Project description
Lao-Thai fisheries comanagement: improving fish
stocks and livelihoods in the middle Mekong
Proposal
For {Donor xxxx}
Zurich, xx. month year
WWF Project – abc
project description
Content
Our environmental project at a glance .................................................................................................................... 3
Project idea ........................................................................................................................................................ 4
Initial situation..................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.1 Project Area........................................................................................................................................................ 5
3.2 Map of project area ............................................................................................................................................ 6
3.3 Beneficiaries and Baseline ................................................................................................................................ 7
3.4 Threats................................................................................................................................................................8
3.5 Framework Conditions .......................................................................................................................................8
3.6 Former activities and successful work in the project area ............................................................................... 9
3.7 External partners and their function within the project ..................................................................................... 9
3.8 Competence of WWF and associate partners ............................................................................................... 10
WWF GMPO capacity ............................................................................................................................................ 10
Associate partners ..................................................................................................................................................11
4.
Theory of change ............................................................................................................................................. 12
4.1 Fish conservation zones (FCZ) ....................................................................................................................... 12
4.2 Community-based patrolling............................................................................................................................ 12
4.3 Fish research.................................................................................................................................................... 12
4.4 Livelihood diversification .................................................................................................................................. 13
4.5 Transboundary cooperation ............................................................................................................................ 13
5.
Livelihoods and conservation .......................................................................................................................... 14
6.
Project objectives & results ............................................................................................................................. 16
6.1 Overall objective............................................................................................................................................... 16
6.2 Specific objective ............................................................................................................................................. 16
6.3 Integration of the project .................................................................................................................................. 16
6.4 Project results within this proposal.................................................................................................................. 17
Result 1 .................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Result 2 ................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Result 3 ................................................................................................................................................................... 18
7. Long-term safeguarding of project success .......................................................................................................... 19
7.1 Behaviour change ............................................................................................................................................ 19
7.2 Law enforcement............................................................................................................................................. 20
7.3 Patrolling.......................................................................................................................................................... 20
7.4 Lessons learnt capitalisation .......................................................................................................................... 20
8.
Risk assessment .............................................................................................................................................. 21
9.
Innovation and scaling ..................................................................................................................................... 21
10.
Monitoring / Evaluation ....................................................................................................................................22
11.
Financing ..........................................................................................................................................................23
12.
Acronyms..........................................................................................................................................................24
Annex I ........................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Logical Project Framework ........................................................................................................................................ 25
Annex II ..........................................................................................................................................................................26
Workplan ....................................................................................................................................................................26
1.
2.
3.
(Responsibilities - MD: p. 1-3 / P: p. 4-end)
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WWF Project – abc
project description
1. Our environmental project at a glance
Applicant Organisation
WWF Switzerland
Hohlstrasse 110, Postfach
8010 Zurich
Contact Person
xx xx, Major Donors, WWF Switzerland
Phone 044 297 xx xx, email: xx.xx@wwf.ch
Xx xx, Project Manager International Projects, WWF Switzerland
Phone 044 297 xx xx, email: xx.xx@wwf.ch
Project Management WWF
Switzerland
Environmental
project
Lao-Thai Fisheries community co-management: improving fish stock and
livelihoods in the middle Mekong
Goal
To improve fish stocks and livelihoods in the Middle-Mekong to conserve and
understand the mighty River’s unique freshwater biodiversity and resources and
enhance the capacity of communities, governments, and the global scientific
community to manage these resources.
Subject Area
Natural resources management
Alternative sources of income
Research and protection of species
Project Idea
To protect the Mekong’s unique freshwater biodiversity by combining improved
resources management, diversified livelihoods and scientific research
Project Region
Middle Mekong bordering countries, Laos and Thailand
Project
Objectives
Objective 1
Improved transboundary freshwater natural resources management via the creation of fish conservation zones, fisheries management committees, village patrolling units and the dissemination of scientific knowledge towards the communities
to better understand the benefits of fish conservation and fisheries management.
Objective 2
Reduced fishing pressure on freshwater natural resources through the support of
local livelihoods and the development of alternative sources of income.
Objective 3
Increased knowledge of biodiversity in the Middle Mekong, including the level of
fish stocks and spawning grounds of the flagship Mekong giant catfish and other
priority threatened species
Project
Organisation
Project Management:
Project Support:
Project
Duration
3.5 years, from July 2014 to December 2017 (6 months inception period)
Financing
Total of project costs:
Secured financing:
Amount outstanding:
Account
Number
{xxxxx.xx} tbd
WWF Greater Mekong Program Office
WWF Switzerland
CHF
CHF
CHF
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WWF Project – abc
project description
2. Project idea
The Mekong supports fisheries in 4 countries, amounting to 2.6 million tons of fish each year
and providing more than 75% of the animal, and 35% of the protein total, intake of the population. The people living along the Mekong are thus dependent on natural resource extraction. The Mekong is also globally irreplaceable for biodiversity conservation; second only to
the Amazon in terms of fish biodiversity and supporting some of the world's largest freshwater species such as the endangered Mekong giant catfish and giant freshwater stingray.
However the Mekong main stem is becoming heavily impacted by regional economic development including infrastructure construction and sand/gravel extraction. These have significant impacts on the spawning grounds of many species of fish, which become more and
more at risk due, in part, to the changes to the ecology of the deep pools.
Our idea focuses on the middle Mekong main stem, which forms the Lao-Thai border, to increase and improve the stock of aquatic resources through the establishment of fisheries comanagement structures, scientific research on flagship species, and support to local livelihoods.
Proposed activities to turn our idea into reality will include:
• Identification of key habitats (e.g. feeding and spawning grounds, deep pools, migration channels) and potential sites for fish conservation zones (FCZs)
• Demarcation of FCZs and support for their official establishment, including transboundary agreements between Thailand and Laos
• Organization of community-based patrolling of FCZs
• Fish tagging and/or other suitable technologies to identify species-specific migration
patterns
• Fish catch monitoring and other innovative technologies to provide baseline data to
support WWF advocacy against mainstream dams and evidence for the value of
FCZs
• Research into Mekong giant catfish spawning grounds through environmental DNA
and ichtyoplancton surveys
• Support fish-dependent communities to improve the post-harvest processing of fish in
Thailand
•
Support community members to diversify their income with improved livelihoods (e.g.
dry season vegetable production on riverside fertile banks and business-oriented
small-scale fingerling production stations)
•
Dissemination of scientific knowledge to communities as well as decision makers
through village awareness-raising sessions, a technical workshop and the publication
of a peer-reviewed article
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project description
3. Initial situation
3.1
Project Area
The project is to be implemented in Thailand and Laos. The focus area is the Mekong main
stem, from Chiang Khan District, Loei Province, down to Kong Jiam District, Ubon
Ratchathani Province (Thai side) which in terms of river flow corresponds to the Middle section of the Mekong River. The total length of the river included in the project area is 790 km.
