C2 Revision Helpsheet
Lesson Objectives
Tasks
Describe the
structure of the
earth
Draw and label a diagram
showing the 4 main layers of
the earth
State what the lithosphere is
How do we know what the
structure of the earth is?
Explain how the
molten rock
reaches the earth’s
surface
Where are volcanoes usually
found? (Use the phrase
tectonic plates in your
answer)
Explain in terms of density why the magma rises through the crust.
Describe the theory Explain what a convection
of plate tectonics
current is.
Which are more dense –
oceanic or continental plates?
Explain what subduction is.
Describe how the
theory of plate
tectonics
developed
Describe the evidence that
Wegener had for his
continental drift theory.
Give two reasons why
Wegener was not believed.
Give three new pieces of
evidence that have led to plate
tectonics theory being believed.
Explain how
igneous rocks form
What is the difference
between magma and lava?
Describe the appearance of
igneous rock (e.g. crystals or
grains, does it contain layers?)
Describe how the size of crystals
in igneous rock depends on the
rate of cooling.
Describe the work
of geologists in
studying volcanoes
State two reasons why
people might choose to live
near a volcano.
Which is likely to give a more
violent and deadly explosion –
a volcano with runny lava or
one with thick lava?
Describe two reasons why
geologists study volcanoes.
Explain the use of
limestone in
construction
What is an ore?
What is aggregate and what is
it used for?
Describe the typical texture of a
sedimentary rock.
Describe the typical texture
of a sedimentary rock.
Describe how sedimentary
rocks form.
Describe how metamorphic rocks
form.
Describe the
environmental,
social and
economic effects
of mining
limestone
Describe what a quarry is.
State three advantages of
living near a quarry.
State three disadvantages of
living near a quarry.
Explain how metal
carbonates may
be decomposed
by heating
Explain what is meant by
thermal decomposition.
Write a word and symbol
equation for the thermal
decomposition of calcium
carbonate.
Do carbonates of more reactive
metals need a high or low
temperature to cause
decomposition?
Describe how
cement and
concrete are
made
What is the chemical name
for limewater and what do
we use it for?
Write a word and symbol
equation for the reaction of
calcium oxide with water.
State two uses of calcium
hydroxide.
What is calcium oxide used
for?
What is mortar made from?
What is concrete made from?
What is a composite
material?
What is reinforced concrete?
State two uses of reinforced
concrete and explain two
advantages it has over normal
steel.
Describe the
advantages of
reinforced
concrete
Describe how
copper can be
extracted and
purified
State the properties of
copper.
Explain why copper is useful for What is the chemical formula for
(a) wires (b) water pipes
the copper ore malachite?
Write word and symbol
equations for the thermal
decomposition of copper
carbonate.
Write a word and symbol
equation for the reduction of
copper oxide using carbon.
Explain how electrolysis is used to
purify impure copper.
Describe the
benefits and
drawbacks of
recycling copper
Why is copper mining more
difficult than it used to be?
State two reasons why
recycling copper is useful.
Give one reason why recycling
copper is difficult.
Recognise some
common alloys
and their uses
Relate the
properties of an
alloy to a particular
use
Explain the use of
‘smart alloys’
State the main metal in
amalgalm and its typical use.
State the main metals in brass
and a typical use for it.
State the main metal in solder
and a typical use for it.
Draw a diagram to show how Draw a diagram to show how
the atoms are arranged in an the atoms are arranged in an
elemental metal.
alloy.
Explain why alloys are often
stronger and harder than the
elements that make them up.
What is a shape memory
alloy?
State the two elements that
are used in nitinol.
Name one use of nitinol.
Explain why
Is aluminium more or less
aluminium does not reactive than iron?
corrode
Draw a particle diagram to
show the oxide layer which
forms on aluminium.
Use the diagram you have drawn
to explain why aluminium does
not corrode.
Describe the
conditions needed
for rusting to occur
Name two substances which
speed up rusting.
Explain why painting an iron
object prevents it from rusting.
Which two substances are
needed for iron to rust?
Describe the
similarities and
differences
between iron and
aluminium
State two properties that iron
and aluminium both share.
Compare the densities of iron
and aluminium
Compare the magnetic
properties of iron and aluminium
List the major
materials used in a
car and explain
why they are used
Describe the
advantages and
disadvantages of
building cars from
steel/aluminium
State the materials commonly used for the following car parts:
(a) car body (b) engine block (c) electrical wiring (d) windows
(e) bumpers (f) seats and carpets
Give three reasons why car
manufacturers are continually
looking at new materials.
Compare the densities of
aluminium and steel. Link this
to fuel economy.
Compare the resistance to
corrosion of aluminium and
steel. Link this to their suitability
for making cars.
Compare the cost of aluminium
and steel. Link this to their
suitability for making cars.
Explain the
advantages and
disadvantages of
recycling cars
State two reasons why cars
should be recycled.
Describe the European Union Directive about car recycling.
Describe factors
affecting the cost
of making new
substances
Describe some of
the uses of
ammonia
Describe how
ammonia is made
State and explain 5 factors which affect the cost of making a chemical
State two uses of ammonia
other than making fertilisers.
