FINAL REVIEW
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Biology
Data
Hypothesis
Manipulated variable
Responding variable
Controlled variable
Atom
Proton
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Reactant
Product
Combustion
pH
Polar molecule
Acid
Base
Buffer
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Amino acid
Protein
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Organic
Activation energy
Denaturation
Enzyme
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Organelle
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Diffusion
Passive transport
Active transport
Osmosis
Photosynthesis:
Cellular respiration
Chemical Energy
Thermal energy
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
ATP
Fermentation
Aerobic
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Fossil Fuel
Metabolism
Chloroplast
Stroma
Thylakoid
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Chromosome
Chromatin
Sister Chromatids
Homologous Chromosomes
Centromere
Interphase
Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Haploid
Diploid
Cancer
Metastasis
Meiosis
Crossing over
Genetic Recombination
Fertilization
Gamete
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Practice Problems (#1-3_)
Identify the manipulated, and responding variable in the question and use
the variables to write an; if, then, because hypothesis.
1. Which Oreo cookie filling does a class of high school students like the best;
chocolate, vanilla, or peanut butter?
MV: Cookie Filling
RV: Like the best
Hypothesis:
2. Will food coloring spread faster in a beaker of cold or hot water?
MV: temp of water
RV: speed of spreading
Hypothesis:
3. Will drinking either soda, Gatorade, or water make the runner faster?
MV: type of drink
RV: speed of runner
Hypothesis:
4. Write the steps of the scientific method
a. Question
b. Hypothesis
c. Materials
d. Procedures
e. Data
f. conclusion
5. Define Biology- Study of Life
6. Describe an atom and where the main parts are found
a. Proton- Nucleus
b. Neutron- Nucleus
c. Electron- surrounding
7. What parts are found in the nucleus of an atom?
a. Protons and Neutrons
8. What happens to the atoms in chemical reactions? (Are they moved,
destroyed, rearranged, created?)
a. They are rearranged
9. Describe the difference between covalent and ionic bonds
a. Covalent- shares electrons
b. Ionic- Transfers electrons
10. Draw the pH scale and place an example of an acid, base, and buffer in the
correct location.
a. 1-6 acid
b. 7 neutral
c. 8-14 base
11. Give the chemical make-up of water- H2O
12. Describe what makes water polar and why this is importanta. Hydrogen is + and oxygen is - this leads to cohesion and adhesion
13. Explain why ice floatsa. it is less dense than the liquid form
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14. Describe the difference between a product and reactant
a. Reactant: The starting materials in a chemical reaction
b. Product: the ending materials in a chemical reaction
15. Explain what an Ion is and what causes a positive and negative ion
a. Positive ion- loses an electron
b. Negative ion- gains an electron
16. Explain what part of an atom is involved in bonding and how a bonding pair is
chosen.
a. electrons
17. Complete the table by filling in the missing lines
Polymer
Starch
protein
Nucleic acid
Monomer
glucose
Amino acid
nucleotide
18. Give an example of:
a. Monosaccharide: single sugar
b. Disaccharide: two sugar
c. Polysaccharide: a chain of sugars
19. Describe activation energy
a. The amount of energy needed to start a reaction
20. List four characteristics of enzymes.
a. Enzymes are proteins
b. Enzymes speed up reactions
c. Enzymes lower activation energy
d. Enzymes can be denatured
21. Describe two ways a protein could be denatured and give an example.
a. pH
b. Temperature
i. A cooked egg
22. State how many bonds carbon can form and draw a picture of carbon chain
with three carbons.
a. A carbon forms 4 bonds
23. Define lipids.
a. A hydrophobic or water avoiding molecule
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24. Describe the pH scale – use a drawing and label acid, base, neutral and use
numbers on the scale.
1 Acid
H+
Lemon Juice
7
Neutral
blood
25. What ion is in a higher concentration is an acid?
a. H+
26. What ion is in a higher concentration is a base?
a. OH27. Draw an atom and label.
e(Electron)
Proton (+)
Neutron (=)
28. Name the main energy source for cells.
a. Glucose
Base 14
OHBleach
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Temp Celsius
15
20
25
30
35
40
Enzyme activity
– mm gas
2
5
15
32
22
5
Enzyme Activity
29. Graph the data
Temperature
30. What is the optimum temperature for this enzyme to work?
a. 30 degrees
31. Using your graph predict the amount of gas formed at 22.5 degrees.
a. ~12 mm gas
32. What is the temperature range of this data?
a. 15 to 40 degrees
33. Describe the trend of the enzyme activity.
a. The enzyme works the best between 25 and 35
34. Give a scientific reason to explain the trend.
a. The enzyme works best between 25 and 35 degrees because outside
of that temperature it becomes denatured
35. State the Function or job of the following cell organelles:
Nucleus: Holds the cell’s DNA
Chloroplast: Does Photosynthesis
Cytoplasm: Filler of the cell, helps maintain shape
Mitochondria: Does Cellular Respiration
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Creates cell parts
Golgi Apparatus: Packages cells parts
Lysosome: breaks down macromolecules
Ribosome: Makes proteins from DNA
Plasma Membrane (cell membrane): Protects and regulates flow of
materials
36. Give the differences between a prokaryote and eukaryote.
a. Prokaryote- A cell lacking a nucleus
b. Eukaryote- A cell containing a nucleus
37. What organelle makes a plant leaf look green?
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a. The chloroplast
38. Which organelle provides cell energy?
a. Mitochondria
39. State two differences between a plant and animal cell
a. A plant cell contains a chloroplast and cell wall
40. Draw and label a plasma membrane (cell membrane)
Phosphate: Hydrophilic (water loving)
Lipid: Hydrophobic (water avoiding)
41. What are the uses of a plasma membrane protein?
a. Transportation (channel or tunnel in membrane)
b. Communication
c. Enzyme activity
42. Define diffusion and osmosis
a. Diffusion: The movement of particles from high concentration to low
concentration
b. Osmosis: The movement of water from high concentration to low
concentration
43. Give the difference(s) between diffusion and osmosis
a. Osmosis is specific to water, diffusion is other particles
44. Describe the difference between passive and active transport:
a. Passive transport doesn’t use energy
b. Active transport uses energy and goes against the concentration
gradient
45. If the concentration of particles is the same on each side of the membrane,
do they stop moving?
a. No, Particles never stop moving, if they are at equilibrium an equal
number will move from each side
46. Which organelle breaks down macromolecules?
a. Lysosome
47. What does a membrane protein do?
a. See # 41
48. What is the function of a cell wall?
a. Maintains a plant cells shape and protection
49. Why is a cell considered a system?
a. A cell is considered a system because all the parts (organelles) work
together for a common goal
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50. Explain what happens to a red blood cell when put in salt water and why?
a. The cell will shrink because the water will move out of the cell
towards the salt, due to osmosis.
51. Explain what happens to a red blood cell when put into pure water and why?
a. The cell will expand because the water will move into the cell towards
the particles in the blood cell, due to osmosis
52. Explain the difference between an autotroph and heterotroph
a. Autotroph: an organism that can make its own food (plants)
b. Heterotroph: An organism that must get is food from another source.
(animals)
53. Give the equation for cellular respiration.
a. C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
54. Give the equation for photosynthesis.
a. Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
55. What gas does a plant give off?
a. Oxygen
56. What are the inputs (reactants) and outputs (products) of a cell in cellular
respiration?
a. Reactants: sugar (C6H12O6) and Oxygen (O2)
b. Products: Carbon Dioxide, Water, and ATP (6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP)
57. Explain why cellular respiration and photosynthesis are almost opposite
processes
a. What goes into cellular respiration is what comes out of
photosynthesis and what goes into photosynthesis comes out of
cellular respiration. The equations are opposite.
58. How is the burning of fossil fuel the same as cellular respiration?
a. They both take a large carbon based molecule (Sugar or Gasoline) and
break them down in to smaller pieces and energy
59. What process causes muscle soreness?
a. Lactic Acid fermentation
60. Why is cellular respiration an aerobic process?
a. It requires oxygen
61. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
a. Reactants: Sunlight, Carbon Dioxide, and Water (Sunlight + 6CO2 +
6H2O )
b. Products: Sugar and Oxygen (C6H12O6 + 6O2 )
62. Why do we see plants as green?
a. Because the chloroplast reflects green light
63. What parts of the visible spectrum do plants absorb and reflect?
a. The plant absorbs all of the visible spectrum but green light
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b. The plant reflects green light
64. What is the major difference in Cytokinesis between plants and animals?
a. Plant cells must make a cell plate to create a cell wall before they can
complete cytokinesis. Animal cells can just pinch apart.
65. What are the differences between benign and malignant tumors?
a. Begnin: a mass of or normal cells
b. Malignant: A mass of abnormal (cancer) cells that can spread
66. What causes cancer cells?
a. A sever disruption of the cell cycle. The cell misses the checkpoints
in G1 and G2.
67. What is the outcome of Mitosis?
a. 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells
68. What is the outcome of Meiosis?
a. 4 genetically different haploid daughter cells
69. Why is crossing over important?
a. It creates genetic diversity ( so you’re not identical to you parents)
70. What type of cell is haploid and what type of cell is diploid?
a. Haploid- meiosis cell (gamete)
b. Diploid- Mitosis cell
71. Define gamete
a. A haploid sex cell
72. What type of cell division creates a gamete?
a. Meiosis
73. Make the below T-chart on your paper to show the major differences
between Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
Meiosis
2 cells
4 cells
Identical DNA
Different DNA
No crossing over
Crossing over
1 stage
2 stages
Diploid
Haploid
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74. Draw the below diagram on your paper and identify A, B
C
Centromere
Sister Chromatids