nominationFrom :
Civil Society Organization
goup_organizationName : International Livestock Research Institution
focalPointName :
Delia Grace
solutionTitle : Safe Food Fair Food
streetAddress : Old Naivasha Road
city : Nairobi
state_province_region : Nairobi
country :
Kenya
postalCode : 00100
businessTelephoneNumber :
00254204223417
mobileTelephoneNumber :
faxNumber :
email : j.maru@cgiar.org
initiativeDescription : Safer food can generate both health and wealth for the poor but attaining
safe food and safe food production in developing countries requires a radical change in food
safety assessment, management and communication.
In Africa, the majority of perishable food, such as livestock and fish products and fresh
vegetables, is sold in small-scale, traditional markets which may be called ?informal? or ?wet?
markets. They are typically covered or open markets run by local or municipal authorities,
which consist of tens to hundreds of, small kiosks, tables or spaces on the floor where food and
other products are sold. These markets often lack refrigeration, electricity, running water and
proper waste disposal. In most cultures, both women and men can sell and buy in these markets
but there is often gender differences depending on the products and place. They succeed in
serving a broad range of customers with lower prices and at quality that is often equal to and
sometimes superior to supermarkets. Women have an important role in producing for and
selling in informal markets. However informally marketed foods often contain hazards (that is
germs or chemicals which can harm people). This leads to two problems: a) people get sick too
often, affecting their well-being but also their livelihoods b) governments try and ban informal
food sectors, without taking into account their huge importance to poor farmers and
consumers.
The Safe food, fair food (SFFF) project was initiated in 2008 to develop capacity for improved
food safety in informal markets and enhanced market access by smallholder farmers in SSA. The
project has involved collaboration between a) the International Livestock Research Institute
(ILRI) and WorldFish (WF) both CG centers, b) eight African universities, c) one African and three
European advanced research institutes (ARI). The Safe Food, Fair Food project supports the
sustainable intensification of livestock production by improving the management of livestock
products. It responds to the concern that small-scale producers have no role in modern food
sectors and will be prevented from marketing their products as standards rise. The strategy
adopted is adapting risk-based approaches that are the gold standard for food safety
management in developed countries.
The approach of the project to improving food safety was three pronged:
a) to build champions of risk analysis among senior academics by involving them in training and
projects; b) to build capacity for risk analysis through training graduate fellows and proof of
concept studies;
c) to generate evidence on food safety in informal markets.
mainPartners : The partnership was based on public health work which started in the early
1990s between ILRI and the University of Nairobi. This work, focusing mainly on dairy value
chains, expanded to other East African countries. At the same time, research on urban
agriculture brought new partnerships in Uganda and west Africa. These pre-exisiting
partnerhships meant the new consortiium was effective right from the start. To date,
universities and research institues in 11 African countries have been involved: Egypt, Kenya,
Tanzania, Ethiopia, Uganda, Ghana, C?te d?Ivoire, Mali, Senegal, Mozambique and South Africa.
The project was made possible through donor funding that built a consortium of CG research
centers, advanced research institutions (ARI) in Germany, Japan and Africa and leading African
universities. The CG and ARIs brought capacity in a new approach (participatory risk analysis) as
well as links to latest thinking on food safety from other parts of the world. The African
universities brought knowledge of national and sub-national food safety, strong links with
national stakeholders, and a solid track record in public health research. African universities had
a key role in mapping the local policy environment, identifying ?food safety champions?,
supporting students and conducting poof of concept studies. The ARIs provided additional
capacity building, supported south-south learning, and gave access to laboratory and technical
resources not otherwise available. The donor resources facilitated fieldwork, training and
presentation at conferences for African graduate fellows. The project started in 2008 and the
second phase is ongoing as have August 2013; this relatively long-term engagement helped
develop relationships and also gave the opportunity of building on work done in earlier phases.
Linking 14 institutions allowed mutual learning.
In 2008, training courses of participatory risk analysis were held in Pretoria, South Africa and
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and graduate students and risk champions (stakeholders from both public
and private sector related with animal source food production, marketing and food safety)
identified in the eight member countries were invited. Lectures were mainly provided by ARI
and CG with African Universities providing some lectures and organizing practical work.
Throughout the project follow-up training was provided (in Arusha, Addis, Hanoi, Pretoria,
Nairobi, Rakuno Gakuen and Abidjan).
Between 2008 and 2009, food safety situation analysis was conducted to study food safety
policy and value chains of animal-source foods, and to prioritize food safety problems in eight
countries. All the countries held a meeting with stakeholders to analyze the food safety.
In parallel, proof of concept participatory risk analysis studies were conducted by graduate
students between 2009 and 2011. In all 25 students were involved, 23 from developing
countries. Five received PhDs, 18 MSc and two a graduate thesis. Eight were women and the
rest male. There have been more than 50 presentations of work at international conferences
and more than ten journal articles.
The results of food safety situational analysis and risk assessments were presented in National
Workshops inviting food safety stakeholders both public and private sector in each country
between 2010 and 2011 and food safety issues were discussed in a participatory manner.
In the second phase, detailed risk assessments were conducted in 4 African countries, giving for
the first time a full profile of the range of food-borne disease. As part of this systematic
literature reviews were conducted, which was a new methodology for many partners.
Currently, partners are developing and testing strategies for improving food safety that can be
feasible for informal markets.
Our investment partner
German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)/ German Agency
for International Cooperation (GIZ)
Our main local, regional and international partners
Addis Ababa University (AAU) is one of the largest higher learning institutions in Africa and the
oldest higher educational institution in Ethiopia. AAU started its operation in 1950 under the
name University College of Addis Ababa. It was renamed Haile Selassie I University in 1962 and
then Addis Ababa University in 1975.
Biosciences eastern and central Africa (BecA) Hub is an initiative developed within the
framework of Centres of Excellence for Science and Technology in Africa. Its role in the project is
to provide world class support and capacity building on molecular epidemiology, diagnostics and
genomics.
Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C?te d?Ivoire (CSRS) was founded in 1951. Its
mission is to encourage and support north-south research partners in West Africa, according to
national and regional priorities.
Free University of Berlin (FUB), Germany is the largest of the four universities in Berlin with
around 40,000 students. German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) was set up in
November 2002 to strengthen consumer health protection. Both have helped deliver training
courses and provided opportunities for capacity building in German laboratories.
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) works with partners worldwide to support the
role livestock play in pathways out of poverty. ILRI research products help people in developing
countries enhance their livestock-dependent livelihoods, health and environments through
better livestock systems, health, productivity and marketing. ILRI is a member of the CGIAR
Consortium of 15 research centres working for a food secure future. ILRI has its headquarters in
Nairobi, Kenya, a principal campus in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and other offices in southern and
West Africa and South, Southeast and East Asia.
National Veterinary Research Institute of Mozambique (INIVE) is an institution working under
jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture of Mozambique (IIAM), with the overall objective to
control animal disease and food borne disease.
Makerere University is Uganda?s largest and second-oldest higher institution of learning, and
was first established as a technical school in 1922. In 1963 it became the University of East
Africa, offering courses leading to general degrees from the University of London.
Rakuno Gakuen University is a private university in Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan, established in 1960.
It includes the school of veterinary medicine with 140 vet and 60 animal technician students
enrolled each year, a wildlife center, environmental science unit and Japan?s first veterinary
epidemiology unit.
Sokoine University of Agriculture began in 1964 as an agricultural college offering diploma in
agriculture. It was elevated to a faculty of agriculture in 1969 and established as a university in
1984. It has three faculties: agriculture, forestry and veterinary medicine.
University of Ghana is the oldest and largest of the five Ghanaian public universities. It was
founded in 1948 as the University College of the Gold Coast, and gained full university status in
1961. It now has nearly 24,000 students and is mainly based at Legon, about twelve kilometres
north-east of the centre of Accra.
University of Nairobi is the largest university in Kenya. Its history as an educational institution
goes back to 1956, and it has been an independent university until 1970. It has around 30,000
enrolled students and six campus colleges including the College of Agriculture and Veterinary
Sciences.
University of Pretoria in South Africa is a multi-campus university. Its faculty of Veterinary
Medicine is the second oldest in Africa.
WorldFish is another CGIAR research centre and an international, non-profit research
organization dedicated to reducing poverty and hunger by improving fisheries and aquaculture.
achievementsAndImpact : The direct users of research results are the food safety stakeholders
identified in the first phase of the project and engaged through capacity-building activities in all
ten countries. Through targeted dissemination of the findings, methods, and tools developed
and tested the food safety champions cultivated in Safe Food, Fair Food will be able to continue
to influence food safety in a more evidence-based, equitable and pro-poor direction and the
project will assess the impacts of these changes.
The ultimate beneficiaries of the research results will be the producers, in-put suppliers,
processors, traders and consumers in the five high-potential value chains. In the longer term,
the results of these large-scale interventions will be scaled-up and scaled-out to cover other
value chains in sub-Saharan Africa
The first phase of the project (2008-11) built core capacity in risk-based methods through
training and practical application in 24 proof-of-concept studies in eight countries in subSaharan Africa. For the first time, comprehensive assessments were made of a range of
pathogens. In some countries, stakeholders were given access to technologies to allow them to
assess important pathogens which had never previously been described in foods ? for example,
Listeria moncytogenes in Ghana.
The key objective of the project was capacity-building and this has been very successful. While
the original project budget covered four Masters students, the first phase was able to expand to
supporting 25 students at Bachelor, Masters, MPhil and PhD level through leveraging other
resources and funds. The second phase is currently supporting 7 MSc students, four PhD
students and a post-doctoral fellow.
A majority of the first phase graduates are now working in research and/or policy institues in
developing countries. One of the MSc candidates has been awarded the prestigious Borlaug
award.
The project also supported African scientists to participate in high level meetings convened by
international organisations and used these fora to pass messages on food safety in informal
markets:
?World Bank workshop on standards and trade;
?Food-borne Disease Epidemiology Reference Group of the World Health Organisation;
?Thematic Reference Group on Environment, Agriculture and Infectious Diseases of Poverty of
the World Health Organisation; and
?FAO Codex alimentarius committee in C?te d?Ivoire
A summary of the achievements of the First and Second Phases to date:
?Stakeholder identification & assessment 9 countries
?National stakeholder workshops 9 countries
?Identify champions 28 food safety champions from 24 institutes
?Theoretical training in PRA 10 training courses achieved
?Practical training in Food Safety 29 training courses achieved
30 case studies carried out
?Develop and test tools for PRA Manual on tools available
?Disseminate materials Over 100 publications/presentations
Book being published in 2013
Most of the case studies were able to demonstrate benefits for the participating communties.
These have been documentd in an impact assessment for the project. For example, in Mali,
group discussion had immediate effect when farmers exchanged knowledge about breeds,
supplementary feeding in the dry season and how to handle abortions or stillbirth in cattle. At
the same time risk factors could be identified. In peri-urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, farmers
learned about testing possibilities and treatment options of milk. In another example, a
butchery who sold spoiled meat in Arusha, Tanzania, was closed by the local authorities
following feedback from the survey. Ever since then local health inspectors come for inspection
once a week. One of the poultry abattoirs in Maputo, Mozambique, had been closed twice
before and was shut down again following the study. The owner of the butchery asked to
participate in the workshop to improve the situation and get advice. Today, university students
are taken there for presenting ?best practice? examples of local abattoirs.
sustainability :
In the first phase, over 50 food safety decision-makers from eight countries
including key food safety experts and professionals from universities, food and drug authorities,
public health departments, national agricultural research institutes and veterinary departments
were trained in short-term courses and national workshops. The research teams in the different
countries were linked through annual meetings and a website to stimulate exchange and colearning. All these people will be the future champions of risk-based approaches.
