Above Image URL: http://www.uvm.edu/~classics/supplementary_slides/Odysseus.jpg
The Travels of the Mighty Odysseus: a Presentation by the Three Fates + One
Instructor: Dr. Martha Payne
Submitted by: Jan Canganelli
Image 1. Odysseus is Ship-wrecked on the Island of the Nymph Calypso.
This Greek vase painting from the 400s B.C.
illustrates an episode from the story of the
Greek hero Odysseus. Returning home from
the Trojan War, Odysseus was shipwrecked
on an island where the nymph Calypso lived.
Calypso kept him on the island for seven
years, offering him eternal life and youth if he
would remain with her forever. However,
Odysseus yearned to return home to see his
wife Penelope, from whom he had been
separated for a long time. Zeus took pity on
the hero, and sent Hermes with an order for
Calypso to release him. She agreed and
gave Odysseus supplies for his voyage. Jan
Brueghel the Elder painted this scene. He was a prolific artist, re-known for his pastoral genre scenes and
still-life paintings.
Image 1 URL:
http://wings.buffalo.edu/academic/department/AandL/classics/epicpage/calypso_jbreughel.jpg
Image 2: Island of the Sirens.
This Attic red-figure stamnos
(ca. 460 BCE) shows the Sirens,
who have bird-legs and wings,
singing to Odysseus while his
men, with wax in their ears,
stoically row on. What Greek
mortal studied so far can play an
instrument that rivals the beauty
of the Sirens’ songs?
Image 2 URL:
http://www.uvm.edu/~classics/su
pplementary_slides/Od+Sirens.j
pg
1
Image 3: Artist Leon Belly’s Version of Odysseus and the Sirens.
In Greek mythology sirens were sea nymphs who lured
sailors with their sweet singing, causing their ships to
founder. Odysseus overcame the temptation by tying
himself to his ship’s mast as shown in this painting by
19th-century French artist Leon Belly in the Musée de
l’Hotel Sandelin in Saint Omer, France. Leon Belly was
an academic artist specializing in the art movement
known as Orientalism, which is an art-historical term
applied to a category of subject-matter referring to the
depiction of the Near East as exotic and mysterious.
Although not directly Near-Eastern, ancient Greece had
Near East ties (mythological and historical), thus the
movement Orientalism can apply here as well.
Image 3 URL:
http://encarta.msn.com/media_461528707_761561879_1_1/The_Sirens.html
Image 4: Penelope Tricks Suitors by Undoing Her Loom.
In the classical myth Penelope waited 20 years for her
husband, Odysseus, to return from the Trojan War. During
his absence, she strategically kept her suitors at bay by
promising to choose one when she finished weaving a
garment for Laertes. But each night she undid the day’s
work on her loom. Italian artist Pinturicchio painted the
fresco called The Return of Ulysses (1509) for a palace in
Siena, Italy.
Image 4 URL:
http://encarta.msn.com/media_102619791_761561879_1_1/Pinturicchio’s_The_Return_of_Ulysses.html
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Image 5: Penelope & Laertes' Shroud from an Attic Vase.
Mentes (Athena in disguise) advises
Telemachus to call a town meeting; he
urges the suitors to stop eating up all
his food, demanding that they leave his
house. Penelope is the perfect
feminine foil and parallel to her fartravelling husband, Odysseus. She tries
to outwit her suitors by unweaving
Laertes' shroud each night. This Attic
red-figure vase shows Penelope sitting
in front of her loom, having been
discovered and confronted by one of the many suitors. This scene is from a red-figure Attic vase, ca. 440 BCE, by
an artist known as the Chiusi painter.
Image 5 URL: http://dido.dlib.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/dido/image_access.cgi?screen/1023602
Image 6: Odysseus Awakened the Next Morning by the Cries of Nausicaa's Maidens.