Not all of this stretch is to be considered for the project’s actual implementation, but benefits
from the project can be expected to be felt and demonstrated over the whole stretch of the
Middle Mekong (indeed fish conservation zones benefit not only the vicinity of the protected
area, but entire stretches of the river, through fish spill-over upstream and downstream, within months of establishment).
The Mekong River is the world’s most productive inland fishery, underpinning the economies
of all the countries in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Starting in the Tibetan Plateau, it
winds its way through China, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam, the latter
two being the world’s largest rice exporters. The Mekong River supports fisheries production
in 4 countries, amounting to about 2.6 million tons of fish each year, providing more than
75% of the animal protein intake of the population and more than 35% of the total protein
intake. At least 60 million people in the lower basin depend directly on the Mekong’s resources for their food and livelihoods.
In addition to its critical role in maintaining human livelihoods, the Middle Mekong is globally
significant for freshwater biodiversity: second only to the Amazon in terms of fish biodiversity
and supporting some of the world's largest freshwater species such as the Mekong giant
catfish (Pangasianodon gigas) and giant freshwater stingray (Himantura polylepis). The Mekong giant catfish holds the record for world’s largest ever recorded catch, with a 293kg carsized specimen hauled into a boat in northern Thailand, within the project area, in 2005. The
Mekong giant catfish is the freshwater flagship species for the Mekong and one of WWF
Greater Mekong’s six regional priority species. However the fantastic biodiversity of the Mekong is beyond the river’s giants. Twelve critically endangered (CR) fish species are known,
or believed, to spawn within the Middle Mekong – a globally unique concentration of threatened endemism.
The combination of critical livelihood importance and imperilled endemic biodiversity therefore makes the Middle Mekong an ideal location for a project to strengthen community fisheries co-management based on a robust, scientific framework to identify critical locations for
interventions.
The continued threat of hydro-power development, particularly the Xayabouri dam against
which WWF is actively campaigning, makes obtaining robust data on fish populations and
distribution critical to assessing the impact of such developments. Through understanding
patterns of fish diversity, movements and distribution, this project will provide essential understanding to advocate against environmentally damaging development.
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WWF Project – abc
3.2
project description
Map of project area
The above map shows five potential sites, consisting in pre-selected districts in both Thailand
and Laos. Potential target villages in Laos are displayed as black dots along the Mekong.
The five potential sites include the following districts and provinces in both countries:
Site
Province
Thailand
District
Loei
1
Nong Khai
2
Bueng Kan
3
Nakhon Phanom
4
Mukdahan
5
Ubon
Ratchathani
Chiang Khong
Pak Chom
Sangkhong
Srichiangmai
Thabo
Bung Khla
Bueng Khong
Long
Tha U Than
Meuang
Don Tan
Meuang
Pho Si
Khong Chiam
<Neighbours>
District
<>
Xanakham
<>
<>
<>
<>
Sangthong
Sikhothabong
Hatxayfong
Paksan
<>
Pakkading
<>
<>
<>
<>
<>
Hinboun
Thakhek
Xayphouthong
Chanthabouri
Lakhonpheng
Kongxedon
Xanasomboun
<>
Laos
Province
Vientiane
Vientiane Capital
Bolikhamxay
Bolikhamxay
Khammouan
Savannakhet
Salavan
Champassak
It is anticipated that the project will not target all of these sites. Due the effective synergies
and benefit-multiplying effects of integration with past and current projects in the area (see
below i.e. “project integration”), sites 2 and 3 are likely to be prioritized by both WWF (Laos
and Thailand) and local authorities in both countries. Site 4 comes second, as it also benefits
from previous and current projects in the area. Site 1 and site 5 would be new areas for both
WWF Laos and WWF Thailand.
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project description
This tentative description reflects the state of discussions with Government authorities in
both countries. Indeed, based on WWF GMP’s experience, it is beneficial to keep the door
open to suggestions by local authorities rather than deciding ahead in order to finalize the
project proposal. The final list of villages will be completed during the inception period of the
project, at the time of signing the MOU with the Governments of Laos and Thailand, taking
into consideration both the pros and cons of proximity with previous and current project areas
and national development strategies.
3.3
Beneficiaries and Baseline
Habitat
The overall habitat in the Middle Mekong is made of deep freshwater pools critical for spawning of globally threatened Mekong fish.
Species
Flagship species which the project will help protect include:
Mekong giant catfish >
Mekong freshwater stingray >
Dog-eating catfish >
Mekong giant salmon Carp >
Pangasianodon gigas
Himantura polylepis
Pangasius sanitwongsei
Aaptosyax grypus
(IUCN = CR)
(IUCN = EN)
(IUCN = CR)
(IUCN = CR)
In addition the project will benefit hundreds of migratory fish species which are key to local
livelihoods throughout the Middle Mekong and beyond.
A picture of a Mekong freshwater stingray (© Zeb Hogan / WWF-Canon). One of the target
species for this project. Through regulating fishing practices in critical deep-water pools for
this species the project will help populations of this globally endangered species to recover.
Target group
Approximately 15 villages on each side of the river will be selected to participate in the project, amounting to an estimated 15,000 direct beneficiaries. The targeted people are Thai
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project description
and Lao villagers living on both sides of the River. These villagers have always been very
dependent on natural resource extraction, in particular fishing and the harvesting of other
aquatic animals and plants.
In Laos, it can be estimated that 100% of the community members rely on their own fishing
for fish consumption. With regards to income, if asked, it is likely that most villagers would
answer that they are “farmers” i.e. rice producers. However, depending on seasonality, most
families actually depend heavily on the harvesting of freshwater biodiversity – i.e. fish and
other aquatic species – for income generation. A saying in Laos goes: “if you have rice, you
have everything”, meaning: everyone needs rice to eat, so rice is cultivated by each and every family. Rice can also be traded for other commodities including fish. Second comes fishing, both for consumption and income generation.
