APPENDIX C-Potential Sources of Significant Contamination
CONTENTS
Potential Sources of Significant Contamination............................................................................................... 1
Part 1: Statewide Potential Sources of Contamination (SPSC) Relative Risk Assessment ................................... 3
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Methods....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Structure of the Workgroup and Analysis Process............................................................................................. 4
Assessing Relative Risk for SPSCs ....................................................................................................................... 6
Scoring Probability and Severity ........................................................................................................................ 8
Possible Relative Risk Scores .............................................................................................................................. 8
Relative Risk Analysis Results ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
How to use the relative risk scores .................................................................................................................. 10
Using the Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Mitigation through Water Treatment .............................................................................................................. 11
Attachment A: Regulated Databases ............................................................................................................ 26
USEPA ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
WVDEP ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Attachment B: Probability and Severity Scores used to calculate Relative Risk Rating for SPSCs. .................... 29
Part 2: Priority PSSCs and Example Management Strategies .......................................................................... 36
Potential Sources of Significant Contamination
The West Virginia Bureau of Public Health (BPH) has developed Appendix C to identify sources of contamination
(e.g. dry cleaners, animal feedlots, above ground storage tanks) and the possible contaminants commonly
associated with those sources. It is important to note that the links between the potential sources of significant
contamination (PSSCs) and the primary contaminant types are not intended to be comprehensive, but only
represent those most commonly associated with the potential contaminant source. Any potential source may
have none, some, or more types of contaminants associated with the chemicals indicated. Information
presented about PSSCs is from a statewide perspective and may not properly characterize a specific site in a
1
source water protection area. For this reason, utilities should carefully consider PSSCs to rank them in threat
and priority. Details to consider are, nature of activities at a site, contaminants associated at a site, proximity to
the intake/wellhead, inspection schedules, regulatory compliance, and best management practices.
This appendix is broken into two parts:

Part 1: Statewide Potential Sources of Contamination (SPSC) Relative Risk Assessment- A report provided
by a workgroup formed to review and update PSSC relative risk rankings.

Part 2: Priority PSSC and Example Management Strategies- WVBPH has developed this list to provide
reasons why PSSCs are considered priorities and suggest potential protective strategies for dealing with
each one. Utilities may identify additional priority threats not listed as examples. For assistance
identifying management strategies, please contact the SWAP Program at
eedsourcewaterprotection@wv.gov.
2
Part 1: Statewide Potential Sources of Contamination (SPSC) Relative Risk
Assessment
The following report was prepared for the West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Office of Environmental
Health Services, Environmental Engineering Division Source Water Assessment and Protection Program.
Contents are the result of several months of collaboration concluding in July 2015.
Special thanks for contributions from the SPSC Inventory Workgroup
Lew Baker, West Virginia Rural Water Association
Meghan Betcher, Downstream Strategies
Grant Bishop, West Virginia Department of Agriculture
Eric Bumgardner, Parkersburg, Utility Board
Brian Carr, West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection
Evan Hansen, Downstream Strategies
Tom Landis, Buckhannon WTP
John Lockhart, West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection
Jane McColloch, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey
Mindy Ramsey, Tetra Tech, Inc.
Scott Rodeheaver, West Virginia Bureau for Public Health
Angie Rosser, West Virginia Rivers Coalition
Greg Shellito, Morgantown Utility Board
Billie Suder, West Virginia American Water
Amy Swann, West Virginia Rural Water Association
William Toomey, West Virginia Bureau for Public Health
JB Turley, West Virginia Manufacturer’s Association
Stan Walls, Beckley-Raleigh Health Department
Introduction
The West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Source Water Assessment and Protection Program, in collaboration
with key stakeholders and partners, examined Statewide Potential Sources of Contamination (SPSCs) ,
categorized as agricultural, commercial, industrial, municipal, residential, and databases (referring to federal
and state regulated databases), which could threaten drinking water sources (ex. wells, springs, streams, or
reservoirs). A similar workgroup performed a Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Analysis process in 1999 to
evaluate known threats or types of risk, and the probability and potential impact of each. The assessment
process reported here was intended to update and build upon that previous process.
SPSCs included in this assessment are facilities that use, produce, or store contaminants of concern (those that
could pose a threat to public health) which, if improperly managed, could find their way into a source of public
drinking water. It is important to understand that a release may never occur from a SPSC provided that site
operators and owners are using best management practices. All SPSCs, including regulated sources and
3
unregulated sources appearing in this inventory, are considered “potential sources of significant contaminant”
for purposes of source water protection planning requirements.
This assessment of SPSC is meant as guidance information only and does not represent a regulatory
determination of the relative risk of SPSCs or the significance of threat to a local drinking water source.
Relative risk levels reported in this inventory were determined from a statewide perspective and do not
consider details such as proximity of the SPSC to the source water intake/wellhead, infiltration rates in karst
geology, capacity of the water source to dilute a contaminant, amount of stored/transported contaminant,
adherence to site-specific best management practices, compliance with regulations, ability of treatment
facilities to mitigate for contamination, or other possible factors understood at a local level. Thus, relative risk
should be considered for each public drinking water source by local stakeholders, such as a public water
system’s Source Water Protection Team. The Source Water Protection Team or other organization preparing a
Source Water Protection Plan and implementing protective strategies should carefully assess all potential
sources of significant contamination to determine relative risk on a local level to their source water. Local
stakeholders are in the best position to determine if a more detailed inventory (including more information
about a specific source obtained through surveys or site visits) will be necessary. It will be the responsibility of
the public water system to determine which of their inventoried potential sources of contamination represent
the most significant threats and how to best to prioritize them for possible protective strategies.
