BIOLOGY 211 FALL 2012 MARY SHAW CLASS Week 9-11 UNIT: Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution CLASS 9 Monday OBJECTIVES: Distinguish between the scientific and everyday usage of the word Theory Analyze, Foundational knowledge, Application Identify and correct misconceptions on natural selection processes Comprehend & evaluate, Integrate, Learning how to learn Describe how the process of natural selection leads to adaption and evolution Comprehend, Foundational knowledge, Application Differentiate between the results of natural selection and genetic drift on a population Analyze, Integrate Work in diverse groups Human Dimension Communicate in biology Application, Application Before class: D2L quiz on • reading sections of text 1.1,1.4, 15.1 HOMEWORK: •Reading assignment 15.2, 15.3 (p. 300 only) ACTIVITIES PowerPoint CH 15 & 1 with clicker questions and Active Learning slides from text 1. Introduce class with learning goals, sections of text to be discussed and announcements 2. Questions missed by >50% of D2L students BIOLOGY 211 FALL 2012 MARY SHAW 3. Think-Share Pair difference between everyday usages of word Evolution and scientific usage. 4. Misconceptions about natural selections 5. Active learning natural selection of bacterial Question What is wrong with Lamarck’s explanation of evolution? Learning Goal Assessment Activities Distinguish between the scientific and everyday usage of the word Theory Identify and correct misconceptions on natural selection processes Report out of think pair share Think/pair/share Turn in group answer to Lamark question. Brainstorm what some people think about natural selection? Sort into misconceptions and what true. Why do some people have these misconceptions? Give your own example of how something goes against this misconception Resources What is wrong with Lamarck’s explanation of evolution? Describe how the process of natural selection leads to adaption and evolution Clicker questions and Active Learning slides from text PowerPoint CH 15 & 1 with clicker questions and Active Learning slides from text Clearest and muddiest point from today’s class Discuss the other forces that lead to evolution of Or compare and contrast Jigsaw Cards with mutation, genetic BIOLOGY 211 FALL 2012 MARY SHAW populations Beginning of next class clicker question Differentiate between the Lab report – results of natural selection Discussions and and genetic drift on a results population Work in diverse groups drift, non-random mating, migration Oyster catcher lab Observe lab groups Lock out of D2L until you come see me if failing at midterm? Date Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Read Concept 1.1, 1.4, 15.1 D2L Quiz CH 1 & 15 OUT of CLASS Week 9 Weekend ) Oyster catchers (Lab Report) BIOLOGY 211 FALL 2012 MARY SHAW Objectives: 1. Differentiate between the results of natural selection and genetic drift on a population 2. Work in groups 3. Communicate in biology 4. Construct graphs Have students peer assess lab reports using rubric Reading assignment 15.2, 15.3 (p. 300 only Reading assignment for Wed. 16.1 Blackboard quiz 16.1 BIOLOGY 211 FALL 2012 MARY SHAW CLASS 9 W OBJECTIVES: Discuss the other forces that lead to evolution of populations Comprehend, Foundational knowledge, Application Discuss the types of evidence for evolution HOMEWORK: Reading assignment for Monday 15.4, 315-321 Evidence for evolution http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/lines_01 ACTIVITIES PowerPoint CH 15 & 1 with clicker questions and Active Learning slides from text plus evolution misconceptions from Berkeley evolution site Learning Goal Assessment Activities Discuss the forces other than natural selection that lead to evolution of populations Discuss the types of evidence that support evolution Homologies Biogeography Cellular & molecular biology Developmental biology Watch Understanding evolution Resources BIOLOGY 211 FALL 2012 MARY SHAW Comparative anatomy Transitional forms Fossil record Dating Artificial selection Ecology Experiments PowerPoint ? Work in diverse groups CLASS 9 L THURSDAY OCTOBER 24 2012 Oyster catchers (Lab Report) OBJECTIVES: 1. Differentiate between the results of natural selection and genetic drift on a population 2. Work in groups 3. Communicate in biology 4. Construct graphs BIOLOGY 211 FALL 2012 MARY SHAW Have students use rubric to evaluate lab reports for each other • Use examples from evolutionary developmental biology examples to show that all structures come from existing structures and don’t arise because organisms “need” them. HOMEWORK: • read 17.1, 17.2 • ACTIVITIES PowerPoint CH 16.1 with clicker questions REFLECTIVE FEEDBACK Students are interested in evo-devo but I’m not sure that they get the point that all structures come from existing structures and don’t arise because organisms “need” them. CLASS 10 M MONDAY OBJECTIVES: •Differentiate among the 3 types of natural selection. Discuss All of life is connected through its evolutionary history HOMEWORK: BIOLOGY 211 FALL 2012 MARY SHAW •Reading