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Midterm Review 2013-2014
Unit 1- Scientific Method
1. Describe the eight characteristics of living things in full detail and support your answer with an example
for each:
1. made up of cells – all organisms = unicellular or multicellular
2. metabolism – all chemical reactions; ex: cellular respiration
3. DNA – all organisms have genetic information made of a, t, c, g’s
4. stimulus – all organisms respond to stimulus: ex: temperature or ph change
5. reproduction - all organisms must produce offspring
6. evolution – all populations must change/adapt over time
7. homeostasis – all organisms must maintain constant internal conditions
8. grow and develop – all organisms must change, mature over time
2. List the seven steps to the scientific method.
a. observation
e. collect & record data
b. focus question
f. analyze data
c. hypothesis
g. form a conclusion
d. design and run experiment to test
h. repeat experiment
hypothesis
3. Define hypothesis.
possible explanation for focus question, generally written in “if and then” format
4. Science always begins with an observation; QUESTION; TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS.
5. Understand total magnification of a microscope. If the ocular lens is 10X and the high power is 40X
what is the total magnification? 400X
6. What piece of lab equipment would you use to observe small cells?
microscope – light microscope or electron microscope (SEM or TEM)
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7. What is the function of the following pieces of lab equipment:
-Triple beam balance; electronic scale – measure mass
- Graduated cylinder – measure volume
- Beaker – measure volume
- microscope – observe small substances
8. Be able to read line, bar, and circle graphs.
See: http://staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/gfoster/standard/bgraph2.htm
*Read through this website and review your notebook graph examples.
9. Define biodiversity. variety of life
10. What is the difference between an independent, dependent, and controlled variable?
INDEPENDENT - variable that is manipulated or changed; x-axis
DEPENDENT – what is measured; y-axis
CONTROL – set-up with most normal conditions to compare with
experiments
11. Describe the difference between scientific theory and law.
theory – supported by large amount of evidence
law - a widely accepted truth; not supported by evidence
12. How has computer technology increased our science knowledge and ability to conduct research?
access to immediate information from countless sources on detailed topics
13. Why do scientists use scientific thinking?
logic and reproducable by others repeating methods
14. What does it mean when a scientist is evaluating results?
does the experimental data support the hypothesis or not?
15. When can scientific theories be changed?
theories are changed when sufficient evidence has been amassed
16. What is the difference between quantitative data and qualitative data?
quantitative – numbers data (quantities)
qualitative – description data
17. After a scientist conducts an experiment, what do you think they should do to make sure that there are
no mistakes or bias? repeat experiment and refine procedure
18. Why is peer review important in the science world?
experiment must be reliable and valid (repeatable and actually be testing the hypothesis)
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Biochemistry- Unit 2
Enzymes:
1. Any word that ends in “-ase” is considered to be a what?
enzyme
2. Most cellular activities are regulated by the action of what?
enzymes and atp
3. Describe the structure of an enzyme. (labeled diagram is okay!)
3D protein = chain of amino acids (polymer) joined by peptide bonds
4. Define a catalyst.
substance that speeds up a reaction
5. Define a substrate.
molecule or atom that enters a reaction
6. Describe how enzymes function in the body.
speed up reactions and lower activation energy (heat) needed for a reaction; hold molecules
together for reaction to occur
7. Explain the lock and key model of an enzyme. Be specific in its function.
substrate fits exactly to activation/bonding site by shape and charge – makes an “induced fit” that
initiates reaction
8. What is the function of a catalyst such as an enzyme in a chemical reaction? There are two main things.
speed up reactions and lower activation energy (heat) needed for a reaction; hold molecules
together for reaction to occur
9. What are substrates usually made up of? Hint they are the building blocks of life!
molecules, ions
10. If the solution is too acidic or basic what happens to the enzyme?
it denatures – bonding site changes shape and will not work
11. What will happen to the enzyme when the reaction is complete?
product is released, enzyme is reused
12. What are three things that affect how an enzyme works?
temperature, pH, concentration (of enzyme and substrate)
13. The activation energy needed for a chemical reaction is decreased by what?
using atp and enzymes
14. Protease is an enzyme that helps digest proteins. How does this enzyme interact and help the protein
molecules? breaks peptide bonds
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15. What happens to enzymes when they are subjected to too much heat?
they denature – lose shape of the binding site and will not function!
