KC1. The geometric structure of a network of neurons determines its____________
a. Life cycle
b. Function
c. Blood flow
d. Genetic expression
e. None of the above
KC 2. Spatial summation is
a. The summation of both pre and post synaptic neurons
b. A way to measure a neuron’s firing rate
c. The summation of inputs from multiple presynaptic neurons at different
points along the dendritic tree.
d. The summation of one presynaptic neuron multiple times
e. None of the above
KC 3. What is the purpose of myelination?
a. To conduct faster connections down the axon through saltatory conduction
b. To slow down the connections between neurons
c. To keep the axon warm
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
KC 4. Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are called ________
a. Tracts
b. Gray matter
c. Ganglia
d. Nerves
e. None of the above
KC 5. Bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system are _______
a. Nerves
b. White matter
c. Gray matter
d. Tracts
e. None of the above
WC 1. What are white matter and gray matter, respectively?
a. neuron cell bodies; myelinated axons
b. neuron cell bodies; myelinated dendrites
c. myelinated axons; neuron cell bodies
d. myelinated dendrites; neuron cell bodies
e. None of the above is correct.
WC2. Bundles of axons in the peripheral system are known as
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Nerves
Ganglion
Tracts
Nucleus
Terminals
WC4. Cross-correlation maps can provide the information about
a. Statistical associations between brain regions
b. Causal relationships of neural activity among cells
c. Directionality of fiber tracts
d. Anatomical structures of neurons
e. The density of dendritic spines
WC5. The Human Connectome Project ____.
a. is a graphical interface that uses compiled data about the structure of the
brain
b. is the first large-scale attempt to collect and share data about the structure
and function of the brain
c. uses advanced neuroimaging methods to collect data from normal individuals
d. its goal is to share the materials for educational purposes
e. All of the above are correct statements.
JS 2. A cortical neuron receives inputs from its presynaptic cells at its:
a. Neuromuscular junctions
b. Dendritic spines
c. Sulci
d. Fiber tracts
e. Nodes of Ranvier
JS 4. Which of the following is a recurrent issue in the field of neuroscience
(specifically brain) research discussed by Dr. Silva?
a. The highly specific nature of each neuroimaging method, making integrating
knowledge across different spatial scales challenging.
b. The inability to reliably predict molecular-level cellular events, requiring a
top-down approach to research.
c. The scientific bias introduced by the use of nonhuman model organisms.
d. The lack of options for imaging whole-brain networks of neurons, forcing
researchers to examine smaller scales for insight.
e. The interference caused by the brain’s inherent electrical activity,
necessitating further technological development.
JS 5. True or False: The connectome of an organism fully specifies the functional
connectivity of a set of neurons.
a. True
b. False
AY1. A typical cortical neuron receives inputs from __ of presynaptic terminals:
a. a handful
b. 100's
c. 1000's
d. 10,000's
e. None of the above
AY 2. A neuron sums inputs __ in order to decide whether to initiate an action
potential
a. hierarchically
b. temporally
c. spatially
d. both b and c
e. none of the above
AY 3. T/F: Statistical correlation implies causation.
a. True
b. False
AY 4. Which of the following is true?
a. Effective connectivity refers to a reverse relationship between different brain
regions and functional connectivity refers to a causal relationship
b. Effective connectivity refers to a causal relationship between different brain
regions and functional connectivity refers to a correlational relationship.
c. Effective connectivity refers to a causal relationship between different brain
regions and functional connectivity refers to a reverse relationship.
d. Effective connectivity refers to a reverse relationship between different brain
regions and functional connectivity refers to a causal relationship.
e. Effective connectivity refers to a correlational relationship between different
brain regions and functional connectivity refers to a causal relationship.