Methods
Structure of the Workgroup and Analysis Process
Overview
A Risk and Vulnerability Analysis process was established to evaluate the identified SPCSs and to determine the
relative risk to public water supplies. Workgroup members were selected as subject matter experts, and the
process that was developed for the assessment was deliberately intended to reflect the input and perspective
of each workgroup member, as well as the workgroup collectively. The workgroup examined a wide range of
SPSCs, categorized as agricultural, commercial, industrial, municipal, residential, and databases (referring to
those contaminants that are listed in federal and state regulated databases). A total of 178 different SPSCs
were considered in the analysis (see Table 1). The SPSCs were those considered in the original analysis, along
with others observed since 1999 in source water protection areas in West Virginia during source water
assessment efforts. Additional potential contaminant sources may be identified in a local watershed that have
not been documented in this inventory.
4
Table 1: Number of SPSCs assessed per category.
Category
No. SPSCs Assessed
Agriculture
20
Commercial
57
Industrial
50
Municipal
36
Residential
7
Databases
8
TOTAL
178
For this analysis, the regulatory databases (ex. NPDES, TRI, RCRA) were assigned a general relative risk to
characterize all facilities appearing in each regulatory program’s dataset. See Attachment A for a list of
databases and their program descriptions detailing what types of facilities are included.
It should be noted that some of the SPSCs could be classified under more than one category. For example, an
Industrial Site may also be reported as a RCRA facility and be included in the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI).
However, each facility should only be classified and counted once in a Source Water Protection Plan. When
referencing this inventory, if risk rankings are different for each applicable classification the highest ranking
may be used if determined appropriate at a local level.
Analysis Goals
The overall goal of the analysis was to create or establish an unmitigated relative risk for each SPSC to provide
a basis for local water systems to assess threats and priorities on a local level. To accomplish this overall goal,
specific goals of the workgroup were that the analysis would:









Consider a wide range of potential contaminants
Capture and reflect the perspective of each workgroup member acting as subject matter experts
Document the collective and aggregate input of the workgroup
Focus on state level (not individual communities or regions)
Strive for objectivity
Establish a standardized process
Use a defined scale to measure probability and impact
Base results or findings on workgroup analysis, revisions, consensus, and final recommendations
Provide a method for local stakeholders to rank their relative risk of potential sources of significant
contamination to their source of water
5
Inventory Planning Process
The inventory process enables each SPSC to be assigned a numerical value to provide objective outputs and
consistency in measurement, with opportunity for review and discussion from the perspective of the
workgroup as subject matter experts. The inventory process consisted of the following steps:
1. Assessment
Workgroup members assigned ratings individually for each SPSC.
2. Analysis
Completed ratings were submitted individually and an aggregate summary
was prepared for workgroup meetings. Means and ranges were calculated and
displayed for each SPSC by category.
3. Review
The workgroup met to review and discuss all ratings.
4. Consensus
Following discussion, a consensus was established for each SPSC in all
categories using an agreed upon process.
5. Final Report
A final report was prepared to present ratings.
Assessing Relative Risk for SPSCs
The following section describes assumptions and defines the factors considered when calculating relative risk
for the SPSCs. For the purposes of this analysis, relative risk for each SPSC is equal to the likelihood of a
contamination event (or probability) multiplied by the severity of impacts of the contamination event to
human health and businesses.
Risk
Probability Score x Severity Score
More specifically:
Probability Score x Severity Score = Relative Risk Rating
Where: Severity Score = (Human Impact x Business Impact) / 2
Assumptions
The following assumptions were made in the analysis:

Probability scores assumed that the contaminant would be released into the source water at
concentrations great enough to require treatment to protect human health. For instance, water
infiltrates or runs off a field of row crops regularly during rain events or irrigation. This does not
6

necessarily mean that the infiltrated and runoff water contains large amounts of pesticides or
fertilizers every time it rains.
Human impact scores assumed exposure to a contaminant without mitigation through treatment. For
instance, a water treatment plant more than likely could sanitize water to remove coliform bacteria
released from a failing waste water treatment plant. However, impacts were assessed if humans were
exposed to coliform bacteria in the source water without treatment.
Probability
As stated above, probability was defined as the likelihood a contaminant from a SPSC would occur at a
concentration requiring treatment in the source water. Probability scores were assessed for both groundwater
and surface water sources, separately. Probability was measured on a consistent scale of 0 to 4 (see Table 2),
and was based on a cycle of 5 years, using the following:
Table 2: Probability score descriptions.
Assigned Value
Definition
0
Probability of contamination is zero
1- Remote
Not likely to occur but possible
2- Occasional
Likely to occur at least once
3- Probable
Likely to occur several times
4- Likely
Likely to occur annually or cyclically
Severity
Severity was defined as the impact of an event on people, property, or businesses using an objective
measurement and an established scale as defined in the table below. For each SPSC, a value was assigned for
each of the factors of human impact and property/business impact using a scale of 0 to 4 (see table 3) for
ground water and surface water separately. The human impact factor and property/business impact factor
were equally weighted and together comprised the severity score. Note; the human impact factor referred to
the impact the contaminant may have on the general population, but consideration was given to sensitive
populations when rating severity.
Table 3: Severity score definitions for human impact and property/business Impact.
Assigned
Human Impact
Property/Business Impact
Value
7
Assigned
Human Impact
Property/Business Impact
0
No injuries
No damage, minor cleanup, brief interruption of utilities
1
Minor injuries or psychological
Minor damage. Restoration of utilities may take days to weeks.
trauma
Business operations stressed. Some services delayed, but available.
Minor injuries, limited major
Moderate damage, repairs require weeks to months. Most business
trauma, psychological trauma
operations stressed. Some services cancelled and referred /
Value
2
transferred external to organizations or community.
3
Severe injuries and psychological
Severe damage. Prolonged repairs > 1 month. Some service lines can
trauma
no longer be provided and are referred outside the organization or
community. Prolonged interruption of supply delivery.
4
Fatalities, severe injuries and
Business operations are critically impacted due to loss of multiple
psychological trauma
critical functions. Unable to open for more than one year.