16. Explain the importance of the enzyme substrate complex (Lock and Key) including examples of how it
works and is regulated in the body and helps you maintain homeostasis. Also review your enzyme
notes/diagrams and be sure to include the enzyme, substrate, and active site of your model.
17. Label the diagram.
Atoms and the Properties of Water:
1. What is the smallest basic unit of matter?
atom
2. Define an ion.
atom that has lost or gained 1-3 electrons making it +/3. What types of bonds share electrons?
covalent
4. Why can some insects stand on the surface of the water?
surface tension created by cohesion of water molecules – h-bonds between h20 molecules
5. Describe the five basic properties of water and give an example of each one.
a. POLARITY: Water is polar-> Have regions with a slight positive and slight negative charge.
b. universal solvent – most molecules and ions cannot take part in chemical processes inside cells
unless they dissolve in water. Materials such as sugar and oxygen cannot be transported from one part
of an organism to another unless they are dissolved in blood, plant sap, or water based fluids.
c. H-bonds/hydrogen bonds: Waters oxygen atoms are slightly negative and hydrogen is slightly
positive; The weakest of bonds
EX - Important structures in DNA and proteins.
EX - High specific heat= water resists changes in temperature, therefore water must absorb more heat
energy to increase temperature.
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Very important with cells because our cells release a lot of heat and water absorbs that heat which
allows us to regulate cell temperatures.
d. Cohesion-> attraction among molecules of a substance. Makes water molecules stick together.
Ex- beads on a car when it is washed
Ex - Spider walking on top of the water (surface tension).
e. Adhesion-> attraction among molecules of different substances. Water molecules stick to other
things.
Ex- upward curve of the surface of the water-> graduated cylinder
Ex- plants transport water up their roots to their leaves.
6. If something is acidic what does the Hydrogen ion concentration look like? What about a base?
ACID = MORE H+ ions, BASE + more OH- ions
7. What is the difference between a solute and a solvent? Give examples.
solvent – dissolves substances by pulling apart molecules/compounds
solute – substance which dissolves
saline solution: solvent = water, solute = salt
8. What happens during a chemical reaction?
substrate or reactants either combine or are broken into product(s)
9.
Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called what? What about ones that release energy?
endergonic/endothermic = energy absorbing
exergonic/exothermic = energy releasing
10. How do chemical reactions change substances into different substances?
anabolic or catabolic reactions form ionic or covalent bonds between atoms
11. What is the term for the substances that are changed into different substances during a chemical
reaction?
substrate or reactant(s)
12. What molecules make up water? Give the number of how many as well! A labeled diagram works:
hydrogen – 2 atoms
oxygen – 1 atom
*polar covalent bond
13. What is a compound?
2 or more elements combined
14. What is the pH for acids, neutrals, and bases?
Acids: 0>7pH
Neutrals 7pH
Bases: 7>14pH
15. Water molecules are polar, why? unequal sharing of valence electrons/covalent
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Carbon Based Molecules:
1. Why are lipids and carbohydrates important in animal cells?
lipids make steroid cholesterols, phospholipids for plasma membranes; carbohydrates – energy,
structural components
2. Explain the seven forms of proteins, including both structural and functional, why they are important to
the human body, and provide an example of each.
a. Enzyme – speed up reactions and lower activation energy (heat) needed for reaction; example:
lactase
b. Defensive proteins – basis of the body’s endocrine and immune systems. They attack invading
microbes and cancer cells.
Ex- antibodies attack viruses and bacteria
Ex- fibrinogen = protein that causes your blood to clot
c. Storage proteins / Nutrient - bind with iron and calcium to provide nourishment for an
organism.
d. Transport proteins- allows larger molecules to move in and out of cells.
Ex- Hemoglobin= carries oxygen
Ex- Myoglobin= carries oxygen to muscles
e. Support Proteins- provide structural support and protection.
Ex- Keratin in your hair, skin, and nails
Ex- Fibrin- allows your blood to clot
Ex- Collagen and elastin- major components of connective tissue
f. Motion Proteins such as myosin and actin cause muscles to contract or change shape.
g. Messenger proteins- allow different cells to communicate.