In Thailand, it can be estimated that 85 % of the population depends on fishing for their own
consumption and 65 % of the population depends on fishing for income generation, including
the harvesting of other freshwater biodiversity and processing (e.g. aquatic plant).
However, a thorough baseline survey will be needed in order to provide a complete picture
of the livelihoods of the target villages, including, for example, the rate of dependency on
natural resources extraction (i.e. aquatic resources). This baseline survey is an essential
element in the starting phase of the project, without which monitoring and evaluation would
be pointless.
The majority of the project beneficiaries are ethnic Lao, from the ethnic group Tai-Kadai,
which forms the majority of the population in Laos and a significant minority in Thailand. The
language spoken, even in Thailand, is Lao. Population groups are often settling across national borders and there are no significant cultural barriers or language barriers.
3.4
Threats
 The Mekong main stem is now becoming heavily impacted by regional economic development, including infrastructure construction and sand/gravel extraction.
 These have significant impacts on the spawning grounds of many species of fish, which
become more and more at risk due, in part, to the changes made to the ecology of the
deep pools.
 The wild fish stock is dwindling. This is illustrated by many stories by local villagers complaining about how the river used to be plentiful with fish and now is reduced to almost
nothing.
 The same fishermen report that they do not encounter as many of the rare fish as before.
This illustrates the globally threatened status of a number of the larger, slower breeding
fish species. Declines appear to be mostly caused through unsustainable fishing practices, largely due to the lack of regulations with local buy-in.
 The Mekong giant catfish, which migrates through these waters from the Tonle Sap to the
northern parts of Laos, is an indicator of the wellbeing of the Mekong River. However, little
is known of it and more research is needed to better address its conservation.
 Finally, there is a risk that river ecosystems will be damaged from dam releases upstream
(China), in other words that the river water quality will already be affected, enough to outweigh the benefits of fish conservation zones in terms of fish stock replenishment (however the risk is low at least in the first years of the project). To document this, water quality
testing will be undertaken in 4 locations within the target area.
3.5
Framework Conditions
In order for the project to be successful, all parties need to pursue the same goals, from villagers to central level government agencies. The major players in this context will be the villagers in both countries. A community consensus needs to be reached towards the sustainable use of the villages’ natural aquatic resources. Accordingly, villages will be chosen on the
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project description
basis of their willingness to participate in the project, and in locations where the need to improve NRM is present on both sides of the river (each village will have a “neighbour” across
the river).
It is not anticipated that villagers will have conflicts with the project’s goals though, as the
benefits of fish conservation zones have been proven to improve people’s livelihoods in
many villages in Laos and Thailand.
Similarly, the central and local authorities in both Thailand and Laos have been long-time
supporters of WWF’s freshwater projects, especially those involving, as in this project, fisheries co-management. It is not anticipated that there will be conflicts at this level – rather the
opposite.
The only element that is completely outside of WWF’s control is the political context in Thailand, and whether or not the possibility of conducting transboundary activities will be guaranteed.
3.6 Former activities and successful work in the project area
TRANSBOUNDARY
In 2009, WWF Thailand and WWF Laos implemented a transboundary project including fisheries co-management structures set up as well as research on the Mekong giant catfish and
fish conservation in the northern part of the Mekong River (Chiang Khong in Thailand and
Bokeo provinces in Laos.
LAOS
In Laos, WWF has been operating a freshwater conservation programme since 2007, referred to as “Comfish”, short for Community Fisheries. In fact, WWF Laos has been involved
in this area through multiple projects funded by a wide variety of donors, including Oxfam
Novib, CEPF, Mac Knight Foundation, Coca Cola, HSBC, BMZ, EAZA, the USA Embassy in
Vientiane, etc. Milestone achievements in this programme include the promulgation of the
Lao Fisheries Law in 2010, the creation of more than 160 fish conservation zones and fisheries management committees in 7 provinces, TB agreements between Laos and Thailand,
ground-breaking research work including e-DNA, PSAT and fish taxonomic studies, as well
as a wide range of IEC material created over the years (fisheries guidelines, posters, booklets, songs, etc.).
THAILAND
Since 2006, WWF Thailand has implemented community wetland management projects in
Beung Khong Long, Ramsar site, Northeast of Thailand to identify 11 FCZ and facilitate
community patrolling. In 2012, WWF facilitated a project aimed at improving freshwater ecosystems and identify 15 fish conservation zones and set up community patrolling in Nam
Mao and the Lower Songkhram River.
3.7 External partners and their function within the
project
LAOS
In Laos, the required Government partner is the Department of Livestock and Fisheries
(DLF) - the national agency within the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF). MAF and
the DLF are responsible for fisheries, aquaculture and livestock development. The role of the
DLF is to coordinate with line agencies at the provincial and district levels to implement national policies under its mandate. It is “required” in the sense that not only do overall objectives of the project have to be designed in coordination with the DLF, but it is also, with its
lines agencies, the compulsory partner for activity implementation. Since there is no local
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project description
NGOs in Laos (civil society as we know it in Europe is non-existent in this single-party communist country), INGOs have to implement their project in close cooperation with government
agencies. In practice, the DLF assigns project coordinators to work with WWF at province
and district levels. In addition, technical staff participate in project activities when needed,
e.g. for agricultural trainings (veterinary, agricultural extension, aquaculture, etc.) in support
of the WWF project officers. With regards to overall project management, the WWF project
manager is the main decision-maker, however in coordination with the government coordinator assigned by the DLF, and with technical/managerial support from the landscape manager.
In this project the DLF will coordinate with WWF and provincial line agencies to disseminate
the fisheries law, implement the project work plan and participate in relevant meetings and
workshops. The DLF is also the chair of the project steering committee, mandated to oversee
and monitor the progress of implementation. As such the DLF is a key agency in linking project outcomes to national policies and strategies of the government.
THAILAND
In Thailand, while there are more established CSO’s than in Laos, experience in recent years
has shown that it is more effective to work directly with local authorities. Also, Thai NGO’s
with which WWF Thailand would have the confidence to work with (i.e. with robust-enough
governance and accountability structures) are not present in the project area. Finally, and
most importantly, since this project includes transboundary activities and deliverables (i.e.
transboundary agreements), it is necessary that local authorities are not only on board of the
project, but also included in the project planning and implementation processes since, eventually, the agreements with neighbouring Laos will have to be reviewed and approved by
them.