Scoring Probability and Severity
Workgroup members were provided with a list of SPSCs, including the name of the source, possible associated
chemicals, and a brief description of the SPSC (Refer to Table 4). Using best professional judgment, each
member scored the probability and severity factors (human impact, business impact) for both groundwater
and surface water sources. Members were to refrain from scoring SPSCs if they were uncertain of the ranking.
Blank scores were not interpreted as “zero” and did not impact the aggregate score.
Possible Relative Risk Scores
Possible relative risk scores range from 0-16 based the analysis methodology. It is important to note that
reaching scores of 12-16 would require that the probability and severity scores both be ranked high. Possible
scenarios that would result in scores of 12-16 are:
1) A contamination event is likely to occur several times in 5 years, resulting in fatalities, severe injury
and psychological trauma. Business operations of the water system and services area would be
critically impacted.
2) A contamination event occurs annually resulting in severe injuries and psychological trauma, along
with severe damage to the source or water treatment plant resulting in interruption of water delivery.
3) A contamination event occurs annually resulting in fatalities, severe injury and psychological trauma.
Business operations of the water system and services area would be critically impacted.
8
These scenarios are not common on a statewide level and are not likely to occur, thus no SPSC was given a
relative risk ranking of 12-16. It is possible that a local level assessment could identify a potential contaminant
source with this level of risk, for which the water system is mitigating contamination. If so, the WVDHHR
recommends that the source be considered the highest priority.
Relative Risk Analysis Results
Table 4 presents summary scores for relative risk to groundwater and surface water sources of each SPSC
along with brief descriptions of the possible contaminants. In addition, workgroup consensus scores for the
probability and severity of each SPSC are provided in Attachment B. Results of the analysis provided actual
relative risk scores ranging from 0.6 to 10.
When reviewing the scores and reaching consensus, the workgroup tested the methodology by comparing
different SPSC to verify the scoring results. One example comparison that demonstrates the effectiveness of
the scoring methodology is a municipal swimming pool compared to a commercial dry cleaner. The score for
relative risk to groundwater for the swimming pool is 0.6, while the dry cleaners rated a 7.5. The higher score
is the result of known groundwater sources where activities are being implemented to remediate the
contamination from dry cleaners.
Scores were assessed separately for groundwater and surface water sources. Using the dry cleaners example,
the score for relative risk to a surface water source was only 2.6. It is unlikely that a commercial dry cleaner
would release contaminants in an amount great enough to cause concentrations of concern in a surface water
source where water is moving relatively quickly and potentially diluting the contaminant. Instances of
groundwater remediation are occurring where a contaminant was released regularly for years through water
that infiltrated and was stored in groundwater that travels slowly.
To assure quality, the workgroup also compared the relative risk rating to the ranking of Low, Medium, and
High that were generated in the 1999 assessment. In general, relatively low risk ratings in the recent
assessment were associated with SPSCs that were once deemed “low threat” and relatively high risk ratings
were associated with SPSCs that were once deemed “high threat” on a statewide perspective. In instances
when ratings deviated from the previous low/high determination, the workgroup examined the SPSC and
found that relative risk ratings were appropriate based on updated information and knowledge of the
workgroup.
9
How to use the relative risk scores
As stated previously, this inventory is meant as guidance information only and does not represent a regulatory
determination of the relative risk of SPSCs or the significance of threat to a local drinking water source. Local
stakeholders, such as a Source Water Protection Team, may use the relative risk score details and summary to
gain insight into local potential sources of significant contamination to allow them to assess the highest
priority threats. Relative risk ratings follow a trend of lower risk to higher risk (see Figure 1). However, local
stakeholders should consider local conditions of the source water and potential sources of significant
contamination in their assessment using the same methodology (ex. calculations, rankings).
Map
Code
Source Name
Source
Category
Associated
Chemicals
C-41
C-29
Railroad Tracks and Yards
Leaking Underground Storage Tank
Commercial
Commercial
I-43
Clandestine Dumping
Industrial
C-1
I-23
M-2
C-23
A-3
C-49
C-18
M-36
A-14
Above Ground Storage Tanks
Mines: abandoned
Combined Sewer Overflows
Historic gas stations
Confined Animal Feeding Operations
Utility Substation Transformers
Gas Stations
Right-of-ways (herbicide use areas)
Fertilizer Storage
Road maintenance depots/deicing
operations
Commercial
Industrial
Municipal
Commercial
Agriculture
Commercial
Commercial
Municipal
Agriculture
PH, M, VOC, SOC
PH, VOC
M, VOC, SOC,
TO, HM
PH, VOC
M, T
MP, TO, VOC, PH
PH, M, VOC
NN, MP, TO
PH, VOC, SOC
PH, M, VOC, SOC
VOC, SOC
NN
Municipal
PH, VOC, M
C-21
Hardware/lumber/parts stores
Commercial
C-6
Campgrounds
Commercial
M-26
Swimming Pools
Municipal
M-20
VOC, SOC, HM,
M
MP, SOC, VOC,
PH
Chlorine, D
Groundwater
Relative
Risk
10.0
9.4
Higher
Risk
6.9
5.8
5.2
5.1
4.6
4.1
2.7
2.7
2.3
2.3
1.8
1.7
1.6
0.6
Lower
Risk
Figure 1: Examples of SPSCs showing range of relative risk ratings
Using the Methods
Local stakeholders may use the same methodology to derive local level relative risk scores, which may be
similar to the statewide score but higher or lower depending upon several factors. When reassessing relative
risk at a local level, the probability is most likely the factor that will change. The probability that a contaminant
will be introduced into the source water from a potential source of significant contamination could be
influenced by information such as the quantity of contaminant stored at the site, the proximity of the site to
10
the source water and intake/wellhead, the site best management practices, and regulatory compliance at the
site. For instance, a 5,000 gallon above ground storage tank (AST) is less of a threat than a 30,000 gallon AST if
both are located the same distance from an intake. However, if the 30,000 gallon AST is located 100 miles
from the intake and the 5,000 gallon AST is located 100 feet from the intake, the probability scores change.
