October 22, 09:05 (S11-9571)
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA): An environmentally, economically and
societally responsible aquanomic approach to farming the sea with many variations
Thierry Chopin
Canadian Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Network (CIMTAN), University of New
Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada. E-mail: tchopin@unbsj.ca
In tomorrow’s food production systems, aquaculture will have an increasing share. However,
the Blue Revolution needs to become the greener Turquoise Revolution by developing
innovative technologies and practices with increased environmental sustainability, economic
stability and societal acceptability, such as Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA).
With IMTA, farmers cultivate species from different trophic levels with complementary
ecosystem functions in proximity. They combine fed species (e.g. fish and shrimps) with
extractive species (e.g. seaweeds, aquatic plants, shellfish and other invertebrates) to take
advantage of synergistic interactions among them while biomitigation operates. The IMTA
concept has many variations adaptable to open-water and land-based systems, marine and
freshwater environments, and temperate and tropical climates. The ecosystem services
provided by extractive species (e.g. nutrient biomitigation, oxygen provision, carbon
sequestration and reduction of ocean acidification) should be valued as nutrient trading
credits used as financial incentive tools. Business models will have to embrace the emerging
Integrated Sequential BioRefineries (ISBR) concept to manufacture diverse products for a
wide variety of applications. Moreover, if aquaculture is to make a major contribution to the
efficient and responsible food production systems of the future, far more production and
applications of inorganic extractive seaweeds and aquatic plants, and organic extractive
animals, must be developed in a more evenly distributed manner throughout the world.
Humans will soon not be able to continue thinking of mostly land-based agronomic solutions
for securing their food, nor for providing many other derived products, but will have to turn
increasingly to responsible aquanomy to manage their “aquatic fields”.
October 22, 09:35 (S11-9517)
Obtaining a social license for IMTA: Challenges and opportunities in British Columbia,
Canada
Mark Flaherty
University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. E-mail: flaherty@mail.geog.uvic.ca
The development of aquaculture in British Columbia’s coastal areas has been the subject of
longstanding heated, and increasingly polarized debate. A wide range of stakeholders - government
agencies, First Nations, industry representatives, community groups, and environmental NGOs - have
all sought to advance their positions by issuing scientific and media reports – many of which are
conflicting. Public confidence in the industry has waned in the face of uncertainty surrounding many
issues including, but not limited to, the environmental impacts of the industry and food safety.
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) has been identified as a means of promoting greater
environmental stewardship while increasing economic benefits for growers and communities. It
combines the cultivation of fed aquaculture species (e.g. finfish) with organic extractive aquaculture
species (e.g. shellfish) and inorganic extractive aquaculture species (e.g. seaweed) to create balanced
systems for environmental sustainability. While the majority of research has focused on the design of
IMTA production systems, the broader social and governance contexts within which IMTA would
operate also requires attention. This paper briefly reviews the aquaculture controversy in BC, and
then considers some of the key factors that could inhibit the adoption of IMTA, as well as the drivers
for its adoption.
October 22, 10:05 (S11-9670)
The effect of multi-trophic aquaculture on nutrient loading in fish and shrimp ponds,
Karawang Indonesia
Mark L. Wells1, Mitsutaku Makino2, Suhendar Sachoemar3 and Masahito Hirota2
1
University of Maine, Orono, USA. E-mail: mlwells@maine.edu
2
Fisheries Research Agency, Yokohama, Japan
3
Agency for The Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), Jakarta, Indonesia
The increasing need for large-scale pond aquaculture to supply shrimp and fish food products
has resulted in significant to overwhelming eutrophication impacts in most adjacent coastal
waters, particularly in developing nations. The result is additional pressure on wild fisheries
already stressed by intensive fishing activities. In many cases pond aquaculture products are
targeted for more lucrative export markets, muting benefits from the environmental
degradation for local communities. One major step towards limiting coastal impacts from
pond aquaculture would be to reduce excess nutrient (N, P) inflows. Co-production of
macroalgae and bivalves in shrimp or fish ponds, a strategy known as multitrophic
aquaculture, should help to reduce dissolved nutrient loading within ponds as well as to
increase the economic output from pond operations, but there are few examples where this
approach has been tested in tropical environments. We report here on a pond experiment
conducted in Karawang, Indonesia designed to test whether co-aquaculture of macroalgae
and oysters successfully diminishes nutrient loading in shrimp and Tilapia pond operations.
