A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+.
A functional group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.
A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.
Arrangement of two noncarbon atoms, each bound to one of the carbons in a carbon-carbon double bond, where the two noncarbon atoms are on the same side relative to the double bond.
One of two molecules that are mirror images of each other.
A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.
One of several organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.
An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.
One of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types of isomers are structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers.

The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).
A functional group important in energy transfer.
One of several organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
A functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (--SH).
Arrangement of two noncarbon atoms, each bound to one of the carbons in a carbon-carbon double bond, where the two noncarbon atoms are on opposite sides relative to the double bond.
A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure.
An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins.
The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.
One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.
A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).
A chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
A structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β-1, 4-glycosidic linkages.
A protein molecule that assists the proper folding of other proteins.

A structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.
A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.
A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called a dehydration reaction.
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. In DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.
A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.
The sugar component of DNA, having one less hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA.
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.
The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.
A biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.
A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form fat.

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water.
A type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude the water.
One of a family of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are insoluble in water.
A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules.
The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH
2
O.
A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.
Ahe building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction.
A polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.

The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.
A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.
A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.
A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines.
One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are pyrimidines.
The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.
A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine
(A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.
The sugar component of RNA.
A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.

The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages.
A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.
Irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.
Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.
A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
A technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.