GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final (100 points)
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ___________________
(1) 1 pt. What are the two processes required to create coal?
a) time and darkness b) heat and pressure
c) heat and darkness d) darkness and time
(2) 1 pt. Where are placers found?
a) coastal marine and lakes
b) rivers and coastal marine
c) faults and fractures
d) estuaries and rivers
(3) 1 pt. What are the two kinds of gold deposits?
a) homestake and placer
b) pirate and lode
c) lode and placer
d) homestake and lode
(4) 1 pt. In the figure below, match the letter L and M with the correct level of sorting.
a) L = poorly sorted,
M = well sorted
b) L = not sorted,
M = well sorted
c) L = well sorted,
M = poorly sorted
(5) 1 pt. In the
figure at the right, match
the letter J and K with
the correct description
a) J = transported a long
distance, K = transported
a short distance
b) J = transported a short
distance, K = transported
a long distance
c) J = time transported, K
= transported a short
distance
(6) 1 pt. In the above figure, match the letter J and K with the deposit you would most expect to find
them in.
a) J = beach, K = lahar
b) J = stream or river, K = landslide
c) J = lahar, K = stream or river
d) J = river or stream, K = lunar
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final (100 points)
For the following 3 questions,
use the figure to the right. The
vertical units are feet.
Horizontal units are kilometers.
(7) 3 pt. What is the contour
interval?
a) 20 m
b) 20 ft
c) 40 m
d) 80 m
(8) 5 pt. What is the gradient
from X to Y?
a) 0.1333
b) 0.3333
c) 0.2
d) 0.3111
(9) 5 pt. What is the relief from
X to Y?
a) 20 m
b) 40 m
c) 20 ft
d) 40 ft
(10) 1 pt. Rank these particle
sizes in the order of increasing
size.
a) clay, silt, sand, gravel b) silt, clay, sand, gravel
c) sand, clay, silt, gravel
d) gravel, sand, silt, clay
(11) 1 pt. What is coal made from?
a) peat
b) dinosaurs
c) aliens
d) inorganic plant material
(12) 1 pt. In what types of rocks are most petroleum reservoirs formed?
a) granite
b) sandstone c) rhyolite
d) dacite
(13) 1 pt. What is the sequence of members in a flood basalt, from bottom to top?
a) lower colonnade, entablature, upper colonnade, pillow basalts, vesicular flow
b) vesicular flow, lower colonnade, entablature, upper colonnade, pillow basalts
c) pillow basalts, lower colonnade, entablature, upper colonnade, vesicular flow
d) pillow basalts, colonnade, entablature, vesicular flow
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final (100 points)
(14) 10 pt. Construct a topographic cross section on the following figure:
(15) 1 pt. What is the horizontal scale in the map shown above?
a) 1” = 1,500 m
b) 1” = 2,000 m
c) 1” = 1,000 ft
d) 2” = 2,000 m
(16) 3 pt. What is the vertical scale in the map shown above? (rounded to the nearest 100 m)
a) 1” = 100 ft
b) 2” = 200 ft
c) 2” = 200 m
d) 2” = 100 m
(17) 1 pt. What are the index contours in the above map?
a) 100 m
b) 100 ft
c) 200 m
D) 200 ft
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final (100 points)
For the following questions, use the USGS Topographic Map for Mt. Saint Helens, 1998.
(18) 1 pt. If one used a ruler to measure the distance between two object on the map and the map
distance were 1 cm, how many cm would this be in the real world?
a) 12,000 cm b) 48,000 cm c) 1 cm
d) 24,000 cm
(19) 3 pt. Locate the Shoestring Glacier. What is the length of the glacier in km?
a) 1.5 km
b) 4 km
c) 2.5 km
d) 2 km
(20) 3 pt. Locate the Shoestring Glacier. What is the relief of the glacier in ft?
a) 4,640 ft
b) 3,340 ft
c) 3,200 ft
d) 3,600 ft
(21) 3 pt. Locate the Shoestring Glacier. What is the relief of the glacier in m?
a) 1,218
b) 1,018
c) 2,018
d) 1,058
(22) 5 pt. What is the gradient of the glacier in m/km?
a) 560 m/km b) 510 m/km c) 1,018 m/km d) 2,018 m/km
For the following 3 questions, use the figure below.
