Organic Chemistry
Carbon atoms and Organic Compounds
Carbon can have 4 bonds.
 These bonds can form in chains, rings, and branching networks to form
o _______________-(man-made polymers) such as petroleum oil products- plastics
o _______________– (naturally occurring) macromolecules (Nucleic Acids-DNA, RNA, Carbohydrates,
Proteins, and Fats).
Organic Compounds consist of two things:
1. ______________ compound
2. Must have ___________ atoms (usually H too)
a. C17H19NO3 – morphine (organic)
b. C19H28O2 – testosterone (organic)
Allotropes of Carbon
1. Diamonds
2. Graphite
3. Fullerene (discovered in mid-1980’s)
a. Nearly spherical
b. Most stable form is C60-buckminister fullerene
c. Forms in soot when Carbon is burned with a limited amount of Oxygen
4. Nanotube (discovered in 1991)
a. Hexagons that form a hollow cylinder
b. 10,000 times smaller than a human hair and between 10 to 100 times stronger than steel by weight
Hydrocarbons-only contain only Carbon and Hydrogen atoms
 Three types: (See naming organic chemicals for chemical formulas)
1. _______________ (only single bonds)
2.
______________ (single bonds and at least one double bond)
1-pentene
3.
_______________ (single bonds with at least one triple bond)
Ethyne
 Two kinds of Hydrocarbons:
1.
_________________Hydrocarbon-each Carbon atom has 4 single bonds (alkanes)
2.
__________________ Hydrocarbon-Each molecule has at least one double or triple bond (alkenes
and alkynes)
Isomers-Are 2 molecules with the same chemical formula but have different properties.
 C4H10O names: 1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol
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Naming and Uses of Organic Compounds
First you need to determine the functional group.
Note: You can name organic compounds by their IUPAC name or Common name.
1. Alkanes: Family of saturated hydrocarbons.
 Cn H2n + 2
 Molecules that contain only H and C that are connected by single bonds and with –ane ending.
 Ex. Methane: CH4 (1 Carbon and 4 Hydrogens)
 Tetrahedral structure, with bond angles of 109.5 degrees.
 cyclo-A prefix added to an Alkane means a ring is included in the chemical formula
 Others:2-14
(IUPAC Names)
CH3CH3
Ethane
CH3CH2CH3
Propane
CH3(CH2)2CH3 Butane
CH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane
CH3(CH2)4CH3 Hexane
CH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane
 ____________ Group: If a H atom is removed from an alkane, a partial structure that remains is an________.
 Alkyl groups are named by replacing the –_____ending of the parent alkane with an –_________ending.



Ex. Methyl: -CH3
Others:
-CH2CH3 Ethyl
-CH2CH2CH3 Propyl
-CH2(CH2)2CH3 Butyl
-CH2(CH2)3CH3 Pentyl
-CH2(CH2)4CH3 Hexyl
The alkyl groups are often used to determine the common names of compounds.
 ____ represents an alkyl group
2. Alkenes: Family of unsaturated hydrocarbons with Carbon=Carbon double bonds. Cn H2n





Since fewer H’s than in alkanes they are unsaturated with an –________ending.
Ex. Ethylene (IUPAC name is ethene): H2C=CH2
Ex. Propylene (IUPAC name is propene): CH3CH=CH2
Trigonal planar structure with bond angles of about 120 degrees.
Benzene is a aromatic hydrocarbon organic ring with C6H6
3. Alkynes: Family of unsaturated hydrocarbons with CarbonCarbon triple bonds. Cn Hn




alkynes use the suffix: -__________
Line drawing representation would be RCCH Ex. Propyne: CH3CCH
Has sp hybrid, linear structure with bond angles of 180 degrees.
Ex. Acetylene (IUPAC name is ethyne): H-CC-H
 Used to prepare acetic acid
Other Functional Groups (9 total)
1. Esters : common in plants and responsible for some distinctive flavors and scents (like____________)
O
║
C˗O
 Flavor of pineapple is caused by ethyl butyrate
2. Amines: Family of organic derivatives of ____________, ____________.