Mitigation through Water Treatment
In general, when the risk assessment is completed, mitigating factors are included in the equation. For
purposes of this analysis, relative risk was determined for unmitigated threats. However, local stakeholders
may include mitigation factors in their consideration when prioritizing threats. The most significant mitigating
factor is likely the water treatment facility. Water treatment facilities mitigate certain contaminants regularly
through water sanitation processes. Water treatment technology varies between water systems, so local
stakeholders are in the best position to consider water treatment as a mitigating factor.
11
Table 4: Potential Sources of Contamination (SPSC) Inventory Workgroup Relative Risk Ratings
Map
Code
Source Name
A-19
Pesticide/fertilizer/petroleu
m storage and transfer
areas
Agriculture
PH, NN,
SOC, VOC
A-3
Confined Animal Feeding
Operations
Agriculture
NN, MP,
TO
A-2
Animal Feedlots
Agriculture
NN, MP,
TO
A-11
Farm chemical distributor
Agriculture
NN, VOC,
SOC, PH
A-13
Fertilizer Application
Agriculture
NN
A-16
A-9
A-5
Manure spreading or
Storage
Drainage tile (agricultural)
Crops, corn, soybean,
wheat
Source
Category
Agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture
Associated
Chemicals
NN, MP, T,
TO
NN
NN, SOC,
MP
NN, MP,
SOC
A-7
Crops: other
Agriculture
A-1
Animal Burial Grounds
Agriculture
MP, TO
A-14
Fertilizer Storage
Agriculture
A-21
Slaughterhouses
Agriculture
NN
MP, TO, T,
SOC, D
A-6
Crops: orchards
Agriculture
NN, SOC
Threat to
Ground
Threat to
Surface
4.4
5.3
4.1
4.9
3.7
4.2
3.4
3.2
3.3
5.5
Livestock sewage wastes; nitrates
3.0
5.1
Pesticides; fertilizer; bacteria
2.8
3.2
Pesticides; fertilizer; gasoline and motor oils from chemical applicators
2.7
2.9
Pesticides; fertilizer; gasoline and motor oils from chemical applicators
2.6
3.4
Livestock sewage wastes; nitrates; phosphates; chloride; chemical sprays
and dips for controlling insect, bacterial, viral, and fungal pests on
livestock; coliform and noncoliform bacteria; viruses
2.5
1.3
2.3
3.0
2.3
2.7
2.2
2.5
Health, Environment or Aesthetic Contaminant
Hydrocarbons; oil-field brines (highly mineralized salt solutions)
Livestock sewage wastes; nitrates; phosphates; chloride; chemical sprays
and dips for controlling insect, bacterial, viral, and fungal pests on
livestock; coliform and noncoliform bacteria; viruses
Livestock sewage wastes; nitrates; phosphates; chloride; chemical sprays
and dips for controlling insect, bacterial, viral, and fungal pests on
livestock; coliform and noncoliform bacteria; viruses
Pesticides; fertilizer; gasoline and motor oils from chemical applicators
Pesticides; fertilizer; gasoline and motor oils from chemical applicators
12
Map
Code
Source Name
Source
Category
Associated
Chemicals
Threat to
Surface
2.2
3.1
2.2
4.0
1.8
2.8
1.8
3.1
Crop Irrigation
Agriculture
A-23
Dairy Farms
Agriculture
A-17
Other animal facilities
Agriculture
MP
A-8
Drainage canals
(agricultural)
Agriculture
T
A-15
Greenhouses/Nurseries
Agriculture
MP, NN
1.3
1.8
A-20
Silviculture (logging)
Agriculture
T, PH, VOC
1.3
3.8
A-18
Pasture
Agriculture
MP, SOC
1.2
2.0
A-22
Other (specify source)
Agriculture
C-41
Railroad Tracks and Yards
Commercial
PH, M,
VOC, SOC
10.0
10.0
Commercial
PH, VOC
9.4
3.1
9.0
9.0
7.5
2.6
7.5
3.0
5.8
6.8
4.6
3.0
C-56
Leaking Underground
Storage Tank
Other (Highway and Road
Bulk Transportation)
Pesticides; fertilizer; gasoline and motor oils from chemical applicators
Threat to
Ground
A-4
C-29
NN, MP, T
Health, Environment or Aesthetic Contaminant
Pesticides; fertilizer; bacteria
Diesel fuel; herbicides for rights-of-way; creosote for preserving wood ties
Commercial
C-12
Dry cleaners
Commercial
VOC, SOC
C-48
Underground Storage Tanks
Commercial
PH, VOC
C-1
Above Ground Storage
Tanks
Commercial
PH, VOC
C-23
Historic gas stations
Commercial
PH, M,
VOC
Solvents (perchloroethylene, petroleum solvents, Freon); spotting
chemicals (trichloroethane, methylchloroform, ammonia, peroxides,
hydrochloric acid, rust removers, amyl acetate)
Heating oil; diesel fuel; gasoline; other petroleum products; other
commercially used chemicals
Heating oil; diesel fuel; gasoline; other petroleum products; other
commercially used chemicals
13
Map
Code
Source Name
Source
Category
Associated
Chemicals
VOC, SOC,
PH
Threat to
Ground
Threat to
Surface
4.0
1.2
3.6
3.4
3.1
2.2
2.9
3.0
Fuel tanks; repair shop wastes; other hazardous and nonhazardous wastes
2.9
3.7
Pesticides
2.8
2.9
Health, Environment or Aesthetic Contaminant
Fertilizers; herbicides; pesticides for controlling mosquitoes, ticks, ants,
gypsy moths and other pests