“ So Odysseus was ready to face young girls with wellordered hair, naked though he was, for the need was on
him; and yet he appeared terrifying to them, all crusted
with dry spray, and they scattered one way and another
down the jutting beaches. Only the daughter of Alkinoos
stood fast, for Athene put courage in her heart, and took
the fear from her body, and she stood her ground and
faced him... “Homer, “The Odyssey,” Book Six. From a
red-figure make-up box (ca. 420 BCE). Can you identify
Athena in this image? What attribute of the god Apollo is
pictured here (to the right of Odysseus)?
Image 6 URL:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uark.edu/c
ampusresources/achilles/graphics/odyssey_naus6a.jpg&imgrefurl=htt
p://www.uark.edu/campusresources/achilles/odyssey/odyssey.html&h=494&w=500&sz=9
2&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=K7PkMBZEJzj9_M:&tbnh=128&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3DOdysseus%2B%255Ban
d%255D%2BTelemachus%2BCalypso%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den
3
Image 7: (Ino) Leucothea Preserving Odysseus.
“She took pity on Odysseus as he drifted
and suffered hardship, and likening
herself to a winged gannet she came up
out of the water and perched on the raft
and spoke a word to him”—Homer, “The
Odyssey,” Book Five. This is a sketch by
the famous engraver John Flaxman, who
also embellished pottery designs. The art
movement known as Neoclassicism
incorporated the styles and subjects of
ancient art. Greece and Rome were
paradigmatic of Enlightenment ideals and
represented the height of civilized society
to late 18th century art patrons. What is
the story of Ino as a mortal, and why is
she portrayed here as Leucothea,
goddess of the sea?
Image 7 URL: http://www.philipresheph.com/demodokos/odyssey/pic14.htm
Image 8: Odysseus Visits the Cyclops' Cave.
Odysseus insists on waiting in the Cyclops' cave for a guest-gift...and the
Cyclops starts eating his men! The crafty and cunning Odysseus gets
Polyphemus drunk, and then he drills a heated stake into his eye. This painting
comes from the neck of an amphora of the late Geometric period (mid 600s
BCE); it shows Polyphemus getting blinded, while he still holds his cup of wine.
Geometric art is characterized by precisely painted abstract motifs; depth and
spatial representation are lacking. Human figures are two-dimensional, with
triangular torsos shown in profile, with a single frontal eye in the center; arms
and legs tend to be spindle-like. What Geometric era art piece have we studied
in class so far? For a clue, see:
http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art105/img/greek_dipylon.jpg
Image 8 URL:
http://www.philipresheph.com/demodokos/odyssey/pic38.htm
4
Image 9: Same Scene As Above (One Century Later).
The same scene [above] depicted on an Attic black-figure vase about
a century later (late 500s BCE).
Image 9 URL:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uark.edu/campus
resources/achilles/graphics/odyssey_naus6a.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ww
w.uark.edu/campusresources/achilles/odyssey/odyssey.html&h=494&w=500&sz=92&hl=
en&start=3&tbnid=K7PkMBZEJzj9_M:&tbnh=128&tbnw=130&prev=/i
mages%3Fq%3DOdysseus%2B%255Band%255D%2BTelemachus%
2BCalypso%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den
Image 10: Odysseus' Crew Steal the Cattle of Helios.
"Father Zeus, and you other everlasting and
blessed gods, with a pitiless sleep you lulled
me, to my confusion, and my companions
staying here dared a deed that was
monstrous. Lampetia of the light robes ran
swift with the message to Hyperion the Sun
God, that we had killed his cattle, and
angered at the heart he spoke forth among
the immortals”—Homer, “The Odyssey”,
Book Twelve. Painting by Pellegrino Tibaldi;
he studied the works of Michelangelo and
Raphael, and spread Italian Mannerism in
Spain during the late 16th century.