This is also important to note that since 2006, WWF Thailand has had a strong and positive
relationship with the Thai Department of Fisheries, especially the Inland Fisheries Research
and Development Division, and their provincial offices. The latter will help coordinate with
their counterparts in Laos and the Fisheries Research Division will help with research work
(e.g. the ichtyoplancton survey).
FISHBIO, a research company based in California, USA, with an office in Vientiane, Laos
(http://fishbio.com/) will be providing external services in the field of fish biodiversity research, in particular the evaluation of the effectiveness of fish conservation zones, with technologies such as:
 Underwater biomass surveys (hydro-acoustic)
 Floy tagging
 Boat electrofishing
 Mid-water trawl
 Incline plane trap, scoop trap, screen trap, "Humphreys" trap, etc.
 Etc.
SPYGEN, a laboratory based in France (www.spygen.fr/en/), will provide external services
in the field of e-DNA extraction of collected water samples in order to determine the presence
of selected indicators species, flagship species and/or the whole range of fish species present in targeted locations.
3.8
Competence of WWF and associate partners
WWF has acquired extensive experience and skills in implementing fisheries comanagement projects in Laos since 2007 and as such is the best-placed organization to
conduct this project. This project also illustrates WWF’s commitment to making conservation
and livelihood work together.
WWF GMPO capacity
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WWF Project – abc
project description
WWF GMPO staff and infrastructure capacity is high. This project will require various technical skills, including GIS, in which either WWF staff or local partners are competent. WWFGMPO has a fulltime M&E officer and both landscape managers overseeing this project have
extensive experience in setting up M&E systems. WWF GMPO also has a fulltime communication senior officer capable of providing efficient support to the project team.
WWF GMP has extensive, field-proven capacity in the field of fisheries co-management, fish
research and livelihood support strategies and implementation. While the actual project team
has yet to be recruited (from project manager downwards) the current capacity is a warranty
for success. This includes:



At regional level: A team of 8 strategy leaders and technical advisors with extensive
knowledge and experience of conservation issues and challenges in the region. The
4 GMP conservation strategies focus on 1/ landscape integrity, 2/ sustainable hydropower, 3/ species conservation and law enforcement, 4/ sustainable financing. The
excellent skillsets of these international and regional staff can be drawn to the project
at any time and provide an in-house technical assistance that cannot be matched by
short-term consultants.
In-country - Laos: two international positions will provide continuous support to the
project. This includes the Landscape Manager (overall management, monitoring,
quality control, reporting, etc.) as well as the Conservation Programme Manager
(overall strategy guidance, technical assistance in areas such as watershed management, community relations, livelihoods support, etc.). The Conservation Programme Manager is not included in the project budget and is an in-kind contribution
of WWF Laos to the project.
In-country - Thailand: The Landscape Manager will be the project manager, providing implementation capacity, monitoring, and quality control and reporting. The Conservation Program Manager will provide extra technical assistance.
New staff will be hired, including a project manager, two project officers (Fisheries and Livelihood) and a project support officer in Laos, as well as a senior field project co-ordinator and
a field project finance and admin officer in Thailand.
In addition, in Laos, the project will benefit from a volunteer coordinator position, based at the
Department of Livestock and Fisheries. The volunteer will support all aspects of coordination,
including running paperwork, seeking authorizations from central departments, accompanying special field visits from high-level officials and donors, etc. This type of position is very
useful in terms of coordination – project activities are allowed to run smoothly – and also is a
good opportunity to train young and motivated soon-to-be Lao civil servants with a passion
for fisheries and conservation.
Associate partners
Since 2012, WWF have partnered with FISHBIO and SPYGEN for trialling innovative and
novel technologies for detecting elusive and cryptic species of Mekong freshwater fish. As
part of this partnership we have pioneered the use of environmental DNA (e-DNA) for sampling Mekong biodiversity with a focus on detecting Mekong giant catfish. The previous work
has successfully proved the concept works, through sampling within reservoirs known to
support the species, and will be multiplied, across the Mekong, during the 2014-15 dryseason.
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4. Theory of change
4.1
Fish conservation zones (FCZ)
FCZ contribute to the overall improvement of local people’s livelihoods by increasing fish
stocks. FCZ also contribute to freshwater conservation as fish species benefit from safe havens to spawn, feed and shelter. The robust selection of FCZs, through both community consultation and survey work (involving either e-DNA, fish tagging and/or other suitable innovative methods), help conservation research by identifying key habitats for migratory and local
fish and other aquatic species. FCZ are hence related to both the livelihood and conservation
objectives of this project.
Based on experiences from FCZs in the Mekong, a 25% increase in biomass is reasonable
and biologically feasible during the project period. Therefore 25% increase will be used to
measure success. Once data collection has started we will provide an assessment as to
whether 'significance' sensu lato could be measured.
To provide even more reliability in the measurement of the biodiversity benefits of fish conservation zones, water quality tests will be conducted at the start of the project in 4 locations,
2 on each side of the river to narrow down the number of variables in the estimate. If water
quality at year 3 is the same as year 1, and fish biomass has increased, it can safely be assumed that the increase is due to the reinforced management of the fish stocks.
4.2
Community-based patrolling
As part of the fisheries regulations in both countries, communities are mandated to patrol
their fish conservation zones and in doing so are equally empowered. This element hence
contributes to the sustainability of the systems put in place: fisheries co-management involves both local authorities and the communities, without which supports conservation efforts tend to be vain. WWF Greater Mekong has substantial experience with building capacity
and motivation in community-patrol teams and providing the tools and mind-set to effectively
patrol and protect natural resources.
4.3
Fish research
Focusing on the iconic Mekong giant catfish, WWF flagship species, this element includes
fish biomass surveys, fish catch monitoring, ichtyoplancton surveys and e-DNA research, as
well as other suitable innovative technologies/methods. In this proposed project, WWF will
use either one or all of the research methodologies above in order to assess the biodiversity
of the Mekong main stem.
This is of particular significance as Laos is in the process of building the first dam on the Mekong
mainstream
(see
http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/greatermekong/our_solutions/hydr
opower_roads for more information). The data collected during this project will help determine the impact of the dam if construction is finalized but also assess the impact of other
resource-intense economic activities along the river e.g. sand extraction. Elements of the
research will focus of the flagship Mekong giant catfish and other iconic species such as the
Mekong giant stingray (but will include all species that are considered relevant in assessing
the health of the river's biodiversity, including economically (as food source) significant species such as Helicophagus waadersii, Pangasius bocourti & P. conchophilus.