C-20
Golf courses
Commercial
C-25
Junk yards, scrap and auto
Commercial
C-46
Sawmills and planers
Commercial
C-2
Airports/Abandoned
airfields
Commercial
C-14
Fleet/truck/bus terminals
Commercial
C-36
Pest control company
Commercial
M, VOC,
HM, SOC,
PH
VOC, SOC
C-22
Heating oil companies
Commercial
PH, VOC
Heating oil; wastes from truck maintenance areas
2.8
3.2
C-49
Utility Substation
Transformers
Commercial
PH, VOC,
SOC
PCBs from transformers and capacitors; oils; solvents; wood preservatives
(creosote and pentachlorophenol); sludges; acid solution; metal plating
solutions (chromium, nickel, cadmium); herbicides from utility rights-ofway
2.7
2.9
C-3
Auto repair shops
Commercial
Waste oils; solvents; acids; paints; automotive wastes; miscellaneous
cutting oils
2.7
2.7
C-18
Gas Stations
Commercial
Oils; solvents; miscellaneous wastes
2.7
2.9
X-ray developers and fixers; infectious wastes; radiological wastes;
biological wastes; disinfectants; asbestos; beryllium; solvents; infectious
materials; drugs; disinfectants (quaternary ammonia, hexachlorophene,
peroxides, chlornexade, bleach); miscellaneous chemicals
2.6
3.1
Solvents; asbestos; paints; glues and other adhesives; waste insulation;
lacquers; tars; sealants; epoxy waste; miscellaneous chemical wastes
2.6
3.5
Waste oils; solvents; acids; paints; automotive wastes; miscellaneous
2.4
2.1
C-44
Research laboratories
Commercial
C-10
Construction areas
Commercial
C-43
Repair Shops (engine,
Commercial
PH, VOC,
SOC, M,
HM
PH, VOC,
SOC
PH, VOC
PH, M,
VOC, HM,
SOC
PH, M,
VOC, SOC
M, VOC,
SOC
M, T, PH,
VOC, SOC,
HM
PH, VOC,
Treated wood residue (copper quinolate, mercury, sodium bazide); tanner
gas; paint sludges; solvents; creosote; coating and gluing wastes
Jet fuels; deicers; diesel fuel; chlorinated solvents; automotive wastes;
heating oil; building wastes
14
Map
Code
Source Name
Source
Category
appliances, etc.)
Associated
Chemicals
SOC
Health, Environment or Aesthetic Contaminant
Threat to
Ground
Threat to
Surface
2.4
2.8
cutting oils
C-47
Tire Dumps
Commercial
M
C-11
Demolition areas
Commercial
M, T, PH,
VOC
Solvents; asbestos; paints; glues and other adhesives; waste insulation;
lacquers; tars; sealants; epoxy waste; miscellaneous chemical wastes
2.3
3.2
C-24
Hospitals
Commercial
R, VOC,
MP, D
X-ray developers and fixers; infectious wastes; radiological wastes;
biological wastes; disinfectants; asbestos; beryllium; dental acids;
miscellaneous chemicals
2.2
2.5
C-26
Landscaping firms
Commercial
VOC, PH,
SOC, NN
Fertilizers; herbicides and other pesticides used for lawn and garden
maintenance
2.1
2.0
C-5
Body shops
Commercial
VOC, PH
Waste oils; solvents; acids; paints; automotive wastes; miscellaneous
cutting oils
2.1
2.8
C-13
Equipment rental/repair
shop
Commercial
PH, M,
VOC
1.9
2.1
C-9
Cemeteries
Commercial
M, SOC, PH
1.8
1.2
C-21
Hardware/lumber/parts
stores
Commercial
VOC, SOC,
HM, M
Leachate; arsenic; lawn and garden maintenance chemicals
Hazardous chemical products in inventories; heating oil and fork lift fuel
from storage tanks; wood-staining and treating products such as creosote,
chlorophenolic compounds, chromium, copper, and arsenic
1.7
1.2
C-15
Funeral services and
crematories
Commercial
Formaldehyde; wetting agents; fumigants; solvents
1.7
1.7
C-28
Lawn/farms stores
Commercial
Fertilizers; herbicides and other pesticides used for lawn and garden
maintenance
1.7
1.7
C-6
Campgrounds
Commercial
MP, SOC,
VOC, PH
Septate; gasoline; diesel fuel from boats; pesticides for controlling
mosquitoes, ants, ticks, gypsy moths and other pests; household hazardous
wastes from recreational vehicles (RVs)
1.6
1.6
C-34
Paint stores
Commercial
M, VOC,
SOC
Paints; paint thinners; lacquers; varnishes; other wood treatments
1.6
1.1
M, MP,
SOC, HM,
VOC
VOC, SOC,
NN
15
Map
Code
Source Name
Source
Category
Associated
Chemicals
Threat to
Ground
Threat to
Surface
1.6
1.7
Biosludges; silver sludge’s; cyanides; miscellaneous sludges
1.6
1.6
Solvents; inks; dyes; oils; photographic chemicals
1.6
1.6
Health, Environment or Aesthetic Contaminant
C-51
Waste Incinerators
Commercial
C-38
Photo processing/printing
Commercial
C-39
Print shops
Furniture and fixtures
manufacturers
Printer/publisher
Boat
services/repair/refinishing
Commercial
H, HM,
VOC, SOC
M, VOC,
SOC
VOC, SOC
Commercial
VOC, SOC
Paints; solvents; varnishes; degreasing sludges; solvent recovery sludges
1.5
1.2
Commercial
VOC, SOC
PH, VOC,
NN, M, HM
Solvents; inks; dyes; oils; miscellaneous organics; photographic chemicals
Diesel fuels; oil; septate from boat waste disposal areas; wood preservative
and treatment chemicals; paints; waxes; varnishes; automotive wastes