Image 10 URL:
http://www.philipresheph.com/demodokos/odyssey/pic111.htm
5
Image 11: Antiphates Devours a Crewman
“At once she summoned famous
Antiphates, her husband
from their assembly, and he devised
dismal death against them. He
snatched up one of my companions,
and prepared him for dinner, but the
other two darted away in flight, and
got back to my ship”—Homer, Book
Ten, The Laistrygonians. This 17th
century etching is by Theodor van
Thulden; he was an Antwerp portrait
painter inspired by the artistic style
called Mannerism. This artistic
movement 1st emerged in Italy in the
15th century, and is characterized by
a sense of artifice or contrived
imagery. Famous mannerists are
painters Pontormo and
Parmigianino; the Venetian master
Tintoretto, sculptor Benvenuto
Cellini, and the architect Giacomo
Della Porta. Michelangelo’s later
works are considered Mannerist.
Image 11 URL: http://www.philipresheph.com/demodokos/odyssey/pic58.htm
Image 12: Circe Pours Poison While Awaiting the Arrival of Odysseus
This is a 19th century version of the myth of
Circe on her island and is prototypical of
paintings by artists belonging to the
movement known as the Pre-Raphaelite
Brotherhood. These artists painted
fictional, historical, biblical, and
mythological themes that can best be
described as idyllic, fanciful and
meticulously detailed. This rendition of
Circe was painted by Edward Burne-Jones,
late 19th century. Burne-Jones’ paintings
often have the golden-hued, delicate and
gilded tones seen in medieval manuscripts.
The two snarling dogs here almost seem
like a conflation of Cerberus, the hound
who guarded the gates to Hades’ realm.
Image 12 URL: http://www.allposters.com/-st/The-Pre-Raphaelite-Brotherhood-Posters_c2112_.htm
6
Image 13: Circe Turns the Men Into Pigs.
From Homer’s the Odyssey: "And we
came to the isle Aeaean, where dwelt
Circe of the braided tresses, an awful
goddess of mortal speech, own sister
to the wizard Aeetes. Both were
begotten of Helios, who gives light to
all men, and their mother was Perse,
daughter of Oceanus." This Attic
black-figure kylix (c540 BCE) shows
Circe turning Odysseus’ men into pigs.
Who is Circe the aunt of?
Image 13 URL:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uark.edu/campusresources/achilles/graphics/odyssey_naus6a.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.uark.edu/campusresources/achilles/odyssey/odyssey.html&h=494&w=500&sz=92&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=K7PkMBZEJzj9_M:&tbnh=12
8&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3DOdysseus%2B%255Band%255D%2BTelemachus%2BCalypso%26gbv%3D2
%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den
Image 14: Odysseus with Sword Drawn, in Pursuit of Circe.
This Attic red-figure krater (c440 BCE) shows
Odysseus with sword drawn, in pursuit of Circe. She
will offer to go to bed with him...and he agrees.
Image 14 URL:
http://www.uvm.edu/~classics/supplementary_slides/O
dysseusCirce.jpg
7
Image 15: 16th century Pen, Ink and Watercolor of Odysseus and Circe
Stradanus, Belgian painter and draughtsman;
born in Bruges (Belgium), he died in Florence
(Italy) in 1605. Height: 19.3 cm; Width: 27.8 cm.
Odysseus and Circe appear in fanciful16th
century garb; note the many animals pictured
above. What is the significance of the donkey
dressed in human garb?!
Image 15 URL:
http://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/gall
ery/3318954e.html?ixsid=_SypIdirLmH
Image 16: Odysseus Descends to the House of Death to Consult Tiresias.
Odysseus went down to the House of
Death to consult Tiresias. There he saw his
mother and some of his old comrades,
including Agamemnon, Achilles, and Ajax.
This 1805 image is from an illuminated
relief-etched copper plate by William Blake
and is entitled “The House of Death”; it calls
to mind the shadowy figures Odysseus
sees in the Underworld. Blake was a poet,
reproductive engraver, painter and
watercolor master. His artistic works are
Romantic. Romanticism emphasized the
imagination, intuition, feeling, and
subjective emotion. Blake’s works are
bucolic, delicate, brooding and elegiac.