This research element is also important in identifying locations for FCZs to ensure they play
a significant role in both local livelihood resilience and biodiversity conservation.
The project aims at disseminating information coming from previous research efforts made
by WWF GMPO in the tributaries and main stem of the Mekong River. Also, research activities included in the project will aim at further demonstrating the benefits of FCZ to both community members and decision makers.
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One of the project‘s output will be a scientific peer-reviewed publication recording the impact
of the FCZs on fish biodiversity and the process used to achieve the results. WWF GMP has
an excellent record of producing peer-reviewed publications.
4.4
Livelihood diversification
Livelihood support for some members of the community is necessary in order to ensure the
sustainability of the natural resources management systems to be set up by the project. Indeed, food security is very often the main or only concern of the communities – conservation
being but a remote notion. Supporting the effort of improving natural resources management
systems can be done through the diversification of income (i.e. reducing the dependency on
capture fisheries). See below, “livelihood and conservation” for more details.
4.5
Transboundary cooperation
Parts of the challenge in efficiently managing natural freshwater resources on the Mekong
main stem resides in the fact that the river is shared by two countries, namely Laos and Thailand, making any conservation initiative a transboundary issue. The project hence proposes
to initiate transboundary dialogue at province, district and village levels. Having official transboundary agreements recognizing the existence of fish conservation zones on both sides of
the river will ensure that the rules and regulations on each side of the border are observed.
By creating room for transboundary dialogue, this element will not only contribute to the
achievement of the overall goals of the project; it will foster cooperation and open more doors
for fisheries cooperation between the two countries.
Assuming the project is successful, the following main changes will be observed:
1) Behaviour change: Local communities empowered, with the capacity and understanding of regulations, to sustainably manage community fishery resources.
2) Behaviour change: Local communities have a better understanding of the need for
fish conservation and the positive impact that fisheries management has on their livelihoods and have adapted their livelihood strategies accordingly.
3) Behaviour change: District and village authorities on both sides of the river have
gained experience in co-managing their resources and hence overall capacity to
manage is built at both levels. As a consequence, there is more exchange of communication between the two sides of the river.
4) Increase in biodiversity: Fish stocks have increased: in the fish conservation zones,
an increase in biomass is observed and e-DNA sampling reveals improved species
richness.
5) Increase in biodiversity: Improved status of globally threatened Mekong fish diversity
as monitored through e-DNA sampling.
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Project Theory of Change. Through creating community buy-in and transboundary governmental support for patrolled and well managed fish conservation zones the problem and
threat impacting biodiversity and livelihoods on the Middle Mekong will be transformed.
5. Livelihoods and conservation
As described earlier, in the villages of the potential project areas, fisheries are an essential
part of livelihoods. The following equation: “fisheries = livelihoods” sums up the situation
almost completely. Other livelihood options come in addition to fisheries, including the predominant paddy rice, as well as seasonal vegetable cultivation, product transformation, etc.
but fisheries are central. Hence by improving fisheries management, and eventually increasing fish stocks, conservation here utterly serves the purpose of livelihood improvement.
However, in order to further reduce pressure on natural resources, it is necessary that local
communities have access to diversified ways of generating income. This project will hence
provide support to further improve and diversify the livelihoods of the beneficiaries.
In order to do so, it is essential that the project first conduct a baseline study to precisely understand the needs of each village. Following the results of this survey, activities will be designed specifically for each village. We will not know which specific ones will be implemented
until the villagers have been consulted. Success of such activities depends on the willingness
and ability of the people to participate as well as the opportunities that present themselves
due to the local environment. Whatever activities do get chosen, we will use methods that
are known to work; these will not be trials or experiments. If there are several different suggestions from the same village, we will select the one that will bring the greatest benefit to
the largest number of people.
Sustainable rattan production. The WWF Greater Mekong programme has a special project on this already (partly funded by IKEA) and it is working quite close to the project sites
proposed here. This means that we have easy access to technical support should any villages decide this is an option for them. Rattan is both a food and a material used in furniture
making and has typically been collected from the wild. It is now more generally harder to find,
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and the WWF project (& others) is promoting the cultivation of it as a crop that can be sustainably harvested.
Fish processing. This takes place already, in the form of fermenting, smoking, drying & salting. The benefit is clear, when a lot of fish are available perhaps because of a seasonal migration, the nutritional value can be spread over time by processing fish to preserve them for
later consumption. However, typically the processing is non-systematic in nature and largely
for own-family consumption. It is quite possible to make the process more business-like, to
ensure a consistent quality of product that can be sold as well as eaten locally. As with any of
these small scale commercial enterprises, this will only work if the people are interested, are
receptive to the necessary training and there is reasonable market access.
Improved management of enclosed water bodies. These include natural and constructed
ponds, seasonally flooded swamps and so on. It is not uncommon in central Laos for at least
some of these to be managed as a community fishery, and the objective is mainly to raise
cash which the village can use to fund village improvements, such as school or temple repairs, access road improvement, even occasionally to bring electricity to the village. There
are tried and tested techniques that can be used to improve water body productivity. For example connecting livestock housing to a fish pond so that the manure acts as a natural fertiliser for the pond, and thus improving fish growth rates, or the stocking of certain species
mixtures to maximise the use of the different nutrients that are available.
Rice-fish culture. All paddy fields contain natural fish populations, and all paddy farmers
harvest them. Productivity can be improved by very simple interventions that include digging
deeper areas in the paddy as refuges from the heat, providing supplementary feed & where it
is appropriate the stocking of species known to thrive in this environment.
Mushroom cultivation. All rural Lao villagers, especially women, collect mushrooms from
the wild, to eat and sell. As population increases, so does the pressure on the environment,
and the collecting is often unsustainable. There are low cost methods to cultivate mushrooms
that work in the Lao situation, the WWF Landscape Manager has visited villages in
Bolikhamxay and seen it working.
Improved livestock husbandry. Many rural people, and some ethnic groups in particular,
own animals such as buffalo and cattle. While they are sometimes for household food, it is
much more common for the family to treat them as “money in the bank”. Animals will be sold
to solve short term financial crises, such as a crop failure, a family illness or to pay for a
wedding or funeral ceremony. Ways to improve livestock production include growing suitable
fodder crops, better housing for the animals, and the promotion of the need for and value of
simple veterinary services.