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.3
C-8
Car washes
Commercial
PH, VOC
Soaps; detergents; waxes; miscellaneous chemicals
1.4
1.7
C-17
Furniture repair and
finishing shops
Commercial
VOC, SOC
Paints; solvents; degreasing and solvent recovery sludges
1.4
1.2
C-45
Rust Proofers
Commercial
M, VOC,
SOC
1.3
1.6
C-50
Veterinary offices
Commercial
MP, R
1.3
1.4
C-7
C-35
C-55
C-52
C-32
Car dealerships
Parking lots/malls
Landscaping (Commercial)
Welding Shops
Nursing Homes
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
PH, VOC
VOC, PH
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.8
1.2
1.0
C-33
Office building/complexes
0.9
1.0
C-30
0.9
1.0
C-31
0.9
1.1
C-16
C-40
C-4
Commercial
Solvents; infectious materials; vaccines; drugs; disinfectants (quaternary
ammonia, hexachlorophene, peroxides, chlornexade, bleach); x-ray
developers and fixers
Automotive wastes; waste oils; solvents; miscellaneous wastes
M, VOC
MP, D
Oxygen, acetylene
Commercial
PH, VOC,
SOC
Marina/boat docks
Commercial
PH
Medical/dental
offices/clinics
Commercial
MP, D, R
Building wastes; lawn and garden maintenance chemicals; gasoline; motor
oil
Diesel fuels; oil; septate from boat waste disposal areas; wood preservative
and treatment chemicals; paints; waxes; varnishes; automotive wastes
X-ray developers and fixers; infectious wastes; radiological wastes;
biological wastes; disinfectants; asbestos; beryllium; dental acids;
miscellaneous chemicals
16
Map
Code
Source Name
Source
Category
Associated
Chemicals
VOC, SOC
NN, MP,
TO
Health, Environment or Aesthetic Contaminant
Detergents; bleaches; fabric dyes
Threat to
Ground
Threat to
Surface
0.9
1.1
0.8
1.3
0.8
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.7
1.1
0.7
0.8
6.7
5.3
4.8
5.4
C-27
Laundromats
Commercial
C-54
Aquiculture/fishing lakes
Commercial
C-58
Schools (includes colleges)
Commercial
C-42
Recreational vehicle/mini
storage
Commercial
PH, VOC
C-37
Pharmacies
Commercial
VOC, SOC
C-57
C-53
Prisons
Other (specify source)
Commercial
Commercial
D-1
CERCLIS
Database
D-2
Coal Dams
Database
D-6
TRI
Database
HM, M,
VOC, SOC,
R
4.7
4.8
D-4
RCRA
Database
HM, M,
VOC, SOC,
R
4.5
4.5
D-7
Historic Spills (USCG,
WVDHSEM)
Database
4.0
6.0
D-5
Solid Waste Facilities
Database
HM, M,
VOC, SOC,
NN
3.6
2.8
D-3
NPDES
Database
All
3.3
4.9
I-6
Chemical Spills
Industrial
7.4
7.8
I-43
Clandestine Dumping
Industrial
6.9
6.1
Spilled and returned products
HM, M,
VOC, SOC,
R
HM, M, T,
PH
PH, M,
VOC, SOC
M, VOC,
SOC, TO,
17
Map
Code
Source Name
Source
Category
Associated
Chemicals
HM
PH, R, M,
VOC, SOC
PH, M,
VOC, SOC
I-5
Chemical Manufacture
Industrial
I-17
Landfills: hazardous wastes
Industrial
I-4
Chemical Landfills
Industrial
PH, M,
VOC, SOC
I-36
Unsealed Abandoned
Mines used as Waste Pits
Industrial
All
I-15
Industrial pipelines
Industrial
PH, M,
VOC
I-14
Hazardous waste storage,
treatment, recycling
Industrial
PH, R, M,
VOC, SOC
I-7
Chemical/petroleum
pipelines
Industrial
I-3
Chemical Drums/Storage
Industrial
I-23
Mines: abandoned
Industrial
M, T
I-25
Mining: underground
Industrial
M, T
I-37
Waste Tailings ponds
(common for mining waste)
Industrial
M, HM, T
I-47
Mine Wastes (gob piles,
tailings, etc.)
Industrial
R, M, HM,
T
I-45
Wells: Brine tanks/oil
separators
Industrial
I-16
Lagoon/Pond/Pit
Industrial
PH, M,
VOC, SOC
PH, M,
VOC, SOC
PH, M,
VOC
VOC, PH,
SOC
Threat to
Ground
Threat to
Surface
6.2
6.5
Leachate; hazardous and nonhazardous wastes; nitrates
6.1
5.8
Leachate; hazardous and nonhazardous wastes; nitrates
5.9
5.5
5.7
5.1
5.6
6.0
5.6
4.9
5.5
5.9
Pesticides; fertilizer residues
5.4
5.3
Metals; acids; minerals; sulfides; other hazardous and nonhazardous
chemicals
5.2
5.0
5.2
4.8
4.9
4.7
4.9
3.0
4.9
4.4
4.8
5.1
Health, Environment or Aesthetic Contaminant
Metals; acids; minerals; sulfides; other hazardous and nonhazardous
chemicals
Corrosive fluids; hydrocarbons; other hazardous and nonhazardous
materials and wastes
Mine spoils or tailings that often contain metals; acids; highly corrosive
mineralized waters; metal sulfides
Acids; metals; dissolved solids; radioactive ores; other hazardous and
nonhazardous wastes
Sewage wastewater; nitrates or other liquid wastes; microbiological
contaminants; Hazardous and nonhazardous liquid wastes; septate; sludge
18
Map
Code
Source Name
Source
Category
Associated
Chemicals
Health, Environment or Aesthetic Contaminant
Threat to
Ground
Threat to
Surface
Solvents; oils; miscellaneous organics and inorganics (phenols, resins);
paint wastes; cyanides; acids; alkalis; wastewater treatment sludges;
cellulose esters; surfactant; glycols; phenols; formaldehyde; peroxides; etc.