The achievements of the first phase of the project will be consolidated and expanded through
addressing selected high-potential value chains and regional policy and education. Together,
improved policy and practice will lead to tangible benefits for smallholders and other small-scale
value chain actors, including poor consumers. An important part of the second phase is
engagement with regional economic communities, the private sector and veterinary universities
for a more enabling environment.
innovation : In the first phase, over 50 food safety decision-makers from eight countries
including key food safety experts and professionals from universities, food and drug authorities,
public health departments, national agricultural research institutes and veterinary departments
were trained in short-term courses and national workshops. The research teams in the different
countries were linked through annual meetings and a website to stimulate exchange and colearning. All these people will be the future champions of risk-based approaches.
The achievements of the first phase of the project will be consolidated and expanded through
addressing selected high-potential value chains and regional policy and education. Together,
improved policy and practice will lead to tangible benefits for smallholders and other small-scale
value chain actors, including poor consumers. An important part of the second phase is
engagement with regional economic communities, the private sector and veterinary universities
for a more enabling environment.
replicabilityAndScalingUp : This project?s risk-based approach to food safety is being used in
animal source food value chains in Ethiopia, Mali, Tanzania and Uganda. Whilst findings of riskbased assessments are necessarily local/context-specific, the approach has been able to be
replicated not only between regions but between countries. Initially four risk assessment
studies were planned but these have increased to 25 and were conducted in eight sub-Saharan
countries supported by additional funds from other donors. This shows the interest in the
concept of participatory risk analysis and the demand for capacity building in risk analysis. The
expansion from a first phase with 8 countries to the second phase with another 2 countries
shows that scaling has already been achieved. Furthermore, the approach has also been
successfully used in India, Vietnam, Thailand, and a new project is starting next year in Zambia.
areasOfContribution : a.Job creation: How has the initiative had an impact on unemployment,
etc.
The project?s focus is safeguarding rather than creating jobs. As well as being one of the few
livelihood strategies open to poor women, the informal food sector is of great importance to the
economy. In South Africa, it is probably the single largest informal sector employer; in Ghana
the street food sector employs over 60,000 people and has an estimated annual turnover of
over US $100 million. If producers and sellers in informal markets cannot produce safe food of
adequate quality then they risk being forced out of increasingly quality conscious markets. Our
research showed for example:
?A study on brucellosis in peri-urban Nairobi found that although brucellosis was present in
milk, the risk to human health was very low because of the universal practice of boiling before
consumption (Ndongo F.K., 2009).
?
However, social norms in Fulani communities in West Africa literally do not allow boiling
milk requiring other methods for safeguarding health (Foukou G., Kon? V.B., 2010).
?
A quantitative risk assessment of Staphylococcus aureus in milk in Ethiopia showed
traditional fermentation was very effective at reducing risk to consumers (Makita K., Desissa F.,
2011).
?A study on smoking fish in C?te d?Ivoire showed the high level of contamination with possibly
carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). The study also identified other ways of
smoking fish that would not lead to contamination.
b.Income-generation: How has the initiative benefited disadvantaged groups (e.g., women's'
groups, indigenous peoples, rural communities, etc.)?
There is a tendency for Southern countries to adopt international food quality standards
without considering local contexts. As a result, conventional food safety policies often ban any
product with germs (haz?ards) in it. Small-scale farmers often find it difficult to comply with
these standards and could therefore be prevented from marketing their products. A risk-based,
context-specific approach ensures that stakeholders in the smallholder value chains are not
unfairly excluded from the market due to perceived food safety risk; Interventions are based on
real evidence-based risk analysis. For example, economic assessment of the Smallholder Dairy
Project in Kenya showed that recognising the informal sector and giving training and
certification led to benefits worth US$ 28 million per annum, thus showing the high potential
impacts of better ways to manage food safety.
c.Infrastructure development: What contribution has the initiative made to affordable
alternative energy sources, creation of new information systems and provision of other
infrastructure?
The project did not focus on infrastructure development. Nonetheless, the situational analysis
drew attention to the importance of ?pre-requisites? along the food chain. This includes running
water, waste disposal and, ideally, electricity and refrigeration. In all countries, the project
conducted an analysis of food safety policy, and held at least one major workshop with
government stakeholders, recognizing that public investment in infrastructure is one of the key
interventions for increasing food safety.
d.Education: How has the initiative resulted in increased enrolment in rural schools, including
improvements in quality of education, integration of science and technology with emphasis on
girls, and improved physical infrastructure?
Childhood nutrition is essential for mental development. As well as increasing the capacity of
children, improved financial security through improving market participation allows school fees
and materials to be funded. However, the focus of the project was on tertiary education, as our
hypothesis was that it was necessary to build capacity at higher levels in order to create an
enabling environment for food safety in informal markets.
e.Social inclusion: How are the solutions geared towards uplifting disadvantaged groups,
women, youth and poor communities? How has the initiative had an impact on small and
medium-sized enterprises and community group projects?
Increasingly, smallholders are being side-lined by larger businesses with greater marketing
power and perceived food safety standards. Risk-based analysis and intervention allows
smallholders to access markets with high standards. Women have an important role in
producing, processing, selling and preparing food. These roles may have negative and positive
impacts on their health, and also lead to differences in health outcomes for men and women.
While some of this difference is attributable to biology (for example, women are more prone to
auto-immune diseases, and pregnancy brings many risks to health), differences in health and
nutrition states are also attributable to gender. In some cases, men or boys may experience
worse health outcomes.