assignment for Wed. 17.3, 17.4 Watch one of the videos on evolution posted on D2L and write a short 1 paragraph) description and evidence for type of natural selection illustrated in video. Due Wed. 31, typed or e-mail. ACTIVITIES PowerPoint CH 15 & 1 with clicker questions and Active Learning slides from text REFLECTIVE FEEDBACK When there is an example of natural selection on an exam and I ask the question as to which type of natural selection is being illustrated most students do not get it. They do not even think of these. Even when given these 3 many have a difficult time, yet most students got the video examples. Learning Goal Assessment Activities Differentiate among the 3 types of natural selection Clicker questions Mini lecture Home work Watch one of the videos on evolution posted on D2L and write a short 1 paragraph) description and evidence for type of natural selection illustrated in video Resources PowerPoint ? Work in diverse groups CLASS 11 W BIOLOGY 211 FALL 2012 MARY SHAW WEDNESDAY OCTOBER 31 2012 OBJECTIVES: All of life is connected through its evolutionary history be able to construct a simple phylogenetic tree Terminology associated with phylogenetics HOMEWORK: • Homework Due Monday Nov. 5. Apply the concept p. 320. Do on Carbon-less paper. Turn in one copy and keep the other. •On-line quiz CH 16 Due Wed. Nov. 7 midnight ACTIVITIES PowerPoint CH 16.1 with clicker questions and Active Learning slides from text. Barnacles and Humans Active Learning Exercise from text. Print out info slide. Possible exam assessment questions for learning objectives A. Describe how the process of natural selection leads to adaption and evolution [Fink: Application/Integration] [Bloom: Understand/Apply] Darwin referred to the differential reproductive success of individuals with particular variations as BIOLOGY 211 FALL 2012 MARY SHAW a. evolution. b. artificial selection. c. the cell theory. d. natural selection. e. inheritance of acquired characteristics. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Concept 1.4 Evolution Explains Both the Unity and Diversity of Life Page: 9 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering A key point in Darwin’s explanation of evolution is that a. the biological structures most likely to be inherited are those that have become best suited to the environment through constant use. b. all mutations that occur are those that will help future generations fit more successfully into their environments. c. any trait that confers even a small increase in the probability that its possessor will survive and reproduce will be strongly favored and will spread through the population. d. genes change in order to help organisms cope with problems encountered within their environments. e. extinction is nature’s way of weeding out undeserving organisms. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Concept 1.4 Evolution Explains Both the Unity and Diversity of Life Page: 9 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering The toe pads of tree frogs and the spines of cacti are examples of a. genetic drift. b. structural adaptations. c. sexual selection. d. artificial selection. e. cooperation. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Concept 1.4 Evolution Explains Both the Unity and Diversity of Life BIOLOGY 211 FALL 2012 MARY SHAW Page: 9 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Which of the following statements is true? a. The diversity of life has depended on similar environments and ecological communities throughout the globe. b. Sexual selection and genetic drift contribute to the diversity of life. c. Earth has existed and changed over a few thousand years, at most. d. All ancestral forms of life were very similar to organisms that currently exist. e. All organisms are genetically closely related. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Concept 1.4 Evolution Explains Both the Unity and Diversity of Life Page: 9-10 Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing Structural, physiological, or behavioral traits that enhance an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction in its environment are called _______. Answer: adaptations Textbook Reference: Concept 1.4 Evolution Explains Both the Unity and Diversity of Life Page: 9 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering What is required for natural selection to occur? a. Organisms must display variation. b. A trait must be able to be passed on to future generations. c. A trait must increase survival. d. A trait must increase reproduction. e. All of the above Answer: e Textbook Reference: Concept 1.4 Evolution Explains Both the Unity and Diversity of Life Page: 9 BIOLOGY 211 FALL 2012 MARY SHAW Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing These two images show the evolutionary diversity of leaf structure in a tree. Which of the following terms describes the traits that enhance an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction in a given environment? A. Natural selection B. Adaptation C. Species