Ex- Hormones- regulate body functions
Ex- Insulin- regulates glucose levels
Ex- Vasopressin- tells your kidneys to reabsorb water
3. Describe the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions of macromolecules.
catabolic – breaks down; hydrolysis; digests
anabolic – builds; dehydration synthesis
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4. Describe the four macromolecules, listing the polymer and monomer of each, the function of each class
as well an example of each one.
Macromolecule
Monomer
Function
Examples
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Main energy source for making ATP’s
Glucose
Storage for energy
Starch; glycogen
Structures
cell walls: chitin or
cellulose
Forms double semi-permeable layer
Membranes
Functional molecules
Cholesterol; waxes
Glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
Fats; oils
Amino acid (20
kinds)
Functional
Antibodies; enzymes
structural
Collagen; elastin
Nucleotide: 5carbon sugar,
phosphate, N-base
Carries genetic code; allows for protein
synthesis
DNA, RNA
Phospholipid;
steroid ring;
triglyceride
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic acid
5. What is unique about carbon? How many bonds can it form at one time?
4 valence electrons; can make 4 bonds
6. Fats and oils are made up of glycerol and what else?
glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains (carbon linked to carbon with one or two hydrogens)
7. Which macromolecule is made up of phosphorus as well as hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon?
nucleic acid
8. Know the molecular structure of the four macromolecules.
_carbohydrate___________________________
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___________tryglyceride_______________
DNA (nucleotides)
______amino acid_
9. What is the chain of bonds called that links peptide bonds together?
polypeptide
10. What is the difference between a monomer and polymer?
monomer – one subunit; polymer – chain of monomers
11. What property of carbon makes it the “building block of life?”
ability to make four covalent bonds
12. What is a monosaccharide? What group does it belong to? Give an example.
simple sugar; carbohydrate; glucose
13. Which molecule stores and transmits genetic information?
nucleic acid
Unit 3- Cells
1. Be able to identify a plant and animal cell. review notebook diagrams #25
2. Be able to label and identify the cell membrane structure. review notebook diagram #31
3. Who are the scientists that made contributions to the cell theory? Describe what each discovered /
contributed.
a. Hooke – viewed cork cells under microscope; coined term “cell”
b. vonLeewenhouck – observed cells under microscope; called them “little beasties” and
“animicules”
c. Schleiden – viewed many plant cells: “all plants made of cells.”
d. Schwann – viewed many animal cells: “all animals made of cells.”
e. Virchow – combined work of the above scientists for cell theory.
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4. What are the three types of tonicity (osmosis) and draw which way the water flows in each one? Make
sure to describe each one.
HYPOTONIC
ISOTONIC
HYPERTONIC
flows into cell
flows in/out of cell
flows out of cell
cell swells/lyses
cell shape stays same
cell crenates/shrivels
5. What are the three principles of the cell theory?
a. All organisms are made of cells.
b. They are the basic unit of life.
c. All cells come from preexisting cells.
6. Explain what happened when you put the egg in the water versus the corn syrup. What does this infer
about water passing through a semi-permeable membrane?
water egg – hypotonic solution: water moved into cell and cell swelled up
syrup egg – hypertonic solution: water moved out of cell and cell crenated/shriveled
*water continually diffuses through membrane
7. The sodium potassium pump is an example of a carrier protein that helps regulate sodium ions into and
out of the cell membrane. What type of building block would it be a part of? (cell membrane? Protein?)
protein component of cell membrane (along with phospholipids and cholesterols)
8.
How does studying the cell membrane help us better understand cellular function?
determining how materials pass in and out, plus signaling protein synthesis occurs via membrane
9. Describe the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
prokaryote – no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
eukaryote – nucleus protects dna, plus has other organelles
10. Why are carrier proteins (same as transport proteins) used in active transport? Which direction, low to
high or high to low, are the molecules moving? Does active transport require energy or no?
needed to facilitate movement against concentration gradient (low to high) and uses atps
11. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast. Where does cellular respiration occur (how we break down
oxygen and sugar and release carbon dioxide and water)? Hint: we need this organelle to provide us
with cellular energy like ATP.
mitochondrion
12. Does active transport go with (or down) the concentration gradient or against (up)? What about passive
transport?
active – against or up a concentration gradient
passive – with or down a concentration gradient
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13. What is the main organelle that distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?
nucleus
14. If water is flowing by osmosis into a cell, CIRCLE that the solution is (hypertonic, hypotonic, or
isotonic) and that it will (swell, shrink, or stay the same shape).
