Biology Keystone Remediation-Evolution
Biogenesis
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Biogenesis states ___________________________________________________________.
Before the seventeenth century it was believed that living things could arise from nonliving
things
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_______________________________________
Redi’s Experiment
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Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
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Disproved that flies generated spontaneously from rotting meat.
_________________________________________________________________.
 He noted that maggots appeared where flies had landed, they turned into pupas
and then to flies.
 Experiment with open container with rotten meat (experimental) and closed
container with rotten meat (control).
Spallanzani’s Experiment
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Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)
Designed an experiment using a microscope and broth to disprove
_______________________________________
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_______________________________________. They believed the heating was not the
same for all samples.
Pasteur’s Experiment
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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
The Paris Academy of Science offered a prize to anyone who could end the spontaneous
generation controversy.
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Pasteur’s experiment won
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_______________________________________. This allowed for air flow, but kept
out solid particles
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Broth was boiled and let stand
_______________________________________
_______________________________________and growth occurred within a day.
_________________________________________________________________________.
Earth’s History
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Earth is approximately _______________________________________
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Based on studies of Earth’s surface and the use of radiometric dating.
First Organic Compounds
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Synthesized from the Earth’s early _______________________________________
Cell-Like Structures
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Microspheres_____________________________________________________________________
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Coacervates_____________________________________________________________________
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Form spontaneously in the laboratory
 Have many of the same properties of life, expect for the hereditary characteristics.
The First Cells
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It is believed that the first type of cells to evolve where _____________________________
(anaerobic – live without oxygen, heterotrophic-consume to get food, prokaryotes – single
cell with no membrane bound organelles or nucleus
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_______________________________________from their surrounding environment
Eventually these molecules would be gone and the ____________________________.
Chemosynthesis
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Autotroph that obtains energy from _______________________________________
Archea – __________________________________________________________________
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Believed to be very similar to the first autrophs to evolve about 4 million years ago.
Methanosarcina barkeri
 Produces methane during its metabolism
Photosynthetic Autotrophs
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About 3 million years ago the first _______________________________________.
Similar to modern _______________________________________
___________________________________ of photosynthesis and changed the make-up of
the Earth’s atmosphere
The First Eukaryotes
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Features of eukaryotes _______________________________________
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The ER and nuclear envelope formed from the ______________________________of
a prokaryote
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Lynn Margulis
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_______________________________________– eukaryotic cells evolved from a
mutually beneficial relationship between primitive eukaryote and the prokaryote it
engulfed.
 _______________________________________
 Replicate independently and contain some of their own genetic material
similar to prokaryotes
Theory of Evolution
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______________________________________ (1823-1913) developed his theory while
sailing around the world on the HMS Beagle
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_______________________________________
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__________________– the development of new types of organisms from preexisting types
of organisms over time; the change in the characteristics of a population over time
Ideas of Darwin’s Time
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Species were ______________________________________________
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
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________________________________________________ – individuals could
acquire traits during their lifetime as a result of experience or behavior, then could
pass on those traits to offspring.
Darwin’s Ideas
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______________________________________________________________ was published
in 1859 a year after Darwin presented his research in London
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His theory was supported by a large amount of evidence
He used the phrase ______________________________________ to help explain evolution
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Species descend by _______________________________________
He was the first to argue that _____________________________________ this way
Galapagos Finches (Darwin’s Finches)-13 species
Natural Selection
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Natural Selection - _______________________________________
1. _______________________________________spring
a. More offspring are produced than can survive
2. _______________________________________
a. ndividuals have different traits
3. _______________________________________
a. Competition for resources
4. _______________________________________
a. Organisms with the best adaptation are most likely to survive and reproduce.
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_______________________________________
Evidence to Support Evolution
1. _______________________________________
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Types and distribution of organisms on Earth have changed over time.
