Macedonians
1. Agora – marketplace
2. Stoa – like a mall
Greeks
Phillip 2nd




Built alliances with near city-states
Built new instrument and machines for war
Had the ability to take over a large amount of the world but he didn’t
Died at 46 by an assassin
Alexander (Motivation?)







Great commander, employed best technology to conquer people
Phillip’s son
Led his army in battle against Persians
Went for Egypt, bread basket of the Mediterranean
Conquering the Egyptians required no bloodshed
Defeated Persia
Not sure how he died
Died at 23
Persia
Weapons of War






Sesera – 18-foot long spear
Bow and Arrow
Belly Shooters – Cross Boys
Torsion Catapult
Catapult means, “skin penetrator”
Siege Towers
Greek Theatre






Pergamum inspired many famous people in theatre arts
Athenian invention
Essential and very important to Greeks
Showed how they thought about themselves and about the world
Inspired how to build stadiums for the next 2000 years
Their acoustics in the stadiums are amazing due to how they built
them
Chapter 6
Greece’s Golden and Hellenistic Ages








1.
2.
3.

1.
2.
3.
4.
Greek Art of the golden age
Following the Persian wars the wealth and power of Athens attracted
many artist and teachers from throughout the Blacken Peninsula
This made Athens a center of influence throughout the Mediterranean
religion, and the seat of Western civilization for centuries to come.
This Greek influence was known as Hellenism, from the belief that all
Greeks descended from the mythological patriarch of Greece.
The Parthenon, situated on the Acropolis of Athens dedicated to
Athena. Considered one of the finest built buildings ever built.
Built as a shrine
Regarding Greek art, much of it has been lost or destroyed what
remains is often found on ancient vases
Many original Greek sculptures have been lost or destroyed.
Several Greek sculptures of the golden age are known for their
incredible sculptures
Myron- “Discus Thrower” (he always made sculptures of the human
body)
Phidias- “Zeus” (he always made large imposing sculptures)
Praxiteles- “Hermes” (he always made intricate sculptures)
Four Characteristics of Greek art
Focus on the actions and beauty of humans
Pride in Greek city states
Ideals of harmony, balance, order, and moderation
Combination of beauty and usefulness
Section 2


Philosophy- Set of beliefs that define who you are
Philosophers- Lovers of wisdom
Famous Greek Philosophers
1. Thales of Miletus- First Greek philosopher
2. Pythagoras- Mathematical explanation fro the universe: Pythagorean
Theorem
3. Parmenides of Elea- Formal rules of logic for philosophical
arguments
4. Hippocrates- Founder of modern day medicine
5. Democritus- Founder of Atomic Theory
6. Herodotus- First historian of the Western world
7. Thucydides- Studying the past helps us understand human nature
The Big Three Philosophers
1. Socrates













Son of a sculptor
Served in military during Peloponnesian war (city states fighting)
Became a teacher after the war
He was a Sophist
Established the Socratic Method of instruction
Criticized democracy
Made a lot of people angry
Falsely accused of not respecting the gods
Brought to trial and found guilty
Socratic Method
Engage students in logical discussion
Ask questions that make students think
Continue asking questions to compel students to think more deeply
Ultimately students were led to understand the meaning of key areas of life
(“Know Thyself!”)
2. Plato










Student of Socrates
Aristocrat- Wealthy nobles
Founded the Academy- a school developed to the study of philosophy
Used imaginary dialogs to teach
Developed the Theory of Forms- Everything physical is an imperfect
expression of a perfect universal for or idea
Wrote a dialogue about politics called the Republic
The republic
People should do the work for which they are best suited
Don’t try to be something your not
An aristocracy should not be based on birth or wealth but education,
reasoning, intelligence and high ideas.
Our ideals I the USA come from this
3. Aristotle

Had a goal of investigating every known field of knowledge during his life



Studied the political organization of 150 city states
One of those people that loved learning
Believed the best government was a limited democracy that blended
Monarchy and Aristocracy (kind of the way we do in the USA)
Greek Drama



