Amines are named by adding the ending –________to the name of the hydrocarbon from which it is derived.
Organic bases contain nitrogen with unshared pair of electrons.
Line drawing representation would be R-NH2
2


Ex. Methylamine H3C-NH2 and Ethanamine CH3CH2-NH2
Found in _____________ –coffee drinks and soft drinks
3. Amides:



O
║
C-N
The amides are an important functional group and are present in a number of types of drugs molecules (local
anesthetics, antiarrhythmics, etc). It is also the key linking in proteins and peptide drug products.
Suffix ending: -amide
Example: O
║
H- C-NH2 formamide or methanamide
4. Alcohols: -OH
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
 Example: Ethanol (liquor) is used as a _____________ for many flavorings: vanilla extract
Halide: -Group 17 elements
 Example: Freon-11 which is a _____________
Ketones: Example-Acetone (propanone) used for ______________________________________
O
║
C
Aldehyde: Example- _______________ extract (benzaldehyde)
O
║
C˗H
Ether: -O- are used in ________________
Carboxylic Acid: Family of the most useful building blocks for synthesizing other molecules.
O
║
 Line drawing representation would be
C
R
OH
 They are named by adding the ending –________ acid to the name of the hydrocarbon from which the acid is
derived.
 Ex. HCOOH is methanoic acid, which is also known as formic acid.
 Found in ___________
 Derivatives of carboxylic acid are:
O
║
C
R
X Acid halide (X=F, Cl, Br, or I)
With ending –________________


Ex. Acetyl chloride (from acetic acid) where the R is CH3 and the X is Cl.
Ex. Acetic anhydride where both the R’s are replaced with CH 3.
O
O
║
║
C
C
R
O
R Acid anhydride: With ending anhydride
Crude Oil
Crude Oil is formed from the _________ remains of plants and animals that have been _________ and _________ under
_______________ for ___________ of years. Crude Oil is a complex ______________ of mainly ___________ that can be
separated into ___________ by the technique of fractional distillation. (It is not useful in its natural form so it must be refined
before commercially useful products are produced by the petrochemical)
 The hydrocarbon liquids must be completely ________________________ in each other. When the
temperature is high enough, the ____________ energy of a particular hydrocarbon molecule will be able to
escape the __________________________ forces in the liquid and become a gas.
o The _______________________ forces of the ______________ atoms are much weaker than the
strong Carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon so it will ______________ without decomposing.
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A ________________ is a mixture of hydrocarbon liquids with a narrow boiling point range depending on the molecules
involved. Within each fraction obtained from crude oil the hydrocarbon molecules will have similar number of _____________
atoms and similar _______________ properties.
_____________________ is a process in which large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller and more useful
ones. Cracking is used on natural gas (mainly ______________) and liquid fuels. Three common types are _____________
(uses water), ________________ (uses fine powdered ______________), and _________________ (uses Hydrogen, platinum on
silica or alumina)
Examples of Crude Oil
( )-% of Crude Oil
Number of Carbon atoms in
the Hydrocarbon molecule
fraction
1 to 4
Boiling point
Uses
Less than ___________
__________ or Propane gas
fuel, feed stock for other
organic chemicals
__________
6-10
25-75 oC
75 to 190 oC
Paraffin, Kerosene
(10-15%)
10-16
190-250 oC
Diesel oil, Gas oil (15-20%)
___________
250-________ oC
Residue-fuel oil, lubricating
oils, waxes, and bitumen
(40-50%)
20-70
Bitumen-over ______
______________
Car gas
Valuable raw material
___________ to make more
petrol and alkenes
Less flammable than petrol
___________ domestic
heating oil
____________ aircraft jet
fuel
Truck fuel, Central heating
fuel
___________ more petrol and
alkenes products
Liquid fuel for ships and
power stations, lubricants,
mineral oils, candle wax,
clear wax and polishes
Fuel Gas, liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG),
Refinery Gases
(1-2 %)
Gasoline-Petrol
Naphtha (20-40%)
____________-Water
repellent solid at room
temperatures that readily
melts. Used for road repairs,
road resurfacing, and roofing
products
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