The goal of these experiments is to foster the design and optimization of practical
multitrophic aquaculture operations that maximize the economic benefits and food supply to
local communities, while diminishing the negative impacts of pond operations on coastal
environments.
October 22, 10:45 (S11-9435)
Dissemination of SATO UMI for sustainable aquaculture development in Indonesia
Suhendar I. Sachoemar1, Tetsuo Yanagi2, Mitsutaku Makino3, Mark L. Wells4, Masahito
Hirota3 and Ratu Siti Aliah1
1
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), Indonesia
E-mail: suhendarsachoemar@yahoo.com
2
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
3
Fisheries Research Agency (FRA), Yokohama, Japan
4
Maine System University, Orono, USA
SATO UMI, a new concept for sustainable management of fishery resources where human
intervention seeks to improve the productivity and diversity of fishery resources in coastal
areas has been introduced, socialized and disseminated in Indonesia. In aquaculture, the
concept has been applied in the development of Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture
(IMTA), a sustainable aquaculture model that is based on a bio-recycle system. This model
was developed to improve the productivity and ecosystem stability with minimizing organic
waste coming from the aquaculture activities. The preliminary results show that the IMTA
model with aquatic cultivation of shrimp, tilapia, seaweed and oyster has provided the highest
productivity with the best water quality stability compare to the monoculture and poly culture
without the benthic organism such the oyster. Our current activities have focused on
establishing a larger experimental pond system for sustainable aquaculture, discussed
elsewhere in this session. We also have organized dissemination activities in the form of
workshops and training for stakeholders to inspire and give new spirit to manage and utilize
fishery, coastal and marine resources optimally, harmonious and productive to ensure the
sustainability of food supply from fisheries resources as well as improving the community
welfare and local income. The results indicate that the IMTA model and SATO UMI concept
will improve the sustainable productivity of aquaculture fisheries and lessen their impacts on
wild fisheries in coastal areas of Indonesia.
October 22, 11:05 (S11-9515)
Implementation of SATO UMI concept at Pond Aquaculture in Karawang,
Indonesia
Susanna Nurdjaman1, Tetsuo Yanagi2 and Suhendar I Sachoemar3
1
Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology,
Indonesia. Email: susanna@fitb.itb.ac.id
2
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Japan
3
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT)
SATO-UMI, the concept of management and use of natural resources while maintaining the
balance and stability of the natural resources and the environment, has been implemented in a
coastal area Karawang, West Java. Karawang is an area of shrimp aquaculture and has been
designated as an area for shrimp industrialization program. A polyculture experiment was
designed with multiple species in one pond such as only shrimp; shrimp and tilapia; shrimp –
tilapia – seaweed; and shrimp – tilapia – seaweed – green mussel. The aim of this concept is
to obtain a high biodiversity without excess nutrient concentrations in order to maximize the
quality of the biota and to determine which combination and biomass composition generates
the optimal production and good water quality. Good management of water resources in
terms of environmental, economic and socio-cultural in accordance with local communities is
needed to gain sustainable cultivation and high production.
October 22, 11:35 (S11-9490)
Social-ecological studies towards the integrated management of local fisheries in North-Eastern
Hokkaido, Japan
Emmanuel A. Sweke1,2, Rotaro Okazaki1, Yumi Kobayashi1, Mitsutaku Makino3 and Yasunori Sakurai1
1
Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
E–mail: esweke@yahoo.com
2
Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
3
National Research Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Fisheries Research Agency, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
Fisheries in Akkeshi and Erimo in North-eastern Japan face a number of challenges including changes
in catch species composition, reduced catch that affect income, declining fishing manpower due to a
large, aging riparian population and decreases in the number of fishers, and destruction of fisheries
from seals. Fishers are engaged in a variety of fisheries and target a wide range of species. Akkeshi is
famous for oyster aquaculture while Erimo’s main fishery species are seaweed, Laminaria angustata
and salmon, Oncorhynchus keta. Herein, a 45 year (1965-2010) time series of fisheries data from
city halls and fisheries authorities in the towns was assessed, including catch, income, number of
fishing vessels and gears, seals population, and number of fishers. Anomalous sea surface temperature
(SST) data (1915-2010) in Erimo was also used to assess fish catch dynamics due to sea warming.