Dry season vegetable cropping. Many villagers will already be growing some mix of these,
either in beds on the river bank, where the soil fertility is replenished each year, or in household gardens. The limitation for the latter is normally a lack of sufficient water. There are
ways to overcome this, by better water management (people are very profligate in water use
around the house), by improving rain water storage capacity, by channelling run-off from water pump sites to collect and reuse, by the use of mulches to both reduce weed growth and
reduce water loss through evaporation. More vegetables will mean an improved diet in particular for certain nutrients and vitamins.
Other livelihood options as presented by the location, the local people and the opportunity.
The more diverse the range of livelihood options the more resilient is the livelihood situation
taken as a whole.
The project will rely on working with model families. Indeed, it is important for the sustainability of any initiative that it is successful in the demonstration phase. Model families can ensure that. Those who will be chosen will be the most motivated, capable and responsible as
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certified by other community members and leaders. In the cultural setting of the project,
neighbours easily take up good innovation from model families, spreading the knowledge
over the years.
6. Project objectives & results
6.1
Overall objective
To maintain and improve freshwater biodiversity and local livelihoods in the Middle Mekong
through support to strategies that enable stakeholders to develop sustainable livelihoods that
better manage natural resources
6.2
Specific objective
To improve fish stocks and livelihoods in the Middle-Mekong to conserve and understand the
mighty River’s unique freshwater biodiversity and resources and enhance the capacity of
communities, governments, and the global scientific community to manage these resources.
The Mekong is one of the WWF Global 200 Eco-regions and the Middle Mekong is a priority
landscape under the current WWF Greater Mekong Strategic Plan. The Mekong giant catfish
is one of the six regional priority species (together with Irrawaddy dolphin, tiger, Asian elephant, Saola and Nomascus gibbon) of WWF Greater Mekong. This project will therefore
make a substantial contribution to the GMP strategy through:
 Enhancing protection and management of a regional priority species
 Improving sustainable natural resource management in a priority landscape
6.3
Integration of the project
The project will reach its goal through the combination of locally-owned conservation initiatives and improvement to communities’ livelihoods. In addition, knowledge of the Mekong’s
unique biodiversity will be generated through innovative research in order to inform stakeholder’s decisions at all levels, from villages’ fishermen to central Government agencies.
The project will be implemented in synergy (including knowledge transfer) with other projects
currently being implemented in both Laos and Thailand and in the region as a whole by
WWF GMPO. In Laos, current freshwater conservation and livelihood projects include Community Fisheries III (Comfish III, funded by Oxfam Novib), in the three central provinces of
Laos (Bolikhamxay, Khammouan and Savannakhet) and the “management and sustainable
use of fisheries and aquatic natural resources” project in Siphandone, Champassak province
(funded by BMZ and HSBC). Both projects are integrated in the same freshwater and landscape conservation programme, in partnership with central as well as provincial authorities.
In particular in the three central provinces, local provincial staff who have been trained by
previous projects will be able to bring know-how and added-value to the project by providing
training and advice to new personnel in newly-targeted districts.
To further materialize integration benefits, this project will come as significant value-added to
past and current project’s achievements on Mekong tributaries, i.e. on the Kading, Xebangfai, Thon and other rivers in Laos and on the Songkhram and Chi Rivers in Thailand. Indeed,
the FCZ to be created on the Mekong main stem will support and multiply the biological benefits of the numerous FCZ created on these Mekong tributaries, providing essential haven
during migration and spawning periods on the Mekong mainstream. By adding FCZ on the
main stem, this project will not only add protected areas, it will multiply the effect of other
protected areas and in return the newly-created protected areas on the main stem will benefit
from those in the tributaries.
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project description
The project will also be integrated to WWF GMPO’s current efforts in conserving flagship
species as well as providing scientific input to better address freshwater conservation needs
in the region (some of it currently being funded by HSBC and EAZA).
In Thailand the project will be implemented in synergy with the “improved freshwater ecosystem of the Lower Songkhram River Basin project” funded by HSBC. Indeed the lower
Songkhram is highly dependent on fish migrating into it from the Mekong mainstream during
the wet season (when the Mekong pushes up the Songkhram like it does in the Tonle Sap).
6.4 Project results within this proposal
Result inception phase:
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Memorandum of understanding between WWF Laos and the Government of Laos
signed
Inception workshop conducted
Beneficiary villages selected
Project staff recruited
Vehicles purchased
Result 1
Improved transboundary freshwater natural resources management via the creation of fish
conservation zones, fisheries management committees, village patrolling units and the dissemination of scientific knowledge towards the communities to better understand the benefits
of fish conservation and fisheries management
Result year 1:
 An awareness survey (KAP) has been conducted to assess baseline Knowledge,
Attitudes and Practices in relation to fisheries and conservation
 FCZ have been created in 5 villages in Laos and 5 villages in Thailand
 FMC have been created in 5 villages in Laos and 5 villages in Thailand
 Transboundary (TB) agreements signed in 5 TB locations
 A scientific brief on the benefits of fish conservation has been prepared and validated by authorities in both countries
 A set of IEC material to disseminate science is available for use in awareness
campaigns
Result year 2:
 FCZ have been created in another 10 villages in Laos and 10 villages in Thailand
(totalling 30 villages in two countries)
 FMC have been created in another 10 villages in Laos and 10 villages in Thailand
(totalling 30 villages in two countries)
 4 patrolling units in each country (totalling 8) have been created and are patrol the
river at least 7 days a month
 Transboundary (TB) agreements signed in an additional 10 TB locations (total 30
villages in 15 locations)
 Awareness campaigns have been conducted in 15 villages in Thailand and 15 villages in Laos
Result year 3:
 Fisheries management committees (FMC) in 15 villages in Laos and 15 villages in
Thailand are capable of effectively managing fisheries in cooperation with local
authorities
 4 additional patrolling units in each country (totalling 16) have been created and
are patrol the river at least 7 days a month.