(23) 1 pt. Which type of volcano erupts with lava low in Si?
a) L
b) N
c) O
d) J
(24) 1 pt. Which
has the form of a
stratovolcano?
a) J
b) K
c) O
d) N
(25) 1 pt. Which
type of volcano is
the source for the
Columbia River
Flood Basalts?
a) N
b) J
c) L
d) O
(26) 1 pt. Which rocks are sorted properly, from low Si to high Si content?
a) Rhyolite, Dacite, Andesite, Basalt
b) Basalt, Andesite, Dacite, Rhyolite
c) Basalt, Dacite, Andesite, Rhyolite
d) Basalt, Rhyolite, Andesite, Dacite
(27) 1 pt. What is the range in time that the CRBs erupted?
a) 50 – 20 Ma b) 17 – 6 Ma c) 400 – 120 Ma
d) 15 Ma – 2 Ma
(28) 1 pt. Which Cascade volcanoes has the most frequent eruptions?
a) Mt. St. Helens
b) Mt. Adams
c) Mt. Hood
d) Mt. Ranier
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final (100 points)
(29) 1 pt. Which volcano type is associated with the correct rock?
a) fissure flow – rhyolite
b) shield volcano – granite
c) caldera – rhyolite
d) shield volcano – basalt
(30) 5 pt. Describe the sequence of events that led to the eruption of Mt. St. Helens
(31) 1 pt. Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of superposition?
a) Any sedimentary deposit accumulates on older rock or sediment layers.
b) Older strata generally are deposited on younger strata without intervening, intermediate age strata.
g) Strata with fossils are generally deposited on strata with no fossils.
d) Older fossils in younger strata indicate a locally inverted geologic time scale.
(32) 1 pts. In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?
A) inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere B) core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere
C) core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust D) inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
(33) 1 pts. The asthenosphere is a relatively
cool and rigid shell that overlies the
lithosphere. T/F
(34) 1 pts. Igneous rocks are produced
largely by the deposition and consolidation
of surface materials like sand and mud.
T/F
(35) 4 pts. In the chart of radioactive decay
shown at the right.
(a) how many half-lives have elapsed by this
time? 2
(b) how many half-lives have elapsed by this
time? 3
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final (100 points)
(36) 1 pts. New oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at ________.
a) divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma
b) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma
c) divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma
d) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma
(37) 1 pts. The volcanoes and deep valleys of east Africa are related to a ________.
a) continental collision zone between Africa and the Zagros Mountains along the southern margin of
Eurasia
b) transform fault aligned with the Red Sea carrying the Arabian and African blocks in opposite
directions
c) continental rift along which parts of the African continent are beginning to slowly separate
d) fault allowing Arabia to slip westward past east Africa and penetrate into Turkey
(38) 1 pts. The ________ is an example of an active, continent-continent collision.
a) westward movement of the South American plate over the Nazca plate
b) Arabian Peninsula slamming into North Africa under the Red Sea
c) northern movement of Baja California and a sliver of western California toward the Hawaiian Islands
d) northward movement of India into Eurasia
(39) 1 pts. Linear, magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as ________.
a) reversed magnetizations along the rift valleys and normal magnetizations along the ridge
b) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly parallel to the ridge
c) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly perpendicular to the ridge axis
d) concentric circles about a rising plume of hot mantle rocks and magma
(40) 1 pts .As the South Atlantic basin widens by seafloor spreading, Africa and South America are
moving closer together. T/F
(41) 1 pts. Hawaii is the oldest island of the Hawaiian Island chain.