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.4
Paint wastes; acids; heavy metals; metal sludges; plating wastes; oils;
solvents; explosive wastes
4.4
3.3
Brines associated with oil and gas operations; drilling fluids/muds,
diesel/gasoline fuels and other petroleum products
4.4
2.8
4.3
3.9
4.3
3.6
Hydrocarbons; oil-field brines (highly mineralized salt solutions)
4.3
5.1
Mine spoils or tailings that often contain metals; acids; highly corrosive
mineralized waters; metal sulfides
4.2
5.2
Metals; acids; minerals; sulfides; other hazardous and nonhazardous
chemicals
4.0
4.7
3.9
3.6
3.9
3.3
3.7
3.3
3.7
3.7
I-29
Plastics/synthetics
producers
Industrial
VOC, SOC,
M
I-35
Tanneries
Industrial
VOC, TO,
M
I-11
Foundries and metal
fabricators
Industrial
M, HM,
VOC, SOC,
PH
I-40
Wells: oil and gas
Industrial
I-19
Landfills: Unregulated
dumps
Industrial
I-12
Fuel Oil Distributors
Petroleum production and
storage facilities
Industrial
I-24
Mining: Surface
Industrial
I-26
Paper Mills
Industrial
I-39
Wells: Injection
Industrial
I-38
Wells: brine injection
Industrial
I-28
I-18
I-21
Landfills: Industrial non
hazardous
Material stockpiles (coal,
metallic ores, phosphates,
gypsum)
Industrial
Industrial
PH, M,
VOC
PH, M,
VOC, SOC,
TO
PH, VOC
PH, M,
VOC
M, T
M, VOC,
HM, SOC,
TO
M, VOC,
PH, SOC
M, VOC,
PH
M, VOC,
TO
Industrial
M, HM, T
Highly toxic wastes; hazardous and nonhazardous industrial wastes; oilfield
brines
Highly toxic wastes; hazardous and nonhazardous industrial wastes; oilfield
brines
Leachate; organic and inorganic chemical contaminants; wastes from
households and businesses; nitrates; oils; metals
Acid drainage; other hazardous and nonhazardous wastes
I-34
Surface Impoundments
Industrial
VOC, TO,
M, PH
3.5
4.1
I-46
Metal finishing/plating
Industrial
M, VOC,
3.3
3.2
19
Map
Code
Source Name
Source
Category
Associated
Chemicals
Health, Environment or Aesthetic Contaminant
Threat to
Ground
Threat to
Surface
3.3
4.7
3.2
3.7
3.1
2.6
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.8
5.1
SOC
I-41
Wood
preserving/treatment
facilities
Industrial
M, VOC,
SOC
I-32
Sawmills
Industrial
PH, VOC
I-1
Asphalt plants
Pharmaceutical
Manufacturers
Industrial
PH, VOC
I-51
Wood preservatives; creosote; chlorophenolic compounds; metals
Treated wood residue (copper quinolate, mercury, sodium bazide); tanner
gas; paint sludges; solvents; creosote; coating and gluing wastes
Petroleum derivatives
Industrial
PCBs from transformers and capacitors; oils; solvents; wood preservatives
(creosote and pentachlorophenol); sludges; acid solution; metal plating
solutions (chromium, nickel, cadmium); herbicides from utility rights-ofway
Boric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and sulfuric acids; sodium and potassium
hydroxide; chromic acid; sodium and hydrogen cyanide; metallic salts
I-30
Public Utilities (phone, gas,
electric power)
Industrial
M, VOC,
SOC
I-10
Electroplaters
Industrial
M, VOC,
HM, SOC
I-27
Permitted Discharge Pipe
(outfall)
Industrial
ALL
I-20
Machine and metalworking
shops
Industrial
M, VOC,
HM, PH,
SOC
Solvents; metals; miscellaneous organics; sludges; oily metal shavings;
lubricant and cutting oils; degreasers (tetrachloroethylene); metal marking
fluids; mold-release agents
2.8
2.6
Industrial
M
Solvents; oils and grease; alkalis; acetic wastes; asbestos; heavy metal
sludges; phenolic solids or sludges; metal-finishing sludge
2.7
2.4
2.6
3.0
2.5
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
1.8
I-33
I-50
I-22
Stone, clay and glass
manufacturers
Industrial Parks
Metal and Drum
cleaning/reconditioning
Industrial
Industrial
I-48
Textile Manufacturers
Industrial
I-2
Cement/concrete plants
Industrial
I-31
Quarry
Industrial
M, VOC,
SOC
PH, VOC,
HM, SOC
M, T, PH,
20
Map
Code
Source Name
Source
Category
Associated
Chemicals
Health, Environment or Aesthetic Contaminant
Threat to
Ground
Threat to
Surface
Cyanides; metal sludges; caustics (chromic acid); solvents; oils; alkalis;
acids; paints and paint sludges; calcium fluoride sludges; methylene
chloride; perchloroethylene; trichloroethane; acetone; methanol; toluene;
PCBs
2.0
2.2
1.8
2.5
1.5
1.6
VOC
I-9
Electrical / electronic
manufacturing
M, VOC,
HM, SOC
Industrial
I-49
Food Processors
Industrial
I-8
Communication Equipment
Manufacturers
Industrial
M, VOC,
HM, SOC
I-13
Gravel pits
Industrial
PH
1.3
0.8
I-44
Other (specify source)
Industrial
M-10
Illegal Dump
Municipal
PH, M,
VOC, SOC
7.2
6.4
M-9
Historic waste
dumps/landfills
Municipal
M, VOC,
SOC, NN
6.5
4.6
M-23
Sewer Lines
Municipal
Municipal wastewater, sludge; treatment chemicals
6.0
6.0
M-12
Landfills/municipal
Municipal
Leachate; organic and inorganic chemical contaminants; wastes from
households and businesses; nitrates; oils; metals
5.9
5.4
M-37