 A total of 15 TB agreements are in place
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
project description
KAP survey results:
o Pre- and post-project KAP surveys show that the understanding of fisheries regulations and the benefits of fish conservation by local communities
has increased by at least 50% in all surveyed beneficiary population samples.
o Pre- and post-project KAP surveys show that the use of destructive fishing
gear (poison, explosives, electricity) by target communities has reduced by
at least 70% between January 2015 December 2017
o Pre- and post-project KAP surveys show a decrease in fishing time for
surveyed beneficiary by at least 20%
Result 2
Reduced fishing pressure on freshwater natural resources through the support of local livelihoods and the development of alternative sources of income
Result year 1:
 Socio-economic baseline and KAP surveys have been conducted
 Livelihood diversification activities to be supported have been selected
 Beneficiaries for the above activities have been selected
 Selected activities have started
Result year 2:
 At least 100 households benefit from alternative livelihood support activities
Result year 3:
 At least 200 households in 30 villages benefit directly from livelihood diversification and serve as model families for further duplication among local communities
 KAP survey:
o The pre- and post-project KAP survey among the target beneficiaries of
livelihood diversification activities shows a change in behaviour, in particular the share of alternative activities in local communities' income generation has been increased by at least 30%
o and/or 80% of the beneficiaries have developed seasonal strategies to reduce pressure on fish populations during the spawning season through alternatives means of income generation.
Result 3
Increased knowledge of biodiversity in the Middle Mekong, including the level of fish stocks
and spawning grounds of the flagship Mekong giant catfish and other priority threatened
species
Result year 1:
 Baseline water quality data has been collected in 4 sites (possibly the same as
those for biomass)
 Baseline fish biomass data has been collected in at least 4 sites identified as fish
refuge in the Mekong River
 Community-led baseline fish catch monitoring data has been collected monthly in
at least 4 villages on each side of the river
 At least 2 MGC traditional spawning grounds have been identified through local
knowledge
 At least 2 rare fish species in addition to the MGC have been selected for biodiversity indicator monitoring throughout the landscape and last sighting interviews
have been conducted
 Water samples have been collected in at least 3 sites locally believed to be MGC
spawning grounds and analysed for eDNA
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project description
Result year 2:
 A ichtyoplancton survey including all species has been conducted in at least two
sites of the river close to sites locally believed to be MGC spawning grounds
 Interview based trend reports for at least 2 rare fish species in addition to the
MGC have been produced at the end of year 2
Result year 3:
 Water quality test are available and compared with tests done in year 1, at the
same time of the year and following the exact same protocol as in year 1
 Biomass data has been collected in the same 4 sites identified in year 1 and a
25% increase in biomass is demonstrated in at least 3 sites
 Trend reports for at least 2 rare fish species other than MGC have been produced
at the end of year 3 and show population improvement
 Community led fish catch monitoring has been conducted monthly, compared to
baseline data and data shows an increase in catch biodiversity
 The results of the above, as well as the ichtyoplancton survey and eDNA analysis,
are disseminated through a technical symposium. An article is submitted to a
peer-reviewed journal.
7. Long-term safeguarding of project success
In Thailand numerous constitutional amendments have recently been promulgated to favour
decentralized and local community empowerment. These reforms specifically guarantee the
rights of the communities to conserve their local natural resources and environment. They
also mandate that the State shall promote and encourage communities to participate in the
management of natural resources to protect the biological diversity of ecosystems.
In Laos, the Fisheries Law, enacted in 2010, explicitly empowers the villagers to form fisheries management committees to manage and protect their aquatic resources. The rationale
behind the law is to make the villagers responsible to actually implement the law at village
level, including removing illegal fishing gear and fining penalties to those who break the law.
7.1
Behaviour change
Through building capacity in sustainable natural resource management at all levels (from
communities to government) this project focuses on building the systems and knowledge
base required for longevity of behaviour changes. The exit strategy of this project will hence
focus on capacity building at all levels, but mostly at community level, so that the villagers
can look after their resources after the project has left. This will be reinforced through
demonstrating the value of FCZs through monitoring fish populations and dispersal patterns.
In terms of institutional support, the local fisheries authorities will be trained and be responsible for overseeing regulations and long-term sustainability of the FCZs.
All the target groups within the project will be able to demonstrate behaviour change with
regards to fisheries management, fish conservation and the sustainability of their livelihoods.
At village level especially, it is expected that all adult villagers will benefit from the setting up
of a fisheries management committee and a fish conservation zone. At the very least, as it
has been demonstrated in other projects’ target areas, they will fish more responsibly. At the
most, they will take an active part in fisheries co-management (e.g. be part of the committee
or patrolling unit). This will be achieved through awareness-raising campaigns and participation in the various steps needed to complete the setting up of the fisheries management
committees. Those who will benefit from livelihood support activities will be able to demon19
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project description
strate a reduction in fishing time, a significant behaviour change in fisheries-dependent
communities.
Thanks to reduced fishing time, families have the possibility to diversify their income. This
allows them to cope better with stress. Earlier projects have demonstrated a fast transfer of
successful diversification activities from the model households to other villagers. We thus
expect the same to happen in this project.
These changes will be monitored through the conducting of pre- and post-project
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) surveys targeted at different levels within the
beneficiary population (i.e. randomly selected fishermen, FMC members, women groups,
village authorities, district civil servants, etc.).
The most important behavioural change that may be needed will be reducing the use of illegal gears. While the law is in place, implementation remains a challenge in many places in
both countries. Based on the positive results obtained during previous projects implemented
by WWF GMP, this will be achieved through information dissemination, consensus building,
demonstration of benefits to the communities, etc. as well as support to law enforcement (i.e.
co-management by communities and local authorities, patrolling, etc.).
In order to measure the change in behaviour, it is essential that all the elements above are
integrated in the baseline survey (e.g. pre-project KAP survey), as well as in follow up monitoring work.
7.2
Law enforcement
The creation of each and every FCZ follows a process clearly defined by the fishery laws. In
Laos, WWF and the DLF published guidelines to illustrate this and to be used by both Government, communities and other NGOs in the country. In essence, the communities (de facto) decide how to manage the FCZ within the realm of the law (de jure).
Once the committees have been set up to manage the FCZ and village fisheries in general,
the villagers have a mandate to enforce the law. The likeliness that offenders will be prosecuted depends on the community settings of each community, but in many of the villages
where WWF GMP’s supported the creation of FCZs, FMC have prosecuted offenders. “Prosecution” involves progressive steps, starting with the confiscation of gear, then fines, summoning offenders to the district police office, etc.