Blake was deeply influenced by Gothic
sculpture, and Michelangelo (notice the
heavy, blocky musculature in these
figures). Blake’s paintings recall Byzantine art, where flat figures seemed to ethereally float above ground;
these figures were intended to be metaphorical religious “lessons.” Image 16 URL:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.umich.edu/~homeros/Representations%2520of%252
0Homer%27s%2520Ideas/Paintings/Wyeth%2520%2520Odysseus%2520and%2520Bow.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.umich.edu/~homeros/Representations
%2520of%2520Homer%27s%2520Ideas/Paintings/Paintings.htm&h=692&w=549&sz=91&hl=en&start=18
&um=1&tbnid=G0PWkB4nJWb1kM:&tbnh=139&tbnw=110&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dodysseus%26svnum
%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN
8
Image 17: Odysseus Speaks With the Ghost of Elpenor in the Underworld.
This Attic red-figure pelike (c440 BCE) shows our
hero Odysseus speaking with the ghost of Elpenor,
who fell off Circe's roof after imbibing too much
alcohol. Can you say who the figure to the right of
Odysseus is, and why? Also, does this pelike look
familiar (it should!)?
Image 17 URL:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.u
ark.edu/campusresources/achilles/graphics/odyssey_naus6a.jpg&img
refurl=http://www.uark.edu/campusresources/achilles/odyssey/odyssey.html&h=494&w=
500&sz=92&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=K7PkMBZEJzj9_M
:&tbnh=128&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3DOdy
sseus%2B%255Band%255D%2BTelemachus%2BC
alypso%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den
Image 18: Odysseus Made His Entrance in the Guise of a Beggar.
Odysseus finally returns to his native Ithaca only to find Penelope,
his loyal wife, inundated by suitors who consume his wealth and
over-run his palace. Here Odysseus, disguised as beggar,
approaches the forlorn Penelope, while his father Laertes, son
Telemachos, and the swineherd Eumaios look on. Terracotta relief
plaque, ca. 460–450 B.C.; Classical Greek: 7 3/8 x 10 15/16in.
(18.7 x 27.8cm)
Image 18 URL:
http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/viewOne.asp?dep=13&vi
ewmode=0&item=30.11.9
9
Image 19: The Family Meets…Unaware That the Disguised Beggar is Odysseus.
This Apulian red-figure krater (c350 BCE)
shows Penelope leaning against a column at
left, while son Telemachus [pictured in the
center] sits and listens to her. Odysseus
glances down at his faithful dog Argus, the
first to recognize his royal master Odysseus.
What happens to Argus after he sees his
royal master?
Image 19 URL:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http
://www.uark.edu/campusresources/achilles/graphics/odyssey_naus6a.
jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.uark.edu/campusresources/achilles/odyssey/odyssey.html&h=494&w=500&sz=92&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=K7PkMBZEJzj9_M:&tbnh=12
8&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3DOdysseus%2B%255Band%255D%2BTelemachus%2BCalypso%26gbv%3D2
%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den
Image 20: The Beggar (Odysseus) Gets a Footbath.
This relief plaque from the early classical period (c470 BCE)
shows Penelope and Odysseus, who attempts to hide his
telling scar. What faithful family servant is giving Odysseus a
footbath?
Image 20 URL:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uark.edu
/campusresources/achilles/graphics/odyssey_naus6a.jpg&imgrefurl=h
ttp://www.uark.edu/campusresources/achilles/odyssey/odyssey.html&h=494&w=500&sz
=92&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=K7PkMBZEJzj9_M:&tbnh=128&tb
nw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3DOdysseus%2B%255Band%
255D%2BTelemachus%2BCalypso%26gbv%3D2%26svnum
%3D10%26hl%3Den
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Image 21: Penelope Produces Odysseus' Old Bow.
“So the suitors talked, but now resourceful
Odysseus, once he had taken up the great
bow and looked it all over,
as when a man, who well understands the
lyre and singing,
easily, holding it on either side, pulls the
strongly twisted
cord of sheep's gut, so as to slip it over a
new peg, so, without any strain, Odysseus
strung the great bow”--Homer, “The
Odyssey,” Book Twenty-One.
