PLUME COLLEGE
Year 12 - BTEC National Subsidiary in Sport (Development, Coaching & Fitness)
Year 13 - BTEC National Diploma in Sport (Development, Coaching & Fitness)
UNIT 1: PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN SPORT (AST)
COPY THIS AND YOU WILL FAIL.
Introduction
You are working as a physiotherapist for a local football team. In your role you must prepare the players for
training and competition as well as help to treat and rehabilitate players after sustaining an injury. The
majority of injuries you deal with are muscular.
You would like to help players understand their injuries and treatment they are going to receive. In order to
do this you will need to produce a booklet that includes:o
o
o
o
A
A
A
A
diagram identifying all major muscles in the human body
description of the muscular system (including it’s function)
description of the different muscle fibre types
description of how muscles work in antagonists pairs to produce muscle movement
Assignment Format: Word Document Booklet
ASSIGNMENT TWO: The structure and function of the muscular system
Learning Outcomes:
Pass 3
identify the location of the major muscles in the human body
Pass 4
describe the function of the muscular system and the different fibre types
Merit 1
explain the function of the muscular system and the different fibre types
Distinction 1 analyse the function of the muscular system and the different fibre types
The structure and function of the muscular system
Muscular system:
Pass (3) only
major muscles






Biceps - are placed in the upper arm at the front of the arm. The muscle is attached to the shoulder and
elbow. The biceps contract to produce movement in the lower arm.
Triceps - are placed in the upper arm at the back of the arm. For example the muscle extends the lower
arm when you do press ups.
Deltoids - found on the back of the upper body behind the shoulder
Pectoralis major - found at the front of the body in the chest area, also known as your ‘pecs’
Rectus abdominis - The Rectus abdominis is a set of thin muscles running straight alongside along the
front of the body, from the pelvis to the chest. The two long muscles are connected by a set of tissues,
and they work to protect the internal organs of the abdomen. These muscles form a ‘six pack’.
(http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-rectus-abdominis.htm (20/9/2012))
Rectus femoris - The Rectus femoris is one of the muscles that make up the quadriceps group. Its main
function is to extend the knee therefore making this muscle an important muscle for activities that need
movement of the lower body such as running and playing mostly any gems that involves the legs. This
muscle is located in the centre of the thigh and runs from the bottom of the spine down to the
kneecap. (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-rectus-femoris.htm (20/9/2012))

Vastus lateralis - The vastus lateralis is the largest part of quadriceps. It is in the lower part of the body
and is located in the leg.
 Vastus medialis - The vastus medialis is located just above the knee and is in the lower part of the body
and it is also found in the leg.
 Vastus intermedius -The vastus intermedius is located in your thigh. The muscle is deep inside the thigh
and underneath the rectus femoris muscle.
(http://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/anatomy/human-muscles/knee-joint/vastus-intermedius)
Semimembranosus - the Semimembranosus is a large muscle, and is located in your thigh. The muscle is at
the inner back of the thigh.
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/semimembranosus)
1

Semitendinosus - the semitendinous is in the back of your thigh, and helps to extend at the hip and flex
at the knee and this muscle also adds to the hamstring muscle group.
 Biceps femoris - the biceps femoris is at the back of your thigh, there are two parts to this muscle. It
also helps the knee to flex, and also forms part of the hamstring group
 Gastrocnemius - The gastrocnemius is located in the lower part of your leg at the back.
 Soleus - The soleus is one of the calf muscles. It sits deep in the gastrocnemius which is at the back of
your lower leg.
 Tibialis anterior - is at the back of the lower leg, below the gastrocnemius.
 Erector spinae - This is a deep muscle in the back. They are with the vertical column and include lumbar,
thorasic and cervical regions.
http://www.thirdage.com/bones/where-is-the-erector-spinae-located-in-the-muscles Teres major - This is located at the upper of the back, on the outer region.
http://www.fitnessuncovered.co.uk/muscle-profiles/teres-major.php
 Trapezius - It covers your upper back and extends down to your lower spine. (Accessed on 20/09/2012:
http://www.livestrong.com/article/524689-where-is-the-trapezius-muscle-located-in-the-body/ ).
 Latissimus dorsi - It is a muscle that sweeps diagonally upwards along the back. (Accessed on
20/09/2012: http://pilates.about.com/od/technique/a/An-Introduction-To-The-Latissimus-Dorsi-Muscle.htm ).
 Obliques – Form part of the abdominal muscles, which are located at the front of the body, in the
stomach area.
 Gluteus maximus - otherwise known as the ‘glutes’ or ‘bum’. It is located at the back of the body, in the
buttocks. It is located above the legs and below the hip
o A diagram identifying all major muscles in the human body – this may include several diagrams
http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/PE/abuhilal/images/weight_training/wighttrainingmuscles_clip_image003.jpg
Function of the Muscular System
Pass (4)
Merit (1) using practical examples from sport to illustrate your understanding.
Distinction (1) Practical examples should be provided where appropriate to support the analysis.
You must refer and analyse at list two difference sources of sports related research – ensure you have
included your opinion.
Cardiac – describe and explain the location and type of muscle – include a fully labelled and referenced
diagram
Skeletal – describe and explain the location and type of muscle – include a fully labelled and referenced
diagram
Smooth - – describe and explain the location and type of muscle - – include a fully labelled and referenced
diagram
Muscle Movement
Pass (4) only
Antagonistic pairs - describe and explain with reference to a sporting movement – include a fully labelled
and referenced diagram
Agonist describe and explain with reference to a sporting movement – include a fully labelled and referenced
diagram
Antagonist - describe and explain with reference to a sporting movement – include a fully labelled and
referenced diagram
2
Fixator - describe and explain with reference to a sporting movement – include a fully labelled and
referenced diagram
Synergist - describe and explain with reference to a sporting movement – include a fully labelled and
referenced diagram
Types of Contraction
Pass (4) only
Isometric describe and explain with reference to a sporting movement – include a fully labelled and
referenced diagram
Concentric, describe and explain with reference to a sporting movement – include a fully labelled and
referenced diagram
Eccentric,- describe and explain with reference to a sporting movement – include a fully labelled and
referenced diagram
Isokinetic - describe and explain with reference to a sporting movement – include a fully labelled and
referenced diagram
Fibre types
Pass (4)
Merit (1) using practical examples from sport to illustrate your understanding.
Type 1 - characteristics; types of sports each are associated with, describe and explain – include a fully
labelled and referenced diagram
Type 2a characteristics; types of sports each are associated with, describe and explain – include a fully
labelled and referenced diagram
Type 2b characteristics; types of sports each are associated with, describe and explain – include a fully
labelled and referenced diagram
Distinction (1)
You need to pick 3 sporting pictures (sprinter, long distance runner, javelin throw, shot put throw, long
jump) and analyses them giving the information below (please see example on page 12 in Chapter 1)
 The key muscles (agonist/antagonist e.g. hamstring/quadriceps)
 Function of the muscular system: movement – antagonistic pairs (agonist, antagonist); fixator;
synergist;
 Types of contraction (isometric, concentric, eccentric, isokinetic)
 Fibre types: Type 1; Type 2a; Type 2b; characteristics; types of sports each are associated with
3
Below are the answers for you – i.e. just find the picture (don’t need the last 2
columns)
The seven actions outlined in the specification (leg action in sprinting/running, arm/shoulder action in overarm throwing and racket sports, leg actions in squats, arm action in push-ups, leg action in kicking and
jumping).
Physical
Activity
Joint
used
Movement
Pattern
Agonist
muscle
Type of
muscular
contraction
(isotonic)
Exercise
to improve
strength
Lever
class
HIGH JUMP
AT TAKE-OFF
ankle
dorsiflexion
followed by
plantarflexion
gastrocnemius
soleus
eccentric,
followed by
concentric
calf raise,
plyometric
jumping exercises,
hopping
two
knee
flexion
followed by
extension
quadriceps
group
eccentric
followed by
concentric
squats, jumping
upwards onto boxes
three
shoulder forward
abduction
deltoid
concentric
press, lateral raise
three
shoulder elevation
girdle
trapezius
concentric
push press
three
hip
extension
back hyperextension
three
hip
flexion
gluteus
concentric
followed maximus
rectus
concentric
abdominus,
psoas
pike sit-ups, V-sits
three
ankle
plantarflexion
gastrocnemius,
soleus
eccentric,
followed by
concentric
calf raise,
plyometric
jumping exercises,
hopping
two
knee
flexion
followed by
extension
quadriceps
group
eccentric squats,
followed by
concentric
jumping
upwards onto boxes
three
(KNEE LIFT)
hip
flexion
concentric
pike sit-ups, V-sits
three
(REAR LEG
DRIVE)
hip
extension
rectus
abdominus,
iliopsoas
gluteus
maximus
concentric
back hyperextension
three
Physical
Activity
Joint
used
Movement
Pattern
Agonist
muscle
Type of
muscular
contraction
(isotonic)
Exercise
to improve
strength
Lever
class
ARM ACTION
IN OVER-ARM
THROW
elbow
extension
triceps brachii,
anconeus
concentric
pullover
one
shoulder flexion and
adduction
anterior deltoid,
pectoralis major
concentric
bench press,
flying exercise,
pullover
three
LEG ACTION
IN SQUAT
ankle
gastrocnemius,
soleus
eccentric,
followed by
concentric
calf raise,
plyometric
jumping exercises,
hopping
two
HIGH JUMP
IN FLIGHT
LEG ACTION
IN SPRINTING
dorsiflexion
followed by
plantarflexion
4
knee
flexion
followed by
extension
quadriceps
group
eccentric squats,
followed by
concentric
jumping
upwards onto boxes
three
flexion
gluteus
eccentric
followed by
maximus
followed by
extension
concentric
THIS SEQUENCE COVERS THE FULL ACTION - DOWN THEN UP
back hyperextension
three
ARM ACTION
IN PUSH-UP
hip
elbow
flexion
followed by
extension
shoulder extension
followed by
flexion
triceps brachii
eccentric
followed by
concentric
bench press
one
anterior deltoid,
pectoralis major
concentric
eccentric
followed by
bench press,
flying exercise
three
THIS SEQUENCE COVERS THE FULL ACTION - DOWN THEN UP
LEG ACTION
IN KICKING
ankle
plantarflexion
tibialis
anterior
eccentric
weighted boot
exercises (toe lifts)
three*
knee
extension
quadriceps
group
concentric
squats, jumping
upwards onto boxes
three
hip
flexion
abdominus,
iliiopsoas
some quadriceps
rectus
concentric
pike sit-ups, V-sits three
STRIKE PHASE ONLY
•
the ankle / tibialis anterior lever is a class three lever
•
the insertion is in front of the pivot (which in this case is in the ankle joint)
•
the load is the weight of the foot itself or a force exerted by a kicked ball
Conclusion
You are working as a physiotherapist for a local football team. In your role you must prepare the players for
training and competition as well as help to treat and rehabilitate players after sustaining an injury. The
majority of injuries you deal with are muscular.
References
5