Name _______________________________ Date ______________
DNA Study Guide
1)
What does DNA stand for?
________________________________
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
2) What makes up the ‘sides’ of the DNA molecule?
Sugars and Acids, (Phosphates and -----)
________________________________
3) What makes up the ‘rungs’ of the DNA molecule?
________________________________
Nitrogen bases that are ‘paired’/ BASE PAIRS or NUCLEOTIDES
4) What is the shape of the DNA molecule?
________________________________
Double Helix
5) What are nitrogen bases?
________________________________
________________________________
A, (Adenine)
G, (Guanine)
T, (Thynine)
C, (Cytosine)
6) What nitrogen bases can bond with each other?
_______________
A with T
C_________________
with G
7) Be familiar with completing the DNA molecule if given one side of the molecule…
a. ATCGTTCCCC
________________________________
TCGCAAGGGG
b. GGGATTCAA
________________________________
CCCTAAGTT
8) Know your ‘NUMBERS’…
4
a. ______________How
many KINDS of nitrogen bases are there?
BILLIONS
b. ______________How
many nitrogen bases, (base pairs), are there in a DNA molecule?
30,000
c. ______________How
many human genes are there?
9) What is a gene?
a. What are other ways to define a gene?
A small piece of DNA
A part of a chromosome
Genetic materials that code for specific traits
Genetic material that determines which proteins will be assembled by the ribosomes.
b. What do genes determine? (think traits AND proteins)
Genes are an arrangement of nitrogen bases that contain the instructions for
___________________________________________________________
assembling proteins. Once made, these proteins are responsible for specific
traits.
10) What is a mutation? (Think characteristics AND DNA code)
A change in the DNA code
____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
An error in the sequence of nitrogen bases
may cause a change in traits
11) Frameshift mutation - caused by addition or deletion that results in reading shift of codons in
RNA
12) What can cause a mutation?
__________________________________________________________________
Radiation, Chemicals, Natural Sequencing Error
13) Understand DNA synthesis…
During Interphase
a. ___________________________________When
does DNA replicate?
In the nucleus of the cell
b. ___________________________________Where
is DNA replicated?
14) Understand how proteins are made…
a.
b.
c.
d.
RIBOSOMES
___________________________Where
in the cell is a protein made?
RNA
___________________________Carries
the DNA code for making proteins?
RIBOSOMES
___________________________What
organelles make the proteins?
AMINO ACIDS
___________________________What
are proteins made up of?
15) How does RNA ‘help’ to make proteins?
It ‘reads’ the DNA code and carries it to the ribosome
_____________________________________________________________________
16) Know the differences between DNA and RNA
a. The differences in function:
A template that contains the genetic instructions for making proteins
i. DNA: _______________________________________________________
It ‘reads’ the DNA code and carries it to the ribosomes to make
ii. RNA: _______________________________________________________
proteins
b. The differences in structure:
Made up of A,T,C, G
i. DNA: _______________________________________________________
Contains A, C, G, U, (uracil), it is a single stranded structure, has a
ii. RNA: _______________________________________________________
ribose sugar
c. The differences in their names:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
i. DNA: _______________________________________________________
ii. RNA: Ribonucleic Acid
d. tRNA – binds the amino acids to the codon
17) What is the difference between fraternal and identical twins?
a. Fraternal:
Two different egg and sperm
i. Egg and Sperm:_________________________________________________
Different
DNA,
their DNA is no more similar than two NON-TWIN siblings
ii. DNA:_________________________________________________________
b. Identical:
One egg and sperm that separates while dividing
i. Egg and Sperm:_________________________________________________
Identical DNA
ii. DNA:_________________________________________________________
18) What is the difference between cloning and breeding?
An organism that is produced from identical DNA as the ‘parent’
a. Cloning: ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Organisms that are ‘crossed’ because of their desired traits with the
b. Breeding: _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
hope to obtain offspring with the same/similar traits
19) Know the correct order of transferring information in a cell….DNA to RNA to PROTEINS
20)
Understand the following processes
-
Replication – takes place in nucleus, makes exact copy of DNA
-
Transcription – takes place in nucleus, copies DNA message into RNA
-
Translation – takes place at ribosome, builds a protein from 3 nucleotide sequence
21) Semiconservative replication – each DNA molecule contains one new strand and one new strand
22) General DNA facts…
a. What is ‘the genetic code’
It is the sequence of nitrogen basis that determine the SPECIFIC
traits of an organism
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. What is DNA ULTIMATELY responsible for?
DNA is responsible for carrying the genes which ULTIMATELY instruct the
________________________________________________________________________
ribosomes which proteins to make for the organism.
________________________________________________________________________
23) If there is 22% of Adenine in a DNA molecule…
How much Thymine? __22%______
How much Cytosine? __28%_______
How much Guanine? __28%_______
24) If there is 28% of Guanine in a DNA molecule…
How much Thymine? ___22%______
How much Cytosine? __28%_______
How much Adenine? __22%________
25) Gel electrophoresis - uses electricity to sort DNA fragments based on their sizes
26) Recombinant DNA - contains genes from more than one organism, often uses bacterial
plasmids
27) Genomics – study of sequencing and comparing genomes
28) Genetic screening - DNA testing to determine a person's risk of having or carrying a genetic
disorder
29) Gene therapy- involves treating a genetic disorder by replacing a defective gene with a
functional gene
30) Identify the structures below:
1.
____C____ Nucleus
2.
____E____ Amino Acid
3.
____A____ DNA
4.
____D____ Anticodon
5.
6.
7.
8.
____F____ Ribosome
___H_____ tRNA
___G_____ polypeptide, (protein)
___B_____ mRNA
g
.
1.
.
e
.
h
.
d
.
a.
f
.
b
.
c
.