Examples from the SFFF studies show how:
? Men?s and women?s differential exposure to agriculture-related risks are better understood,
particularly as it relates to health outcomes;
? Women have increased capacity to manage risks and are more involved in the surveillance of
risks;
? Women directly benefit from interventions designed to reduce agriculture-associated
diseases, taking into account roles and responsibilities that may put them at increased risk of
exposure.
f.Outreach: How have the solutions had an impact on changing peoples? attitudes, lifestyles and
understanding (e.g., regarding HIV/AIDS, agricultural innovations, changes of education
curriculum, human rights, etc.)?
The solutions offered by the project focus on improving capacity, skills, knowledge and equity. A
peer-to-peer impact assessment was conducted in which researchers from one African country
evaluated programs in another. Across a range of areas for impact (capacity-building, national
workshops, community studies, etc.) the country teams scored highly.
Impact assessment Grand total
Assessment points
KN ET TZ MZ SA GN CD,ML Average
Grand total
61
64 62 53 54.5 57 59.4 58.7
Percent
81.3
85.3 82.7 70.7 72.7 76.0 79.2 78.3
g.Networks: How has the initiative provided solutions that link various individual groups,
organizations and government through networks (e.g., scientists and governments to address a
particular issue; NGOs; women groups)?
An internet-based platform has been established, for exchange between experts and
professionals from universities, food and drug authorities, public health departments, national
agricultural research institutes and veterinary departments. Annual meetings will be conducted
for researchers from the different countries.
h.Environment: How have solutions contributed to conservation, management of natural
resources (e.g., sustainable forest management), pollution mitigation, minimization or
combating of poaching of wildlife, etc.?
The project focus is on improving smallholder based value chains. Poor housing and lack of
housing affects animal welfare and hygiene, does not allow the efficient collection and use of
manure, and could contribute to water-source pollution. A much more important source of
environmental contamination is slaughter in poorly run urban and peri-urban abattoirs or
butcheries. An underlying argument for smallholder intensification is that it reduces the
greenhouse gas produced per unity of meat, milk and fish produced and thus can be climate
change mitigating.
i.Global Health: How environmental, societal and life-style factors create an impact on health?
What are the challenges the community and individuals are faced with to come up with practical
and sustainable solutions?
Animal-source foods are the single most important source of food-borne disease. About 80% of
the animal-source foods are distributed through informal markets without adequate safety
inspection. As a result, most of the people living in the region are exposed to a variety of foodborne agents which can cause diarrhoea, fever, chronic wasting, abortions or even epilepsy and
cancer. These infections can have severely negative impacts on the population, including a high
infant mortality, and may contribute significantly to the re?gion?s poverty. Every year, about 1.5
million children under five years of age die from diarrhoeal diseases worldwide, with 80% of
these child deaths occurring in South Asia and Africa. Improved food safety will have a huge
impact on Global Health.
Our studies in the informal sector have shown that simple interventions can lead to substantial
improvements in food safety. These interventions involved training, simple technologies (such
as use of wide-necked vessels for milk which are easier to clean), social approval, tests for food
safety which can be applied by traders and consumers (e.g. lactometers to check for added
water) and certification of trained vendors. For example, our training of butchers in Ibadan
resulted in a 20% decrease in meat of unacceptable quality. We calculated that training one
butcher cost $8.82 but resulted in 1,641 fewer cases of diarrhoea in consumers of the meat she
sold. Just in terms of money saved in medical fees this saved $780.
j.Agriculture & Food security: How the solutions help poor and developing countries take
advantage of advanced agricultural technology, innovation and knowledge systems to explore
new ways of helping vulnerable rural communities?
The intervention phase of this project introduces best-bet interventions, which directly address
the risks people in informal markets (from farm to fork) face. The interventions are based on
solid research, to ensure they do not ?miss the mark.? The food safety champions trained in the
first phase will be agents of change.
The CG and ARIs brought capacity in a new approach (participatory risk analysis) as well as links
to latest thinking on food safety from other parts of the world. The African universities brought
knowledge of national and sub-national food safety, strong links with national stakeholders, and
a solid track record in public health research.
awarenessOfTheInitiative :
Journal articles ? peer reviewed
1.Dessisa F, Makita K, Zewde G, Grace D, Teklu A. (2013) Raw milk consumption behaviour and
assessment of its risk factors among dairy producers in urban and peri-urban areas of Debre
Zeit, Ethiopia: Implication for public health. International Journal of Agricultural Science (in
press).
2.Grace D, Kang'ethe E and Waltner-Toews D. (2012) Participatory and integrative approaches
to food safety in developing country cities. Tropical Animal Health and Production 44(Suppl 1):
S1-S2
3.Grace D. (2012) The deadly gifts of livestock, Agriculture for Development, 17:14-16
4.Herrero M, Grace D, Njuki J, Johnson N, Enahoro D, Silvestri S and Rufino MC. (2012) The roles
of livestock in developing countries. Animal, Available on CJO 2012
doi:10.1017/S1751731112001954 FirstView Article, pp. 1-16
5.Kouam?-Sina SM, Bassa A, Makita K, Costard S, Grace D, Bonfoh B. (2013) Hazard identification
and exposure assessment for bacterial risk assessment of informally-marketed milk in Abidjan,
C?te d?Ivoire. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 33 (4): 223-234.
6.Makita K, Desissa F, Grace D et al. (2012) Risk assessment of Staphylococcal poisoning due to
consumption of informally-marketed milk and home-made yoghurt in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
International Journal of Food Microbiology 153: 135-141.
7.Yobouet BA, Kouam?-Sina SM, Dadi? A, Makita K, Grace D, Dj? KM, Bonfoh B (2012).
Contamination of raw milk with Bacillus cereus from farm to retail in Abidjan, C?te d?Ivoire and
possible health implications. Submitted to Dairy science and technology.
8.Yobouet BA, Dadi? A, Bonfoh B, Makita K, Grace D, Dj? KM, Meile L (2013). Virulence factors
and antibiotics resistance of Bacillus cereus group species isolated in traditionally marketed raw
milk in Abidjan, C?te d?Ivoire. Submitted to Letters in Applied Microbiology.