Fossils of transitional species show evidence of descent with modification
2. _______________________________________
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Distribution of organisms, shows evidence of descent with modification
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Animals that are closely related, but adapted to different environments
Animals that seem unrelated but have similar adaptations to similar
environments
3. _______________________________________
A. _______________________________________- anatomical structures that occur in
different species and that originated by heredity from a common ancestor
 Similar bone structure of forelimbs in humans, penguins, alligators, and bats
B. _______________________________________-closely related functions by do not
derive from the same ancestral structure
 Wings of birds, bats, and moths
 Similar in function, but not in structure
C. _______________________________________-serve no function but that resemble
structures with functional roles in related organisms
 Human tailbone(coccyx)- four fused vertebrae that resemble the bones in an
animals tail
 Pelvic bones of modern whales and the human appendix
4. _______________________________________
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Stages of a vertebrate embryo development are very alike
 In early development this fades further into development
5. _______________________________________
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Modern scientists have shown that similarity in subunit sequences of RNA, DNA, and
proteins indicates a common evolutionary history.
 Approximately ___________ of our DNA is similar to the DNA of a chimpanzee.
Evolution in Action
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Evolution is a continuous process and can be observed, recorded and tested today.
New species arise from environmental pressure and interactions with other species
including humans.
Convergent Evolution
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Convergent evolution- __________________________________________________.
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They live in similar ecosystems and have similar pressures.
_______________________________________–while they may look similar
their evolution occurred independently of one another.
 _______________________________________.
Divergent Evolution
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_______________________________________- process by which descendants of a
single ancestor diversify into species that fit different parts of the environment.
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Anole lizards twig-dwelling and trunk-dwelling
Sometimes, a new population in a new environment, such as an island, will undergo
divergent evolution until the population fills many parts of the environment.
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This pattern is known as _______________________________________
 Darwin’s finches.
Artificial Selection
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_______________________________________– when a human breeder chooses
individuals that will parent the next generation.
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Dogs
Coevolution
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_______________________________________– when two or more species have evolved
adaptation to each other’s influence
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_______________________________________
Acacia tree and acacia ant
Population Genetics
Genetic Equilibrium
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Population biologists study many different traits in populations, such as size and color.
Traits vary and can be mapped along a bell curve, which shows that most individuals
have average traits, whereas a few individuals have extreme traits.
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Variation in genotype arise by ______________, ______________________, and the
random fusion of gametes.
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The total genetic information available in a population is called the ____________
Allele frequencies in the gene pool do not change ________________________ by
certain forces.
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The principle of _____________________________________ is a theoretical model of
population in which no evolution occurs and the gene pool of the population is stable
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_______________________________________ in a population tend to
_________________________________ from generation to generation unless
acted on by ________________________________________.
Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium
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__________________________ can take place when a population is not in a state of
______________________________. Thus, evolution may take place when
populations are subject to genetic mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom
mating, or natural selection.
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Emigration and immigration cause __________________________________ between
populations and can thus affect gene frequencies.
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____________________________ is a change in allele frequencies due to random
events. Genetic drift operates most strongly in small populations.
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Mating in _________________ whenever individuals may
_________________________. Sexual selection occurs when certain traits increase an
individual’s success at mating. Sexual selection explains the development of traits that
improve reproductive success but may harm the individual.
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Natural selection can influence evolution in one of three general patterns.
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____________________________favors the formation of average traits.
____________________________favors the extreme traits rather than the
average traits.
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____________________________favors the formation of more-extreme traits.
Formation of Species
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According to the ____________________________, a species is a population of
organisms that can successfully interbreed but cannot breed with other groups. (must
produce fertile offspring)
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____________________________results from the separation of population subgroups
by geographic barriers. Geographic isolation may lead to
____________________________.
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Two closely related squirrels found on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon.
____________________________results from the separation of population subgroups
by barriers to successful breeding. Reproductive isolation may lead to
____________________________.
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Competing individuals within a population could gain an adaptive advantage by
using slightly different niches. Which could lead to the groups becoming
reproductively isolated.
 Darwin’s finches.
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In the ____________________________, species undergo small changes at a constant rate.
In the ____________________________, new species arise abruptly, differ greatly from
their ancestors, and then change little over long periods.