TERM
1. Dicto
Simpliciter
(Sweeping generalization;
Stereotyping)
2. Hasty
Generalization
DEFINITION
Argument based on unqualified generalization
EXAMPLE
Women are on average not as strong as men and less able to carry a gun. Therefore women can't pull their weight in a military unit.
3. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
4. Contradictory
Premises
5. Ad
Misericordiam
(appeal for sympathy)
6. False analogy
7. Hypothesis contrary to fact
8. Poisoning the well
Argument based on limited or biased sample to reach conclusion; leads to faulty conclusion
Assumes A caused B simply because A happened prior to B.
Often superstitions arise from
Post hoc logic.
The two premises contradict; therefore, the logic is faulty;
This fallacy's most popular appearance is in the form of a challenging question, because questions with contradictory premises are such brain teasers.
Someone tries to win support for their argument or idea by exploiting her or his opponent's feelings of pity or guilt.
In false analogies, though A and
B may be similar in one respect
(such as color) they may not both share property X (e.g. size).
This fallacy consists of offering a poorly supported claim about what might have happened in the past or future if circumstances or conditions were other than they actually were or are. The fallacy also involves treating hypothetical situations as if they were fact.
Where adverse information about a target is preemptively presented to an audience, with the intention of discrediting or ridiculing everything that the target person is about to say.
I met some children from Canada yesterday, who were very polite. I think all children from that area must be well behaved.
There was no appreciable crime related to drugs when they were legal. Crime rate has increased since they have been made illegal. Therefore, drugs should be legal since legalization would improve the "quality of life" in the U.S.
 Into what shape of hole would a round square fit?
 If an object is all black and all white at the same time, what color is it?
Oh, Officer, There's no reason to give me a traffic ticket for going too fast because I was just on my way to the hospital to see my wife who is in serious condition to tell her I just lost my job and the car will be repossessed.
Thus, even if bananas and the sun appear yellow, one could not conclude that they are the same size
In a lab, you conclude that plants give off carbon dioxide and use oxygen; therefore carbon dioxide is a byproduct of photosynthesis.
He has been proven to be a liar numerous times, so don't believe anything he tells you.

9. Equivocation
(Circular Logic)
10. Non sequitur
(“it does not follow”)
11. Begging the question
12. Ignoring the question (red herring)
13. Faulty dilemma
(either/or reasoning)
14. Ad hominem
(to the person)
Using the same term with different meanings
The conclusion does not follow the argument; missing step: no direct relationship
Assumes that something is true when it is in need of proof
Ignores the real issue by the use of distracting information
All options are not taken into account in the solution posed by the major premise.
1. Hot dogs are better than nothing. There's nothing better than steak. So hot dogs are better than steak.
2. An aspirin will make noisy children go away because noisy children are a headache and aspirin makes headaches go away.
3. Everything that runs has feet. The river runs. Therefore the river has feet.
1. Bill lives in a large building, so his apartment must be large.
2. Tens of thousands of Americans have seen lights in the night sky, which they could not identify. The existence of life on other planets is fast becoming certainty!
We must have a death penalty to discourage violent crime.
(assumes it discourages crime)
Q: Did the President have an affair? A: "He's very busy at the moment with the Middle East Peace talks, and has no time for silly accusations."
Assuming Atheism is the only alternative to
Fundamentalism, or being a traitor is the only alternative to being a loud patriot.
15. Syllogism
16. Enthymeme ignores the real issue by turning attention to an individual; occurs in the midst of an argument.
"Von Daniken's books about ancient astronauts are worthless because he is a convicted forger and embezzler." (Which is true, but that's not why they're worthless.)
Formal logical reasoning method containing 3 parts: 1 major premise, 1 minor premise, and a conclusion.
Each part must be categorical.
All A are B, All C are A, therefore all C are B.
Syllogisms use careful diction and syntax.
A “truncated syllogism” since either the major or minor premise of a syllogism is left implied; informal logic.
All humans are mortal,
Socrates is human,
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
We cannot trust this man, for he has perjured himself in the past.
Major premise omitted: Those who perjure themselves cannot be trusted.