9.Perry B. and Grace D. 2009. The impacts of livestock diseases and their control on growth and
development processes that are pro-poor. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B,
364: 2643-2655
10.Kouam?-Sina S.M., Bassa A., Dadi? A., Makita K., Grace D., Dj? M. and Bonfoh B. 2010.
Analyse des risques microbiens du lait cru local ? Abidjan (C?te d?Ivoire). Revue Africaine de
Sant? et de Productions Animales 8(S): 35-42.
11.Grace D., Makita K., Kang'ethe E.K. and Bonfoh B. 2010. Safe Food, Fair Food: Participatory
risk analysis for improving the safety of informally produced and marketed food in sub-Saharan
Africa. Revue Africaine de Sant? et de Productions Animales 8(S): 3-11.
12.Fokou G., Kon? V.B., Bonfoh B. 2010. ? Mon lait est pur et ne peut pas rendre malade ? :
Motivations des acteurs du secteur informel et qualit? du lait local au Mali. Revue Africaine de
Sant? et de Productions Animales 8(S): 75 ? 86
13.Traor? S.G., Kouss?mon M., Odermatt P., Aka N.D., Adoubryn K.D., Assoumou A., Dreyfuss G.,
Bonfoh B. 2010. Risque de contraction de Tr?matodoses alimentaires avec la consommation des
crustac?s vendus sur les march?s d?Abidjan. Revue Africaine de Sant? et de Productions
Animales 8(S): 45 ? 52
14.Ak?-Assi Y., Biego G.H.M., Koffi K.M., Kouam? P., Achi L., Bonfoh B. 2010. Validation de la
m?thode de d?termination du Benzo (a)Pyrene dans des poissons frais et fum?s vendus et
consomm?s en C?te d?Ivoire. Revue Africaine de Sant? et de Productions Animales 8(S): 53 ? 58
15.Bonfoh B. 2010. Valeur ajout?e de la participation dans l?analyse de risques des aliments ?
l?intersection des secteurs formel et informel. Revue Africaine de Sante et de Productions
Animales 8(S): 1- 2
16.Makita K., F?vre E.M., Waiswa C., Bronsvoort M.D.C., Eisler M.C. and Welburn S.C.. 2010.
Population-dynamics focussed rapid rural mapping and characterization of the peri-urban
interface of Kampala, Uganda. Land Use Policy 27(3): 888-897.
17.Makita K., F?vre E.M., Waiswa C., Eisler M.C., Welburn S.C.. (2010) How Human Brucellosis
Incidence in Urban Kampala Can Be Reduced Most Efficiently? A Stochastic Risk Assessment of
Informally-marketed Milk. PLoS One 5, e14188.
18.Makita K., Grace D., Randolph T.F., Baker D., Staal S. 2010. ILRI/BMZ safe food fair food:
Building capacity to improve the safety of animal-source foods and ensure continued market
access for poor farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Veterinary Epidemiology 14(1):19-20.
19.Makita K., F?vre E.M., Waiswa C., Kaboyo W., Eisler M.C., Welburn S.C.. (2011) Evidencebased identification of the most important livestock related zoonotic diseases in Kampala,
Uganda. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 8, electronically published ahead of print.
20.Kouam?-Sina S.M., Dadi? A., Makita K., Grace D., Dje M., Taminiau B., Daube G., Bonfoh B.
2011. Diversity, phylogenetic relationship and antibacterial potential of Bifidobacterium species
isolated from raw milk production chain in Abidjan (C?te d'Ivoire). African Journal of
Microbiology Research 5(21): 3394-3403.
21.Makita K., Desissa F., Teklu A., Zewde G. and Grace D. 2012. Risk assessment of
staphylococcal poisoning due to consumption of informally-marketed milk and home-made
yoghurt in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. International Journal of Food Microbiology 153(1-2):135-141.
Book chapters ? peer reviewed
1.Atwill E R, Xunde L, Grace D, Gannon V (2012). Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads in
livestock, In: Dufour A and Bartram J (ed), Animal Waste, Water Quality And Human Health,
World Health Organisation, Geneva, Unites States Environmental Protection Agency, USA and
IWA publishing.
2.Gannon V, Grace D, Atwill R (2012). Zoonotic waterborne pathogens in livestock and their
excreta ? interventions. In: Dufour A and Bartram J (ed), Animal Waste, Water Quality And
Human Health, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Unites States Environmental Protection
Agency, USA and IWA publishing
3.McDermott J and Grace D (2012). Agriculture-associated diseases: Adapting agriculture to
improve human health. In: Fan, S. and Pandya-Lorch, R. Reshaping agriculture for nutrition and
health. Washington, D.C.: IFPRI: 103-111
Posters and conference presentations
1.Desissa F, Grace D, 2012 Raw Milk Consumption Behaviour and Assessment of its Risk Factors
among Dairy Producers in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia: Implication for
Public Health, Tropentag, September 19-21, 2012, G?ttingen - Kassel/Witzenhausen
2.Dos Muchangos AB, McCrindle CME, Matusse H, Makita K (2012). Prerequisites for HACCP in
poultry processing in Maputo, Mozambique. International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology
and Economics (ISVEE XIII), 20 - 24 August 2012; Maastricht, the Netherlands.