Greeks were the first people to write Dramas- Plays contains action or
dialogue involving conflict and emotion
There were usually a an choir as well
Greeks carved outdoor theaters into hillsides known as Amphitheaters
Two main types of plays were Tragedies and Comedy’s
Tragedies- main character struggled against fate and tragic hero softer
suffered from Hubris (pride)
Comedies- The mocking of people and ideas including tragic heroes
Alexander the Great
The Macedonians were a strong, warlike people closely related to the Greeks
During the Peloponnesian War, a young man named Philip was taken
hostage in Thebes for 3 years
In Thebes, Philip came to admire the organization of the Theban military and
the Greek lifestyle
After his release, Philip wanted to return to Macedonia and become king, to
bring order to an unruly nation
To do this, Philip established an army with several key elements:
o Cavalry (Soldiers on Horseback)
o Infantry (Soldiers on Foot)
o Archers (Soldiers with Bows)
o Phalanx (Fighting Formation)
With his army, Philip gained control of Macedonia, and then began unifying
Greek city-states under his rule
While many Greeks welcomes the unity, others led by Demosthenes, the
great Greek orator, saw Philip as a threat
However, Demosthenes was unable to unify the Greek city-states, and
eventually Philip 2nd became the ruler of Greece
The Greeks were at last united, yet they had given up much of their freedom.
Phil 2nd then turned his attention to the Persian Empire to the East.
Unfortunately Philip was assassinated before he could reach his goal. His son,
Alexander, succeeded him and became one of the greatest leaders in history.
Alexander, the son of Philip 2nd, was trained in the Theban military, and
educated under the Greek philosopher Aristotle
Following in his father’s footsteps, Alexander crushed the remaining
rebellions among city-states in Greece, and then set out to conquer the world
By 323 B.C., Alexander the Great’s empire spanned from Greece to Egypt,
Persia, and the Indus River Valley in India






In 13 years, Alexander had never lost a battle and had conquered much of the
known world. He spread Hellenism wherever he went.
Hellenism: Greek culture and language
However, at the age of 32, Alexander died of infection. Following his death, a
fierce power struggle broke out among his generals. Ultimately, the empire
was divided into three kingdoms: Macedonia, Egypt, Syria
ECONOMICS
Hellenism provided for a middle class (those who were neither wealthy or
poor) because they were many opportunities to acquire wealth
o HOW? – THE GREEK EMPIRE PROVIDED A SUCCESSFUL MEANS FOR
TRADE
Over time, as the middle class expanded, certain Greek values began to
change.
o WHY? – PEOPLE IN THE GREEK EMPIRE DEMANDED MORE
OPPORTNITY, RIGHTS, AND FREEDOM
Over time, the Greeks increasingly embraced new religious and philosophical
beliefs
o WHY? – AS LOYALTY TO CITY-STATES DESCLINED, PEOPLE BEGAN
LOOKING FOR ANSWERS TO LIFE’S QUESTIONS-SOMETHING ELSE
TO BE LOYAL TO
Schools of Philosophy
 Cynicism – Reject wealth, pleasure, and social status in favor of living a
simple life in harmony with nature
 Skepticism – Achieve peace of mind by accepting the fact that certainty is
unattainable
 Stoicism – Accept what fate brings, and find peace by fulfilling your divine
destiny
 Epicureanism – Seek pleasure, avoid pain. Limit your desires to only what
you can actually obtain.
Math, Science & Medicine
 Euclid – Established the basis for geometry and geometric theorems
 Archimedes – Used geometry to measure spheres, cones, and cylinders. He
also calculated the value of pi (used to calculate the ratio of the
circumference of a circle to its diameter)
 Archimedes also used mathematics to explain the principle of the lever,
which led to key inventions such as the compound pulley and Archimedes
screw.
 Alexandria (Egypt) became the center of research in a number of areas,
including medicine, where Hellenist doctors advanced the study of medicine
through an understanding of anatomy


Aristarchus – Used math to calculate the position of stars and planets, and
proposed the heliocentric theory long before Copernicus. Hellenist
geographers also determined the earth was round.
Hipparchus - Used trigonometry to calculate the times of solar and lunar
eclipses
I HATE BEING COLOR DIFFICIENT
Greek philosophers and scientist were ahead of their time
50 Qs + 10 fill ins
Sec 1
16 Qs
Mostly on the cities of the Balkan Peninsula, which of those cities was focused on
democracy? Myron, Praxiteles, Phidias, Parthenon, acropolis, cosmology,
philosophy,
Sec 2
12 Qs
5 are matching
Thieles of Miletus, Pythagoras, Democritus, Thucydides, Hippocrates, Socrates,
Plato, Aristotle
Sec 3
10 Qs
Phillip 2nd and Alexander the great, where they came from, relation, what made
Phillip’s army so strong, how did he die? How did Alexander come to power,
Hellenism,
Sec 4
12 Qs
4 Matching
Schools of philosophy, Euclid, Archimedes,
Know people to know at beginning of Chap…