Survey questionnaires evaluated fishers’ perception on inputs and outputs. Fishers indicated that good
leadership in fisheries cooperative associations (FCAs) is required to attain sustainable fisheries
management in the region. There were noticeable temperature increases in the last decade. Catches of
some species such as Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii and salmon have declined remarkably. Recently,
whelk spp. and prawn spp. are recovering in Akkeshi. Sound management strategies and adaptation of
suggested changes would assist decision makers and other stakeholders towards an integrated
ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture management.
Posters
S11-9620
Parasites of marine fishes and climate change: implications for Korean aquaculture
B.A. Venmathi Maran and Jung-Goo Myoung
Marine Ecosystem Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology,
Ansan, Seoul, R Korea. E-mail: bavmaran@gmail.com
Climate change has resulted in rising sea temperatures and exposed the world’s aquatic
systems to increasing levels of ultraviolet radiation. As sea surface temperatures are predicted
to increase in Korea (and elsewhere) due to climate change, the distribution of tropical and
subtropical fishes, including their associated parasite fauna, would expand to Korean
Peninsula. This is particularly alarming as the arrival of exotic/alien fish parasites could have
cause negative consequences for Korea’s lucrative sea-cage aquaculture industry. At present
(2013), Korea produces fish protein per annum: 60% by capture and 40% by aquaculture.
Korea’s sea-cage aquaculture industry is indeed anticipated to intensify in the foreseeable
future, as commercially important marine fish stocks are increasingly being overexploited in
Korea and neighboring countries. Parasitic crustaceans belonging to the Subclass Copepoda,
most notably members of the genera Caligus and Lepeophtheirus commonly known as “sea
lice”, are of particular concern for the sea-cage aquaculture industry in addition the ‘worms’
monogeneans, as they can: a) cause mortality, reduce growth rates and reduce the
marketability of cultured hosts; and b) be transmitted easily from infected wild fish to noninfected fish farmed in sea-cages. In the neighboring country, the parasitic copepod and
monogenean fauna of marine fishes is relatively well documented. In marked contrast,
nothing is known about the parasitic copepods infecting marine fishes in the Korean
Peninsula. This is rather unfortunate as this information can underpin parasite management
and prevent disease outbreaks from occurring on fish farmed in sea-cages on Korean
Peninsula.
S11-9725
Accumulation of lactate in the coelomic fluid of sea urchins under stress suggests the
switching-on of anaerobic glycolysis
Konstantin A. Drozdov1, Anatoliy L. Drozdov2,3, Lidia T. Kovekovdova4
1
G.B. Elyakov Pacific institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, FEB RAS, Vladivostok 690022, St. 100 years of Vladivostok, 159; 2 A.V.
Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, Vladivostok 690041, St. Palchevskogo 17; 3Fareastern Federal University, Vladivostok,
690950, St. Sukhanov, 8; 4 Pacific Scientific Research Fisheries Center (TINRO-Center), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, 690091, Russia
E-mail: anatoliyld@mail.ru
Anaerobic glycolysis was, apparently, the oldest type of metabolism, and all modern
organisms retain enzymatic systems that ensure it. Lactate in animal tissues occurs due to
anaerobic oxidation of glucose. Modern sophisticated methods of biochemical analysis, in
particular nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, demonstrated that lactate is an active metabolite
migrating between cells and organs. Intensification of anaerobic metabolism is an important
mechanism of adaptation to changing conditions.
Using of 1H-NMR spectroscopy we investigated the coelomic fluid in sea urchins
Mesocentrotus nudus kept under different environmental conditions, with the method. There
was a significant increase in the lactate content in the coelomic fluid of sea urchins under
hypoxic conditions. This indicates an increase in the intensity of anaerobic digestion of
glucose. Thus, our data suggest that sea urchins have a special mechanism that allows them,
if necessary, to switch over from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism.