Study Guide – Chapters 5 and 6 Exam, Honors Biology
1. Binary fission – what is it and what type of organism uses this process? How does it differ from mitosis?
2. Stem cells – why are they important? How do they become specialized cells in a developing organism?
3. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis:
a. the purpose, products, and the process of each
b. which cells undergo mitosis and which cells undergo meiosis
c.
4. How do the chromosomes of meiosis II differ from the chromosomes of mitosis?
5. Be able to identify mitosis and meiosis stages by looking at a diagram (example: you may be shown a cell and be
asked to identify which phase of mitosis or meiosis the cell is in)
6. Describe 3 ways meiosis causes genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms
7. Mendel:
a. How did the F1 and F2 pea plants from purebred (true-breeding) parent (P generation) lead Mendel to
the principal of dominance?
b. What is the Law of Segregation?
8. Basic genetics:
a. Punnett squares for monohybrid cross
i. AA x AA
ii. AA x Aa
iii. AA x aa
iv. Aa x Aa
v. Aa x aa
vi. Aa x aa
b. Predicted genotype and phenotype ratio of the offspring for each cross in #5a
c. Why does a heterozygous individual express the dominant phenotype?
d. Why do organisms with a recessive phenotype have to have the homozygous recessive genotype?
e. Explain why organisms with a dominant phenotype can be either homozygous dominant or
heterozygous
f. Calculate the probability that two heterozygous parents will have the following offspring:
i. two children with the recessive phenotype
ii. three children with the dominant phenotype
iii. three children who are heterozygous (carriers) for the recessive allele
iv. two children, one with the dominant phenotype and one with the recessive phenotype
9. More advanced genetics:
a. What are the possible allele combinations in the gametes of an individual with the genotype NnRr?
b. Punnett square for dihybrid cross (NnRr x NnRr), assume the traits assort independently
c. Predicted phenotypes and phenotype ratio for the offspring (N=yellow fur, n=brown fur and R=normal
vision, r =blind)
d. What is Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?
e. If two dihybrid individuals are crossed and the offspring phenotypes are very different from the
expected phenotype ratio, what can you conclude?
f. What are linked genes?
10. Meiosis and genetics:
a. Organisms inherit how many chromosomes from each parent?
b. Draw chromosomes for an individual whose genotype is AaGG (put the genes on 2 different c-somes)
c. Draw chromosomes in the gametes of the individual in #10b