Image 21 URL:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uark.edu/campusresources/achilles/graphics/odyssey_naus6a.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.uark.edu/campusresources/achilles/odyssey/odyssey.html&h=494&w=500&sz=92&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=K7PkMBZEJzj9_M:&tbnh=12
8&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3DOdysseus%2B%255Band%255D%2BTelemachus%2BCalypso%26gbv%3D2
%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den
Image 22: Suitors Meet Their Fate from Odysseus’ Arrows.
The suitors meet
their fate with a
down-pour of
Odysseus’ arrows; to
the far left. This is
from an Attic redfigure vase, ca. 450
BC.
Image 22 URL:
http://www.philipreshep
h.com/demodokos/odyssey/pic138.htm
11
Image 23: Odysseus and Penelope Prepare to Spend the Night Together.
After Odysseus has bathed, he and Penelope
again meet each other. How does Odysseus
reveal who he is to Penelope, and what occurs
afterwards? From a Roman wall painting (c60
CE).
Image 23 URL:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://
www.uark.edu/campusresources/achilles/graphics/odyssey_naus6a.jpg
&imgrefurl=http://www.uark.edu/campusresources/achilles/odyssey/odyssey.html&h=49
4&w=500&sz=92&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=K7PkM
BZEJzj9_M:&tbnh=128&tbnw=130&prev=/imag
es%3Fq%3DOdysseus%2B%255Band%255D%
2BTelemachus%2BCalypso%26gbv%3D2%26s
vnum%3D10%26hl%3Den
Image 24: Honoré Daumier: Odysseus und Penelope.
Honoré Daumier is one of the most important French satirical
lithographers of the early 19th century. Working alongside Charles
Philipon, another artist of the French Republican journal Caricature,
Daumier staunchly defended the French urban working classes.
French authorities arrested and imprisoned him on several occasions
for boldly confronting the rich bourgeoisie. Here is Daumier’s
whimsical 19th century print of Odysseus and Penelope reunited in
the matrimonial bed. Both Odysseus and Penelope don 19th century
garb, nestled in a bed that is decidedly “modern” (note the spear and
armor above them!). Daumier’s work is sketchy, spontaneous and
expressive.
Image 24 URL:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kzu.ch/fach
/as/gallerie/myth/daumier/im_daum/15_odpen.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kzu.ch/fach/as/gallerie/my
th/daumier/daumier15.htm&h=417&w=361&sz=30&hl=en&start=8&um=1&tbnid=e_PHAPHE2USXcM:
&tbnh=125&tbnw=108&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddaumier%2Bodysseus%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D
1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN
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Grove Art Online Definitions*
Above images from http://www.ceramicstoday.com/articles/images/greek/all_shapes_tssss.gif
Amphora: Ancient pottery form, used as a storage jar.
Copperplate: William Blake’s innovative method of ‘illuminated printing’ which combined image and text
printed together from relief-etched copper plates.
Krater: Ancient form of vessel, used as a mixing bowl.
Kylix: Ancient form of vessel, used as a drinking cup.
Lithography: Lithography, a technique of surface printing from stone or prepared plate. In its simplest form
the design is freely drawn with greasy crayon or ink on the smooth surface of a slab.
Pelike: Ancient form of vessel, used as a storage jar.
Relief: Term applied to objects or processes in which the design, image or motif projects from a flat
surface.
Stamnos: Ancient Greek vessel form, used as a mixing bowl.
*Grove Art Online available at http://www.groveart.com/index.html?authstatuscode=200
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Additional Web Resources in Art History
NOTE: The web sites listed below are intended for general art history use; some sites do not include
images relating directly to Homer’s “Odyssey.”