Write a word equation for
making ammonium nitrate.
Explain why nitrogen is needed
for plants.
Write word and symbol
equations for making NH3.
Describe the three conditions
used in the Haber process.
Why is the unused nitrogen and
hydrogen recycled?
Interpret data
about percentage
yield in reversible
reactions and
changes in
conditions
Explain the
conditions used in
the Haber process
Explain what a reversible reaction is
Which reaction in a reversible
reaction needs to be favoured to
obtain a high yield?
Why is a catalyst used?
Which gives a better yield for
the Haber process – high or
low pressure?
Which gives a better yield for the
Haber process – high or low
temperature?
Explain how
economic
considerations
affect the choice
of conditions used
to manufacture
new substances
How does a high
temperature affect the rate
of reaction?
Explain why a compromise
temperature is needed.
Explain why a compromise
pressure is needed.
Explain the use of
the pH scale
What is the pH range of an
acid?
What is the pH of a neutral
chemical?
What is the pH range of an alkali?
Describe how
universal indicator
can be used to
estimate pH
What is an indicator?
State how you would use
universal indicator paper to
measure the pH of a solution.
Universal indicator paper only
gives an approximate value of
pH. How would you get an
accurate value?
Explain that the pH
of an acid is
determined by its
H+ concentration
Which has a higher H+ ion
concentration – an acid or
an alkali?
Which has a higher OH- ion
concentration – an acid or an
alkali?
What is the difference between
an alkali and a base?
Describe
neutralisation in
terms of H+ ions
and OH– ions
Write a general word
equation for the reaction
between an acid and a
base.
Write an ionic equation for neutralisation.
Predict the name
of the salt
produced in a
neutralisation
reaction
Predict the name of the salt
made when hydrochloric
acid reacts with potassium
carbonate.
Predict the name of the salt
made when sulphuric acid
reacts with lithium oxide.
Predict the name of the salt
made when nitric acid reacts
with sodium hyroxide
Write word
equations for
neutralisation
reactions
Write a word equation for the
reaction between
hydrochloric acid and
sodium hydroxide.
Write a general word equation
for the reaction between an
acid and a metal carbonate.
Write a word equation for the
reaction of sulphuric acid with
lithium oxide.
Write balanced
symbol equations
for neutralisation
reactions
Write a balanced symbol
equation for the reaction
between hydrochloric acid
and sodium hydroxide.
Write a balanced symbol
equation for the reaction
between nitric acid and
sodium hydroxide
Write a balanced symbol
equation for the reaction of
sulphuric acid with lithium oxide.
Recall three
essential elements
needed for plant
growth
Explain that
fertilisers increase
crop yields
Which three elements are
essential for plant growth?
Which of these are found in
ammonium nitrate?
Which of these are found in
potassium phosphate?
Why do we use fertilisers?
Why do fertilisers need to be
soluble in water?
How is the use of fertilisers linked
to the increase in world
population?
Describe the
process of
eutrophication
Name two
nitrogenous
fertilisers made
from ammonia
Name the acid
and alkali needed
to make a
particular fertiliser
compound
Identify the
apparatus needed
to make a fertiliser
in the lab
Describe how to
make a fertiliser
compound in the
lab
Describe the six stages involved in eutrophication
Describe how
sodium chloride is
mined
Salt can be obtained by
evaporating sea water.
Explain why this is only
normally done in hot
countries.
Recall the products
formed by the
electrolysis of brine
List the three products which are obtained when sodium chloride solution is electrolysed.
Name the ammonium salt
made by reaction of
ammonia with nitric acid
Name the ammonium salt
Name the ammonium salt made
made by reaction of ammonia by reaction of ammonia with
with sulfuric acid
phosphoric acid
Name the acid and alkali
needed to make potassium
phosphate
Name the acid and alkali
needed to make ammonium
nitrate
Name the acid and alkali
needed to make potassium
nitrate
Draw and label the apparatus used in the laboratory to make a fertiliser
Describe the 4 step method needed to make a fertiliser in the laboratory
Salt for cooking and gritting
roads is normally obtained
how? Give one disadvantage
of this method.
Explain how solutions of sodium
chloride are normally obtained
for use in the chemical industry.
Describe some uses
of the products of
electrolysis of brine
Describe the key
features of the
electrolysis of brine
State one use of hydrogen.
State three uses of chlorine.
State two uses of sodium
hydroxide.
Draw and label a diagram
showing the electrolysis of
sodium chloride. Include the
products at the anode and
cathode.
Explain why a diaphragm is
needed to separate the
chlorine and the sodium
hydroxide.
Explain why the electrodes need
to be made from an inert
substance such as titanium.
Describe a
laboratory test for
chlorine
Explain the
electrolysis of brine
in terms of loss or
gain of electrons
What is the appearance of
chlorine?
Is a solution of chlorine acidic,
basic or neutral?
Describe the test for chlorine and
the typical result.
What does the acronym
OILRIG stand for?
Write an equation to show the
oxidation of chloride ions at
the anode.
Write an equation to show the
reduction of hydrogen ions at the
cathode.