D. Evolution E. Ecology Answer: B Textbook Reference: Concept 1.4 Evolution Explains Both the Unity and Diversity of Life Page: 9-10 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Feedback A: Recall that natural selection describes the process by which traits that enhance survival spread in a population. Feedback B: Adaptation is the process whereby structural, physiological, or behavioral traits enhance a species’ survival and reproduction in an environment. Feedback C: Recall that species are loosely defined as a group of organisms that “look alike” and breed together. BIOLOGY 211 FALL 2012 MARY SHAW Feedback D: Recall that evolution is central to the diversity of life as it works through natural selection. Feedback E: Recall that ecology studies how organisms interact with one another and their environment. 11. Which of the following is not explained by Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection? A. Where and how the first cells developed B. Why there are so many different types of organisms C. Why variation in a population allows evolution to occur D. How species change over time E. Why all living things have the same nucleotides in their genetic code Answer: A BIOLOGY 211 FALL 2012 MARY SHAW Textbook Reference: Concept 1.4 Evolution Explains Both the Unity and Diversity of Life Page: 9-10 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Feedback A: Evolution addresses what happened after the first cell existed. Feedback B: As organisms moved into new and different environments (or their environment changed), they were subjected to new and different selective pressures, leading to development of new adaptations. Feedback C: Darwin postulated that different variants would have different probabilities of successfully surviving and reproducing and that the most successful would leave more offspring, leading to change in the frequency of traits in the population over time. Feedback D: As selective pressures work on a species, the species is subjected to natural selection, and its genetic makeup changes over time. Feedback E: The original genetic material was passed on to daughter cells, preserving the nature of the chemicals in use. This is an example of evolution explaining the unity of life. In order for natural selection to occur, a. certain traits must provide greater chances for survival and reproduction than other traits. b. random survival of all organisms must occur. c. sexual selection must occur. d. All of the above e. None of the above Answer: a Textbook Reference: Concept 1.4 Evolution Explains Both the Unity and Diversity of Life Page: 9 Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Feedback: Natural selection relies on the fact that living organisms vary in their traits and that this variability provides some individuals with an advantage in terms of survival and reproduction. Which of the following scenarios correctly describe examples of the process we attribute to having been first described by Charles Darwin - evolution by “natural selection”: a. The development of a curved back over the period of your lifetime BIOLOGY 211 FALL 2012 MARY SHAW b. Giraffes’ necks lengthening during their lifetime as they reach up to high branches to eat the leaves of trees c. A drought affects an island where a population of a particular finch species lives. The species naturally has a small amount of variability in bill (beak) size. The drought results in finches with larger bills surviving at a greater rate than those with smaller bills, since the larger billed birds can crack open and eat very tough seeds that the small billed individuals cannot. d. A mutation in an insect results in increased digestive efficiency that allows females to obtain more energy from their food, and convert that energy into larger eggs that are more likely to survive, resulting in these females producing more surviving offspring e. Both c and d Answer: e (Answers A and B refer to development, not evolution. Evolution acts on populations, not individuals. See page 290 in the textbook: “The mechanism that produces changes in species is natural selection: the differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on variation in their traits.”) Discuss the truth of one of the following statements given what you have learned about evolution: •Pesticide resistance exhibited by insects in agricultural settings provides direct evidence that evolution is occurring. •Antibiotic resistance is an example of evolution that helps to keep pharmaceutical companies in business. Answer: In both pesticide and antibiotic resistance, even if most of the population is wiped out by the pesticide/antibiotic drug, a population’s natural genetic variability means that some insects/bacteria survive, and those resistant individuals pass on their genes to their progeny, soon leading to an entire population that is resistant to the pesticide/drug, making it virtually ineffective.) Using the concepts discussed in class, of evolution by natural selection, describe why tigers have stripes.