T/F
(42) 1 pts. The Himalayas are associated with which of the following plate boundaries?
a) Ocean-continental convergence
b) Ocean-ocean convergence
c) Continent-continent convergence
d) Divergent
e) Transform Fault
(43) 1 pts. The youngest seafloor rocks are found:
a) nearest to the mid-ocean ridges
b) nearest to the continental shelves
c) evenly distributed throughout the ocean
d) underneath the continents
e) where the ocean is the flattest
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final (100 points)
(44) 1 pts. Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?
a) A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified
or consolidated aggregate of rocks.
b) A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock,
the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern.
c) In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a
lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.
d) A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a
consolidated aggregate of different rock particles.
(45) 1 pts. Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding?
a) Nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive
forces between the negative and positive nucleons.
b) Atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded
together by the strong, binding energy of shared protons.
c) Nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the
very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds.
d) Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that are
bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges.
(46) 1 pts. What in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction?
a) molecule
b) ion
c) isotope
d) nucleon
(47) 1 pts. How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding?
a) They are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move.
b) They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral.
c) They react with protons to make neutrons in the outer valence shells.
d) They move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions.
(48) 1 pts. Which of the following minerals is a ferromagnesian silicate?
a) quartz
b) orthoclase
c) hornblende
d) muscovite
(49) 1 pts. Which of the following minerals is a silicate?
a) hematite
b) muscovite
c) calcite
d) halite
(50) 1 pts. ________ is composed mainly of ferromagnesian minerals.
a) Peridotite b) Rhyolite
c) Andesite
d) Granite
(51) 1 pts. A(n) ________ texture represents a single, long period of cooling and crystallization.
a) glassy
b) pyroclastic
c) aphanitic
d) phaneritic
(52) 1 pts. Which of the following best describes an aphanitic texture?
a) The rock is crystalline; mineral grains are too small to be visible without a magnifying lens or
microscope.
b) The mineral grains have glassy textures.
c) The rock consists of broken, volcanic-rock and mineral fragments.
d) The rock is crystalline; mineral grains are of distinctly different sizes.
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final (100 points)
(53) 1 pts. Changing the composition of magma by incorporating surrounding host rock is known as
________.
a) magma mixing
b) partial melting
c) differentiation
d) assimilation
(54) 1 pts. Which one of the following shows the correct order (left to right) of decreasing magma
viscosity?
a) rhyolite, andesite, basalt
b) andesite, rhyolite, basalt
c) basalt, rhyolite, andesite
d) basalt, andesite, rhyolite
(55) 1 pts. Why do magmas rise toward Earth's surface?
a) Magmas are more viscous than solid rocks in the crust and upper mantle.
b) Most magmas are richer in silica than most crustal and upper mantle rocks.
c) Magmas are mainly liquid and contain dissolved fluids such as water; most are less dense than the
adjacent solid rock.
d) all of the above
(56) 1 pts. Kilauea and Mauna Loa are ________.
a) explosive, rhyolitic volcanoes
b) andesitic stratovolcanoes
c) basaltic shield volcanoes
d) small, basaltic cinder cones
(57) 1 pts. Extrusive igneous rocks are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Why?
a) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock.
b) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral
grains to grow.
c) The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow.
d) The extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly producing very small
mineral grains.
(58) 1 pts Which of the following describes the light reflecting characteristics of a mineral?
a) luster
b) color streak
c) virtual absorption
d) fluorescence
(59) 1 pts The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as:
a) streak
b) cleavage
c) cracking luster
d) crystal form
(60) 1 pts All silicate minerals contain ________ and ________.
a) iron; silicon
b) silicon; sodium
c) oxygen; carbon
d) silicon; oxygen
(61) 1 pts The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ________.
a) 4 oxygen ions
b) 6 oxygen ions
c) 4 sodium ions
d) 6 sodium ions
(62) 1 pts What is the most prominent textural feature of regional metamorphic rocks?
a) foliation
b) bedding
c) cataclasis
d) ripples