15. If water is flowing out of the cell, then the solution is (hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic) and the cell
will (swell, shrink, or stay the same shape). *CIRCLE!
16. If water is flowing in and out of the cell at equal rates then the solution is hypertonic, hypotonic, or
isotonic) and the cell will (swell, shrink, or stay the same shape). *CIRCLE!
17. What are the two main structural components of the cell membrane? PHOSPHOLIPIDS & PROTEINS
18. Through what process do white blood cells engulf bacteria and viruses? ENDOCYTOSIS
19. Which organelle is the storehouse of your genetic information? NUCLEUS
20. Which organelle has ribosome’s all over it? ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
21. What is the function of the mitochondria? PRODUCE ATP’s FROM GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN
22. What is the function of lysosomes? DIGEST MATERIALS
23. What organelles do plant cells have that animal cells do not? CHLOROPLASTS, LARGE CENTRAL
VACUOLE (and CELL WALL)
24. What is the function of the chloroplast? PHOTOSYNTHESIS – PRODUCE CARBOHYDRATES
25. What is the difference between intracellular and extracellular receptors?
INTRACELLULAR – INSIDE; EXTRACELLULAR – OUTSIDE OF CELL
26. Define a receptor.
MOLECULE WITH BINDING SITE TO ATTACH TO ION OR OTHER MOLECULE WITH
SPECIFIC SHAPE AND CHARGE
27. Which organelles are involved in the process called endocytosis?
CELL MEMBRANE; VACUOLE OR VESICLE
28. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
ENDO- INTO; EXO- OUT OF
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29. What is the model name for the cell membrane?
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL – MOVEMENT OF PROTEINS LATERALLY THROUGH
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
30. What are the functions of the transport proteins?
FACILITATE MOVEMENT OF IONS OR MOLECULES THROUGH MEMBRANE
31. The theory that over time, more complex cells developed from simple cells is a part of what
characteristic of living thing? EVOLUTION
32. What is the function of the cilia and flagella? MOVEMENT OF CELL OR MATERIALS
33. Write “P”if it is passive or “A” if it is active:
a. Osmosis- P
b. Phagocytosis- A
c. Diffusion- P
d. Endocytosis- A
e. Facilitated Diffusion- P
f.
g.
h.
i.
Exocytosis- A
Hypertonic- P
Isotonic- P
Hypotonic – P
34. Know the function of all cell organelles.
Organelle
Plant/Animal/Both
Function
Cell membrane
BOTH
BARRIER; ALLOWS MATERIALS TO PASS IN/OUT
Cell wall
PLANT
PROTECTION AND SUPPORT
Cytoplasm
BOTH
MOSTLY WATER; INCLUDES RAW MATERIALS FOR CELL AND GIVES IT
SHAPE
Vacuole
BOTH
STORAGE
Ribosome
BOTH
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Golgi
BOTH
SORTS, PACKAGES, TRANSPORTS PROTEINS
Rough ER
BOTH
TRANSPORTATION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Smooth ER
BOTH
TRANSPORTATION; COMPLETES LIPID SYNTHESIS
Central Vacuole
PLANT
STORES WATER, MINERALS, HORMONES; PROVIDES TONICITY AGAINST
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
Chloroplast
PLANT
PRODUCES CARBOHYDRATES VIA PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Mitochondria
BOTH
PRODUCES ATPs FROM GLUCOSE & OXYGEN
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Nucleus
BOTH
CONTAINS CHROMATIN
Nucleolus
BOTH
PRODUCES RIBOSOMES
Nuclear membrane
BOTH
PROTECTS DNA
Centrosome; CENTRIOLE
ANIMAL
MICROTUBULES GUIDE MITOSIS; NUCLEAR DIVISION
Lysosomes
ANIMAL
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES IN VESICLE
Microtubules
BOTH
PROVIDES SUPPORT; INTERNAL SKELETON
Nuclear pores
BOTH
ALLOWS MATERIALS TO MOVE IN/OUT OF NUCLEUS