were along the coast of the __________ Sea and on islands in it.
 The Delian League initially had been formed against the __________ Empire, but finding
it __________, Athens transformed it into its own empire.
Public Office
 __________, foremost statesman of Athens from 461-429, introduced payment for
__________ offices so more of the __________ than just the rich could hold them.
 Pericles initiated the building of the __________, which was supervised by the famed
Athenian sculptor Pheidias.
 Drama and philosophy flourish
The Aftermath of Peloponnesian War
 Tensions between the Peloponnesian and Delian alliances __________




The Peloponnesian War breaks out in _____ BCE and lasted for _____ years.
Pericles, along with many others, dies of __________ early in the war.
Even after the end of the Peloponnesian War, which __________ lost, Thebes, Sparta,
and Athens continued to take turns as the __________ Greek powers
Instead of one of them becoming the clear __________, they __________ their
strength and fell prey to the empire-building __________ king Phillip II and his son
Alexander the Great.
Alexander the Great
 Philip II and his son Alexander (of Macedonia) put an end to the power of the
__________ city-states and spread the __________ of Greece all the way to the
__________ Sea.
 Born around July 20, _______ B.C.E.
 Tutored by __________ (possibly his uncle) and the great Greek philosopher
__________.
 During his youth, Alexander showed great __________ powers when he tamed the wild
horse __________.
 In 326, when his beloved horse died, he renamed a __________ in India/Pakistan, on the
banks of the Hydaspes (Jhelum) river, for Bucephalus.
 In 340 B.C., while his father Philip went off to fight __________, Alexander was made
__________ in Macedonia.
 During his regency, the Maedi of northern Macedonia revolted. Alexander put down the
revolt and renamed their city after __________.
 In 336 after his father was __________, he became ruler of Macedonia.
The Gordian Knot
 One legend about Alexander the Great is that when he was in __________, Turkey, in
333, he undid the Gordian Knot.
 This knot had been tied by the legendary, fabulously wealthy King __________.
 The prophecy about the Gordian knot was that the person who untied it would rule all of
__________.
 Alexander the Great is said to have undone the Gordian Knot not by __________ it, but
by __________ through it with a sword.
Death
 In 323, he returned to __________ and becomes suddenly ill and dies.
 cause is unknown.
o It could have been __________ or __________.
o It might have had to do with a __________ inflicted in India.
Hellenistic Period – 323 – 31 BCE
 This period precedes the __________ of the Greek empire within the __________
Empire in 146 B.C.E.
 During this period the __________ and __________ of Greece spread throughout the
world.
 It usually officially starts with the death of __________ in 323 B.C.
 Archaic and Classical Greece produced a culture which in the __________ age spreads
throughout the __________ world.
 Because of the __________ of Philip and Alexander, the realm of Greek influence
spread from __________ to __________.
The Death of Alexander
When Alexander the Great died, his empire was divided in _____ parts:
1. __________ and __________,
o ruled by Antigonus, founder of the Antigonid dynasty
2. The __________ East,
o ruled by Seleucus, founder of the Seleucid dynasty
3. __________,
 ruled by General Ptolemy who started the Ptolemid dynasty.
The empire was __________ thanks to the conquered Persians.
 With this wealth, __________ and other __________ programs were established
in each region.
 The most famous contribution of Ptolemy was Library at __________
Cultural Achievements of the Hellenistic Age
 While the culture of ancient Greece was __________ East and West, the Greeks
__________ elements of eastern culture and religion, especially Zoroastrianism and
Mithraism.
 Attic Greek becomes the __________ __________.
Scientific innovations
 Eratosthenes computed the __________ of the earth
 Archimedes calculated __________,
 Euclid compiled his __________ text
Philosophy
 Zeno and Epicurus founded the moral __________ of Stoicism and Epicureanism.
Literature
 New __________ evolved
 the pastoral idyll form of poetry associated with Theocritus, and the personal
__________
 a movement in sculpture to represent people as they __________rather than as
__________ (with exceptions- most notably the hideous depictions of Socrates,
although even they may have been idealized, if negatively)