3.Grace, D. and McDermott, J. 2012. Agriculture for nutrition and health. Presented at the 2012
Ecohealth conference, Kunming, China, 15-18 October 2012. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI
4.Grace D and Randolph T, 2012, CGIAR Research Program Livestock and Fish and its synergies
with CGIAR Research Program Agriculture for Nutrition and Health, Agriculture for
Development, 26-27th September, Uppsala, Sweden
5.Grace, D and McDermott J, 2012, International agricultural research and agricultural
associated diseases, International One Health Summit, Global Risk Forum, Davos, Switzerland
6.Grace D and Randolph T, 2012, Innovations and incentives in agricultural research for poor
countries, Agriculture for Development, 26-27th September, Uppsala, Sweden
7. Toyomaki H, Mahundi E, Ishihara K, Kurwijila L, Grace D, Makita K (2012). Quantitative risk
assessment of acquiring campylobacteriosis from consumption of ready-to-eat beef in Arusha
Municipality, Tanzania. Japan Society of Veterinary Epidemiology held in March 2012
8.Kurwijilla LR, Mdegela RH (2012). Management to prevent S. aureus mastitis in small-scale
dairy farms in Tanzania. IDF World Dairy Summit, Cape Town, 2012 (oral presentation)
9.Kilango K, Makita K, Kurwijila LR, Grace D (2012) Boiled milk, food safety and the risk of
exposure to milk borne pathogens in informal dairy markets in Tanzania. IDF World Dairy
Summit, Cape Town, 2012 (oral presentation)
10.Makita K, Kang?ethe E, Zewde G, Kurwijila L, Matusse H, McCrindle C, Tano-Debrah K, Bonfoh
B, Costard S, Grace D. (2012) Key messages from Safe food Fair food project: food safety in
informally marketed livestock products in sub Saharan Africa. International Symposium on
Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, (ISVEE XIII), 20 - 24 August 2012; Maastricht, the
Netherlands. (Poster)
11. Mahundi E, Karimuribo ED, Makita K, Toyomaki H, Ngowi HE, Grace D, Kurwijila LR (2012)
Quantitative assessment of the risk of acquiring campylobacteriosis from consumption of readyto-eat beef in Arusha Municipality, Tanzania. International Symposium on Veterinary
Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE XIII), 20 - 24 August 2012; Maastricht, the Netherlands.
(Poster)
12.Toyomaki H, Mahundi E, Ishihara K, Kurwijila L, Grace D, Makita K. 2012. Quantitative risk
assessment of acquiring campylobacteriosis from consumption of ready-to-eat beef in Arusha
Municipality, Tanzania. Japan Society of Veterinary Epidemiology held in March 2012
13.Traor? SG, Costard S, Krabi R, Odermatt P, Utzinger J, Makita K, Grace D, Kouss?mon M,
Bonfoh B. (2012) Assessment of exposure to Vibrio in shellfish consumed in Abidjan, C?te
d?Ivoire. International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Poster)
14.dos Muchangos ABC, Matusse H, Hendrickx SCJ, McCrindle CME (2013). Food Safety in
Mozambique: From research to implementation (submitted to AITVM 2013 conference)
15.Roesel K , Holmes K, Kungu J, Grace D, Pezo DQ, Ouma EA, Baumann M, Fries R, Ejobi F,
Clausen PH (2013). Fit for human consumption? A qualitative survey at a Ugandan pig abattoir
(submitted to AITVM 2013 conference)
16.Shija F, Misinzo G, Nonga H, Kurwijila LR, Roesel K, Grace D (2013). The use of polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) to confirm presence of selected pathogenic bacteria along milk value chain
in Tanga region (submitted to AITVM 2013 conference) Gervelmeyer A. 2009. Food safety and
food sovereignty: A possible linkage for rural development? Paper presented at the VSF Europa
Symposium on Food Sovereignty, Pineto, Italy, 8-9 October 2009. Pineto, Italy: Centro
Internazionale per la Formazione e l'Informazione Veterinaria.
17.Grace D. 2010. Risk-based approaches to food safety in developing countries. Paper
presented at the annual conference of the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics
Society, Adelaide, Australia, 9-12 February 2010.
18.Fahrion A., Richa K., Jamir L., Begum S., Rutsa V., Ao S., Padmakumar V., Grace D. 2010. Risk
assessment in the pork meat chain in Nagaland, India. A poster prepared for the Annual Meeting
of the Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Nantes, France, March 2426, 2010. UK: Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine.
19.Makita, K.; Grace, D.; Randolph, T.F.; Baker, D.; Staal, S. 2010. Safe food, fair food: building
capacity to improve the safety of animal-source foods and ensure continued market access for
poor farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. A poster prepared for the ILRI Annual Program Meeting
(APM) 2010, held at ILRI campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April 14-17, 2010. Nairobi (Kenya): ILRI.
20.Grace, D., Thuy, D.N., Kang?ethe, E., Fahrion, A., Monda, J. and Lapar, M.L. 2010. Don?t eat
your greens (or your mom may be wrong). Paper presented at EcoHealth Conference 2010,
London, England, 18-20 August 2010.
21.Tano-Debrah, K., Appiah, J., Makita, K., Grace, D., Bomfeh, K., 2010. Application of
participatory methods in assessing the risk of consuming raw milk from informal markets in
Ghana contaminated with Listeria monocytotenes. Presented at the 15th World Congress on
Food Science and Technology, Cape Town, South Africa, 22-26 August 2010
22.Makita K, Grace D, Baumann M, Br?unig J, Randolph T, Baker D and Unger F. 2010. ILRI/BMZ
Safe Food Fair Food: Building capacity to improve the safety of animal-source foods and ensure
continued market access for poor farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Poster presented at Tropentag
2010, Zurich, Switzerland, 14-16 September 2010. Nairobi: ILRI
23.Fahrion AS, Grace D, Toan NN, Thuy DN, Staal S and Lapar L. 2010. Risk assessment in the
pork meat chain in two districts of Viet Nam. Paper presented at Tropentag 2010, Zurich
Switzerland, 14-16 September 2010. Nairobi: ILRI
24.Fahrion, A., Ngoc, T.N., Ngoc, T.D., Lapar, L., Grace, D. 2010. Risk assessment in the pork
meat chain in 2 districts of Vietnam. A Residency Training Project in collaboration with the
International Livestock Research Institute. A poster. Nairobi (Kenya): ILRI.