7.3
Patrolling
Based on WWF GMPs extensive experience of developing FCZs in the Mekong, indemnities
for patrolling activities in community fisheries (as opposed to, e.g., community forestry) are
not required. Instead law enforcement activities focus on developing the systems (patrol
standards and plans) and capacities for effective patrolling. This is an inherently sustainable
approach post-project.
In Laos, it is not planned to equip all villages with a patrol team but rather select the most
pertinent villages and equip them with the relevant equipment to demonstrate the benefits of
having such patrolling teams active on the river.
In Thailand, communities will provide the equipment so that project input is limited to capacity
building (i.e. trainings, meetings and other village decision-making process support, etc.).
7.4
Lessons learnt capitalisation
To capitalize lessons learnt of all 3 components of the project, as in all projects implemented
by WWF GMP, all material produced in the course of the project (e.g. awareness material,
guidelines, etc.) as well as reports from supported activities (e.g. livelihood support) will be
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project description
circulated to other projects if relevant. For example, the current phase 3 of Comfish is currently assessing the success of livelihood support activities implemented in phase 2. This will
be capitalized in a report to help design better livelihood support activities for the purpose of
freshwater conservation.
8. Risk assessment
Risks
Assessment
Political support in
Laos is discontinued
Low
Lack of motivation
from villagers
Medium
Political situation in
Thailand prevents
transboundary activities to be conducted.
Low
Major disaster
(flooding) hits the
target area
Dam construction
on the main stem of
the Mekong upstream of the project area (i.e. Xayabouri dam) prevent
fish stock increase
due to the deterioration of water quality
Measures to minimize risks
{high/medium/low}
- Proposal submitted to Government will make no
mention of controversial issues such as dam development
- Village selection will not be made arbitrarily but in
coordination with central and local authorities to
ensure communities are willing to participate, following the model of previous fisheries comanagement projects in Laos and Thailand
- Ensure local authorities understand the project.
Through the demonstration of higher level official
support (e.g. have ministers officially and publicly
support the project before its implementation) local
authorities are assured of the legitimacy of the project’s TB activities.
Not known
Medium (in the
time frame of
this project) to
high (following
project completion when the
dam is operational)
- Water quality tests to monitor the situation in year
3 compared to year 1
- WWF GMPO is currently taking part in a regional
advocacy campaign to attempt to stop the construction of the dam (see:
http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?218410/NGOsset-one-year-deadline-to-stop-Xayaburi-dam)
9. Innovation and scaling
The transformational innovation within the project will be the use of robust, scientific information for identifying, and subsequently monitoring the conservation impact of, the newly
created FCZs. For example, a most innovative and new methodology, e-DNA sampling, will
be used to ensure that we are selecting the right, high impact places for action.
Another aspect of innovation within the project is to include transboundary agreements.
While this has already been done in the past in the northern parts of Thailand and Laos, with
the support of WWF, the Middle Mekong has never so far benefitted from such an initiative.
In all target areas, the project will work with local communities, assisting and strengthening
them in formulating their natural resources management plans and supporting the process of
local government endorsement of these. The latter is clearly defined in the fisheries laws,
only implementation is lagging behind. This “bottom-up” approach ensures that the conservation structures in place (FCZ) are there to last. Following this approach, the project can be
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project description
scaled up to any part of the WWF GMPO priority areas in Thailand and Laos. This includes
any aquatic resources-dependent area in the landscapes defined by WWF GMPO.
In order to make an expansion possible, the project will be developed and conducted in partnership with all levels of government (from village to district, province and national levels).
This proactive cooperation from concept to implementation will ensure that the project is
owned locally and can hence be expanded readily. In practice, this means that the cooperation that WWF has established with the fisheries authorities in Thailand and Laos over time is
such that nothing more is expected of WWF after the FCZ and FMC have been set up. Once
set up, the village fishery management committees function autonomously just as any other
committee formed by the villagers. The very reason the fishery committees do function well
and over time is that they have a real purpose that the villagers can relate to: it is about their
own natural resources and how they manage them themselves, as owners of their own livelihood's future. Outside support is only needed to get things going.
10.
Monitoring / Evaluation
WWF Switzerland continuously evaluates the progress of projects it implements or commissions. The impact of the projects is assessed on three levels: firstly, we use the project workplan to establish whether the planned project activities were carried out within the specified
timeframe and what immediate results were achieved as a consequence of these activities.
Secondly, before the start of the project we set indicators for the individual project goals in
the logical project framework (LogFrame) and define the database, with respect to which
progress is to be achieved. An annual report is produced on progress in relation to the indicators. Thirdly, we carry out a qualitative assessment of the achievability of the long-term
objectives on the basis of these data (activity monitoring and impact indicators), with particular focus on the integration of the project in the political, social and economic framework.
WWF Switzerland and its regional partners in the project areas also undertake to produce
annual financial and results reports in accordance with the WWF Network Standard.
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11.
project description
Financing
See attached Excel file.
Author, Function, NGO
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WWF Project – abc
12.
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BMZ
CEPF
CR
CSO
DLF
EAZA
E-DNA
EN
FCZ
FMC
GMP(O)
HSBC
IEC
INGO
KAP
MAF
MGC
NRM
PSAT
TB
WWF
project description
Acronyms
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
Critical ecosystems partnership fund
(IUCN red list) Critically Endangered species
Civil society organizations
Department of Livestock and Fisheries (Laos)
European association of zoos and aquariums
Environmental DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
(IUCN red list) Endangered species
Fish Conservation Zones
Fisheries management committees
WWF Greater Mekong Programme (Office)
Hong Kong Shanghai banking corporation
Information, education and communication
International non-governmental organization
Knowledge, attitude and practice
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Laos)
Mekong giant catfish
Natural resources management
Pop-up satellite archival tag
Transboundary
World Wide fund for Nature
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WWF Projekt – abc
Projektbeschrieb
Annex I
Logical Project Framework
See attached Excel file.
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WWF Projekt – abc
© 1986
Panda
Symbol
WWF ®
«WWF»
eine vom
WWF
eingetra
e Marke
Projektbeschrieb
Annex II
Workplan
See attached Excel file.
WWF Switzerland
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P.O. Box
8010 Zurich
Tel.: +41 (0) 44 297 21 21
Fax: +41 (0) 44 297 21 00
E-Mail: service@wwf.ch
www.wwf.ch
Donations: PC 80-470-3
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