AY 5. T/F: Bundles of axons in the central nervous system is known as nerves.
a. True
b. False
AY 6. T/F: In schizophrenic patients, there are fewer dendritic spines than healthy
individuals
a. True
b. False
AY 7. T/F: Electron tomography (ET) is an imaging technique that uses beams of light
to obtain detailed 3D structures of subcellular macromolecular objects.
a. True
b. False
AY 8. T/F: Scientists understand exactly how all the neurons in c. elegans function
together to give rise to behavior, because the structural connectivity is completely
mapped out.
a. True
b. False
AY 9. Which of the following is a method for functional imaging of neural activity
patterns?
a. fMRI
b. diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI)
c. electron tomography
d. optical imaging of calcium
e. a and d
SD1: Which part of a neuronal cell decides whether sufficient inputs have been
receive to initiate an action potential?
a. Cell Body
b. Axon
c. Nucleus
d. Initial Segment
e. Synapse
SD3: What does effective connectivity mean?
a. Statistical associations
b. Causal relationships
c. Functional relationships
d. Non-causal relationships
SD4: What are white matter tracts?
a. Clusters of cell bodies
b. Blood flow in the brain
c. Bundles of myelinated axons
d. Nerves
SD5: True / False: In a brainbow mouse brain, each neuron expresses a random
combination of fluorescent proteins, thereby each neuron is tagged by a distinct
color.
a. True
b. False
LS 2. An action potential occurs when:
a. An action potential from a previous cell hits the neuron in question
b. The membrane potential at the initial segment is above threshold
c. Any time you get an EPSP
d. Anytime you don’t get in IPSP
e. All of the above
LS 3. Spatial summation refers to:
a. Summation of EPSPs occurring close together in time
b. Summation of IPSPs occurring close together in time
c. Summation of EPSPs occurring across the dendritic tree
d. An increase in signaling speed
e. All of the above
LS 4. Dysconnection syndromes are:
a. always a direct result of cutting the corpus callosum
b. always characterized by disorganized thought such as symptoms found in
schizophrenia
c. always resulting from inability of the membrane potential of the initial
segment to reach threshold
d. always resulting from disorders of signaling speed
e. always disorders of the structure or function of neural networks
DM1. Upon the arrival of an action potential, which ion flows into the presynaptic
element at the axon terminal, immediately causing the release of neurotransmitter
into the synaptic cleft?
a. Sodium
b. Calcium
c. Potassium
d. Chlorine
DM2. Integrative summation of inputs can occur across
a. Axons and dendrites.
b. Space and time.
c. Cellular membrane and between synapses
d. All types of neural cells.
DM3. T/F: According to Dr. Silva, emergent mental properties like consciousness and
awareness may result from functional interactions of networks composed of a large
number of neural cells.
a. True
b. False
DM4. Only at the electron microscopic level can we can image
a. Synaptic vesicles
b. Ganglia/nuclei
c. Entire neurons
d. Networks of neurons
DO NOT USE
(may prove otherwise in future scientific discoveries)
JS 1. What aspect of the brain is unique among anatomical processes in the human
body?
a. Plasticity/Dynamicity
b.
c.
d.
e.
Homeostasis
Innervation
Electrical conduction
All of the above
(hard to parse)
JS 3. When imaging synaptic spines’ interface with dendrites, which technique is
used to reconstruct connectivity?
a. Connectomes
b. Neuronal potential maps
c. Photon microscopy
d. Electron microscopy
e. Two of the above are correct.
(redundant)
WC3. True or False: Functional connectivity implies causal relationship between two
brain regions.
a. True
b. False
(not quite right)
SD2: What determines the dynamic function of a neural network?
a. Structure
b. Speed
c. Position
d. Geometry
e. All of the Above
(redundant)
LS1. The place where the axon meets the cell body (and where the decision of
whether or not an action potential will fire) is called:
a. Initial segment
b. Threshold
c. Dendritic tree
d. Axon terminal
e. Synaptic terminal
(redundant)
LS 5. Effective connectivity implies:
a. Causal relationships between brain regions or cellular networks
b. A statistical association between brain regions
c. DIsconnection syndromes affecting communication between two regions
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
(no answer provided)
DM5. Silva described an imaging technique that involved the use of a modified
Rabies virus. What did the technique highlight?
a. All and only neurons that synapse directly onto the infected neuron, and all
neurons that synapse with those neurons.
b. All and only neurons that synapse with white matter onto the infected
neuron
c. All and only neurons that synapse directly onto the infected neuron
d. All and only neurons that synapse with gray matter onto the infected neuron