From IUPUI University Library’s homepage, go to the link Research Help by Subject: Resource Guides
under http://www.ulib.iupui.edu/subjectareas/subjects.html (See subjects Art and Classics)
Greek Mythology http://www.maicar.com/GML/TrojanWar.html
The World Wide Web Virtual Library of Art History http://www.chart.ac.uk/vlib/images.html Copied and
pasted from this site are additional links:
A&A Art and Architecture http://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/
ArtCyclopedia http://www.artcyclopedia.com/
Art History Images on the Web http://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHLinks.html
Art Images for College and Teaching http://arthist.cla.umn.edu/aict/html/
Artonline http://www.artonline.it/eng/default.asp
Beloit College, Department of Classics (Includes works by Bouguereau, Rubens, Turner, Daumier, Spencer, Waterhouse,
Botticelli, Boucher, David, Lastman, Hamilton, Jan Brueghel, Andre Masson, Edward Boutibonne and others)
http://www.beloit.edu/~classics/main/courses/classics100/museum/art_museum.html
CGFA: Carol Gerten's Fine Art - A Virtual Museum http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/index.html
Collage http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app Collage DIDO: Digital Images: Indiana University, Bloomington http://dido.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/dido/
Digital Archive of Art and Architecture (Prof. Jeffrey Howe, Boston College)
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/art/
Digital Imaging Project http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/index/index.html
Foto Marburg Archive (German-text website) http://www.fotomarburg.de/index.html
The Getty Museum http://www.getty.edu/
Hermitage Museum http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/fcgibin/db2www/browse.mac/category?selLang=English
Image collections and online art http://www.umich.edu/%7Ehartspc/histart/mother/images.html
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Mark Harden's Artchive http://www.artchive.com/
OCAIW-Orazio Centaro's Art Images on the Web (English, Italian & Portuguese text)
http://www.ocaiw.com/index.php
The San Francisco Fine Arts Museums Imagebase
http://www.thinker.org/fam/about/imagebase/index.asp
SLIS Art Image Browser (School of Library and Information Studies, University of Michigan)
http://www.si.umich.edu/Art_History/
SPIRO: Slide and Photograph Image Retrieval Online
http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/query_forms/browse_spiro_form.html
The Tebtunis Papyri Project http://tebtunis.berkeley.edu/
Theban Mapping Project http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/
University of Michigan Image Source http://images.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx
University of Vermont, Classics Department
http://www.uvm.edu/~classics/ambrose/supplementaryslides2.html
World Images http://worldimages.sjsu.edu/
Children’s Websites
Odyssey Online @ Emory University http://www.carlos.emory.edu/ODYSSEY/
Greek Books
http://www.bolchazy.com/prod.php?cat=greek&id=5734
Odyssey: Additional Art Resources
F ww.philipresheph.com/demodokos/odyssey/books.htm
Popular Online Quiz: Which Trojan-War Era Woman Are You?
http://www.quizilla.com/users/FaeryLadyX/quizzes/Which%20Trojanwar%20era%20woman%20are%20you?/
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Cartoon-like Drawings of the Odyssey: Liebig illustrations, early 20th Century AD.
http://www.maicar.com/GML/000Free/003Illustrations/source/7.html
Art History Intrigue: the Laocoon and Michelangelo…or, Will the Real Artist Please Come
Forth?!
http://jscms.jrn.columbia.edu/cns/2005-05-03/grogan-michelangeloforgery/
Articles Online (JSTOR)
Newton, Rick M. “Cloak and Shield in ‘Odyssey’ 14”The Classical Journal, Vol. 57, No. 8. (May, 1962),
pp. 358-360.
Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00098353%28196205%2957%3A8%3C358%3AFIIT%22%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D
Clarke, Howard W. “Fire Imagery in the ‘Odyssey’” The Classical Journal, Vol. 57, No. 8. (May, 1962),
pp. 358-360.
Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00098353%28196205%2957%3A8%3C358%3AFIIT%22%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D
Crissy, Katherine. “Herakles, Odysseus, and the Bow: ‘Odyssey’ 21.11-41” The Classical Journal, Vol. 93,
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