25.Grace, D., Makita, K., Baumann, M., Br?unig, J. and Unger, F. 2011. ILRI/BMZ Safe Food Fair
Food: Enhanced capacity to improve the safety of animal-source foods and ensure continued
market access for poor farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Paper presented at the Second
International Food Safety and Zoonoses Symposium, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 21-22 July 2011.
Nairobi: ILRI
26.Bomfeh, K., Tano-Debrah, K., Daalia, F.K., Bediako-Amoa, B., 2011. Occurence of Listeria
monocytogenes in traditionally processed fish on informal markets in Accra, Ghana. 27th
Biennal Conference of the Ghana Science Association on Promoting the Development of AgroProcessing Industries to Enhance Value Addition for Local and Export Markets: The Role of
Science and Technology. Kumasi, July 10-15, 2011.
27.Tano-Debrah, Saalia, F.K., Bediako-Amoa, B., Bomfeh, K., 2011. Listeria monocytogenes: An
emerging food-borne pathogen in Ghana? University of Ghana, College of Health Sciences,
Annual Scientific Conference on The Increasing Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases in
Ghana, Accra, September 21-23, 2011.
28.Bomfeh, K., Tano-Debrah, K., Saalia, F.K., Bediako-Amoa, B., 2012. Risk Assessment for
Listeria monocytogenes in hot-smoked fish on informal markets in Madina, Accra. 17th Faculty
of Science Colloquium, University of Ghana, March 21, 2012.
29.Proceedings of International Congress on Pathogens at the Human-Animal Interface, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia, September 2011
30.Ak? Assi Datte, Y., Biego, G.H., Koffi, M., Kouam?, P., Bonfoh, B. 2011. Formation of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons in traditionally smoked fish released for consumption in Abidjan, C?te
d?Ivoire. Presentation.
31.Amenu, K., Markemann, A., Roessler, R., Siegmund-Schultze, M. and Valle Z?rate, A. 2011.
Inadequate access to safe water for livestock and people in Ethiopian rural settings: Implications
for health. Poster.
32.Appiah, J., Tano-Debrah, K., Annor, G.A., Alpha, M.M., Makita, K. and Grace, D. 2011.
Quantitative probabalistic assessment of the risk of listeriosis from the consumption of milk
from informal markets in Ghana. Poster.
33.Bassa, A.Y., Kouam?-Sina, S.M., Dadi?, A., Makita, K., Bonfoh, B. 2011. Bacillus cereus risk
assessment in raw milk consumed in the informal dairy sector in C?te d?Ivoire. Presentation.
34.Bomfeh, K., Tano-Debrah, K., Saalia F.K. 2011. Exposure assessment for Listeria
monocytogenes in hot-smoked fish in Ghana. Poster.
35.Dessisa, F., Makita, K., Teklu, A., Zewde, G. and Grace, D. 2011. Isolation and identification of
Staphylococcus aureus from informally marketed bovine milk in urban and peri urban areas of
Debre Zeit. Poster.
36.Dessisa, F., Makita, K., Teklu, A., Zewde, G. and Grace, D. 2011. Raw milk consumption and its
implication for public health. Poster.
37.Heeb, A., McCrindle, C.M.E., Valle Z?rate, A., Ramrajh, S., Grace, D. and Siegmund-Schultze,
M. 2011. The potential for game meat edible by-products to contribute to food security in South
Africa and risk assessment. Poster.
38.Heeb, A., McCrindle, C.M.E., Valle Z?rate, A., Ramrajh, S., Siegmund-Schultze, M., Makita, K.
and Grace, D. 2011. Informally marketed meat in South Africa: a qualitative risk assessment.
Poster.
39.Kasse, F.N., Makita, K., Siegmund-Schultze, M., Piepho, H.P., Grace, D., Kang?ethe, E. and
Valle Z?rate, A. 2011.Choice of breeds and husbandry practices influencing the safety of milk
and milk products in smallholder dairy farms in peri-urban Nairobi, focusing on brucellosis.
Presentation.
40.Kilango, K., Makita, K., Kurwijila, L. and Grace, D. 2011. Food safety in milk markets of
smallholder farmers in Tanzania: A case study of peri-urban wards in Temeke. Poster.
41.Kon?, V.B., Foukou, G., Makita, K., Grace, D., Gnabely, Y. 2011. Social representation and
perception of the quality of animal source foods in Cinzana, Mali. Presentation.
42.Kouam?-Sina, S.M, Yobouet, B.A., Dadi?, A., Makita, K., Grace, D., Dj?, M. and Bonfoh, B.
2011. Bacterial risk assessment in informally produced milk consumption in C?te d?Ivoire.
Presentation.
43.Tano-Debrah, K., Appiah, J., Apha, M.M., Makita, K., Grace, D. 2011. Qualitative assessment
of Listeria monocytogenes exposure among consumers of milk in informal markets in Ghana.
44.Mahundi, E., Kurwijila, L.R., Karimuribo, E.D., Makita, K., Ngowi, H.E. and Grace, D. 2011.
Food safety risk assessment in beef in Arusha municipality, Tanzania. Presentation.
45.Makita, K., Kang?ethe, E., Zewde, G., Kurwijila, L., Matusse, H. 2011. Use of participatory
methods in food safety risk analysis of informally marketed livestock products in sub Saharan
Africa ? advantages and challenges. Presentation.
46.Molefe, S.M., McCrindle, C.M.E., Botha, C.J., Makita, K. and Grace, D. 2011. Situation analysis
on South African animal medicines, animal health and animal residues in foodstuffs. Poster.
47.Molefe, S.M., McCrindle, C.M.E., Botha, C.J., Makita, K. and Grace, D. 2011. A critical review
of food safety legislation and policy applicable to products of animal origin in South Africa.
Presentation.
48.Muchangos, A.C., McCrindle, C., Matusse, H., Makita, K. and Grace, D. 2011. Prerequisites for
HACCP in small-scale poultry production in Maputo, Mozambique. Poster.
49.Mwai, C.W., Makita, K., Arimi, S.M., Kangethe, E.K. and Grace, D. 2011. Escherichia coli (E.
coli) O157 in beef carcasses in slaughter houses in Nairobi, Kenya. Poster.
50.Ramrajh, S., McCrindle, C.M.E., Heeb, A.W., Makita, K. and Grace, D. 2011. Participatory risk
analysis to ensure food safety of edible offal from game meat. Poster.
51.Sow, I., Fan?, A., Niang, M., Makita, K., Costard, S., Grace, D. and Bonfoh, B. 2011.
Investigation on the risk of brucellosis linked to the production and consumption of milk in rural
Cinzana, Mali. Presentation.
52.Traor?, S.G., Krabi, R., Odermatt, P., Utzinger, J., Costard, S., Makita, K., Grace, D.,
Kouss?mon, M. and Bonfoh, B. 2011. Risk for Vibrio and Paragonimus infections linked to
shellfish consumption in C?te d?Ivoire. Presentation.
53.Toyomaki H, Ishihara K, Sanka P, Kurwijila LR, Grace D and Makita K. 2011. An estimation of
thermophilic Campylobacter population in ready-to-eat roast beef and chicken sold and hygiene
practices of sellers in beer bars in Arusha, Tanzania. Poster.
54.van Zyl, E., McCrindle, C.M.E., Makita, K. and Grace, D. 2011. Hazard identification and
characterization for quality control of biltong through application of appropriate microbiology
and biotechnology methods. Poster.
Graduate fellow theses (from SFFF1)
1.Kinyua KK (2011). A study of milk quality control by quality based payment system in
smallholder farms in Limuru and Eldotet, Kenya. MVEE thesis
2.Muchangos AB (2012). Pre-requisites for Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points in small-scale
poultry production and processing in Maputo, Mozambique. MSc thesis
3.Ramrajh S (2012). Risk assessment of game meat and formal/informal value chain crossover in
South Africa. MMedVet thesis
4.Amenu K (2013). Assessment of water sources and quality for livestock and farmers in the Rift
Valley area of Ethiopia: Implications for health and food safety. PhD thesis
5.Heeb A.W. 2009. Participatory risk assessment on game products marketed through formal
and informal chains: Hazard identification and risk assessment. MSc thesis. Stuttgart, Germany:
University of Hohenheim.
6.Ndongo F.K. 2009. Choice of breeds and husbandry practices influencing the safety of milk and
milk products from smallholder dairy cattle farms around Nairobi, focusing on brucellosis. MSc
thesis. Stuttgart, Germany: University of Hohenheim.
7.Dessisa F. 2010. A risk assessment of Staphylococcus aureus poisoning through consumption
of raw milk in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. MSc thesis., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University.
8.Mahundi E. 2010. Food safety risk analysis and marketing access of beef in Arusha
Municipality, Tanzania. MSc thesis. Morogoro, Tanzania: Sokoine University of Agriculture.
9.Kilango K. 2010. Food safety in milk markets of smallholder farmers in Tanzania: A case study
of Temeke Municipality. MSc thesis. Morogoro, Tanzania: Sokoine University of Agriculture.
10.Kone V.B. 2010. Repr?sentation sociale de la qualit? des aliments au Sahel: Perception et
motivation des acteurs dans la s?curit? sanitaire des denr?es d'origine animale ? Cinzana au
Mali. MSc thesis. Abidjan, C?te d?Ivoire : Universit? de Cocody.
11.Sow I. 2011. Evaluation du risque de brucellose li? ? la consummation du lait frais dans la
commune rurale de Cinzana, Mali. MSc thesis. Universit? de Bamako, Mali.
12.Spengler M. 2011. Assessment of water and milk quality in rural mixed crop-livestock farming
systems: a case study of Lume and Siraro districts, Ethiopia, BSc thesis. Stuttgart, Germany:
University of Hohenheim.
Other project reports, papers and briefs
1.Roesel K (2012). Safe Food, Fair Food: from capacity building to implementation. Report of the
inception workshop, Nairobi, 12/13th April 2012.
2.Nyangaga J, Roesel K, Hendrickx S, Kang?ethe E, Daouda D (2012). Safe Food, Fair Food: from
capacity building to implementation. Report on the outcome mapping strategy, implementation
and monitoring framework.
3.Ndanu HL (2012). Participatory Epidemiology report: Dairy value chain assessment report in 8
villages in Tanzania.
4.Tano-Debrah K, Bomfeh K, Bonfoh B, Ak?-Assi Y, Traor? SG, Fornace K (2012). Food safety in
the aquaculture value chain in Egypt. Report on mission from 27 September to 12 October 2012.
5.Safe Food, Fair Food project factsheet (2012) in English, French and Portuguese
6.GTZ Advisory Service on Agriculture Research for Development (BEAF) produced the Factsheet
of this project in December 2009
7.Kouam?-Sina S. M., Dadie A., Makita K., Grace D., Dje M., Taminiau B., Daube G. , Bonfoh B.,
2010, Biodiversity, phylogenetic relationship and antibacterial potential of Bifidobacterium
species isolated from raw milk production chain in Abidjan (C?te d'Ivoire). Presentation at CSRS
Scientific Seminary N?11,Thursday, 04th 2010
8.Grace, D. 2011. Risk-based approaches to food safety in developing countries. Presentation
prepared for the workshop on Safety of Animal Source Foods with an Emphasis on the Informal
Sectors, New Delhi, India, 8 February 2011. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI.
9.R?sel, K., Grace D. et al. 2011: Food safety in sub-Sahara Africa. Project synthesis book
including 25 policy briefs from the Safe Food, Fair Food project, Nairobi, Kenya, December 2011.
otherInformation :
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