Storm water basins/drains
(injection well)
Municipal
5.7
2.2
M-30
Wells: abandoned
Municipal
5.6
1.4
M-16
Radioactive waste disposal
sites
Municipal
5.5
3.0
M-2
Combined Sewer Overflows
Municipal
5.1
7.9
M, VOC,
MP, TO
M, VOC,
HM, SOC,
NN
M, VOC,
MP
VOC, SOC,
MP, PH,
NN
R, M, HM,
VOC, SOC
MP, TO,
VOC, PH
Nitric, hydrochloric, and sulfuric acid wastes; heavy metal sludges; coppercontaminated etchant (e.g., ammonium persulfate); cutting oil and
degreasing solvent (trichloroethane, Freon, or trichloroethylene); waste
oils; corrosive soldering flux; paint sludge; waste plating solution
Surface runoff; effluents from barnyards, feedlots, organic chemicals and
metals, septic tanks, or cesspools; gasoline; used motor oil; road salt
Radioactive wastes from medical facilities, power plants, and defense
operations; radionuclides (uranium, plutonium)
Municipal wastewater; sludge; treatment chemicals; urban runoff;
gasoline; oil; other petroleum products; road salt; microbial contaminants
21
Map
Code
M-7
M-17
M-18
M-14
Source Name
Highway
Railroad Tracks (right of
way)
Railroad
yards/maintenance/fueling
areas
Military Base (past and
present)
Source
Category
Municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Associated
Chemicals
PH, VOC,
M
M, VOC,
SOC, PH
PH, VOC,
SOC, HM,
M
PH, R, M,
VOC, SOC
Threat to
Ground
Threat to
Surface
Herbicides in highway rights-of-way; road salt (sodium and calcium
chloride); road salt anti-caking additives (ferris ferrocyanide, sodium
ferrocyanide); asphalt/tar; road salt anti-corrosives (phosphate and
chromate); automotive wastes
5.0
6.2
Diesel fuel; herbicides for rights-of-way; creosote for preserving wood ties
4.8
4.9
Diesel fuel; herbicides for rights-of-way; creosote for preserving wood ties
4.8
4.6
4.6
4.0
4.4
1.4
Health, Environment or Aesthetic Contaminant
Storm water runoff; excess irrigation water; stream flow; cooling water;
treated sewage effluent; other substances that may contain contaminants,
such as nitrates, metals, detergents, synthetic organic compounds,
bacteria, and viruses
M-1
Artificial ground water
recharge areas
Municipal
MP
M-22
Sewage sludge/Biological
Solids application
Municipal
M, VOC,
MP, TO
4.0
5.0
M-28
Wastewater application
Municipal
MP, D
3.9
4.3
3.6
3.0
3.2
1.8
3.2
4.0
3.1
2.4
3.1
3.3
2.9
4.2
2.9
4.1
2.7
2.6
M-35
M-34
M-29
M-19
Maintenance areas
(general)
Vault toilets
Wastewater Treatment
Plant
Recycling/reduction
facilities
Municipal
VOC, M,
SOC, PH
MP, NN, D
Municipal
MP, D
Municipal
M, VOC,
HM, SOC
MP, NN, D
Municipal
M-33
Sewage Treatment
Impoundments
Municipal
M-24
Storm Drains
Municipal
M-25
Storm water basins/drains
Municipal
M-4
Demolition Debris Landfills
Municipal
M, VOC,
MP, PH
M, VOC,
MP
M, HM
Waste oils
Residential and commercial solid waste residues
Urban runoff; gasoline; oil; other petroleum products; road salt;
microbiological contaminants
Urban runoff; gasoline; oil; other petroleum products; road salt;
microbiological contaminants
22
Map
Code
M-36
M-27
M-3
M-11
M-20
Source Name
Right-of-ways (herbicide
use areas)
Waste transfer/recycling
stations
Composting facility/yard
wastes
Incinerators (municipal)
Road maintenance
depots/deicing operations
Source
Category
Associated
Chemicals
Municipal
VOC, SOC
Municipal
PH, M
Municipal
Municipal
Health, Environment or Aesthetic Contaminant
Residential and commercial solid waste residues
MP, TO,
SOC
M, HM
Municipal
PH, VOC,
M
Municipal
M, PH
Municipal
NN, SOC
Herbicides in highway rights-of-way; road salt (sodium and calcium
chloride); road salt anti-caking additives (ferris ferrocyanide, sodium
ferrocyanide); asphalt/tar; road salt anti-corrosives (phosphate and
chromate); automotive wastes
Threat to
Ground
Threat to
Surface
2.3
3.4
2.2
1.8
1.8
2.3
1.8
1.4
1.8
3.1
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.5
M-15
Historic railroad right-ofways
Park lands
M-21
Schools
Municipal
SOC, D,
VOC, PH
M-6
Fire Stations
Municipal
PH, VOC
1.3
1.2
Municipal
D
1.2
1.5
Municipal
SOC
0.9
1.1
Municipal
Municipal
Chlorine, D
0.6
0.0
0.6
0.0
6.1
2.5
4.5
2.1
M-8
M-13
Drinking Water Treatment
Plants
Managed forest
M-26
M-32
Swimming Pools
Other (specify source)
M-5
R-7
Septic Systems (discharging
to subsurface)
Residential
M, VOC,
SOC, TO,
NN
R-6
Septic Systems (leach field)
Residential
MP, VOC,
SOC, TO,
NN
Fertilizers; herbicides, insecticides
Solvents; pesticides; acids; alkalis; waste oils; machinery/vehicle servicing
wastes; gasoline and heating oil from storage tanks; general building
wastes
Swimming pool chemicals
Coliform and noncoliform bacteria; viruses; nitrates; heavy metals;
synthetic detergents; cooking and motor oils; bleach; pesticides; paints;
paint thinner; photographic chemicals; swimming pool chemicals; septic
tank/cesspool cleaner chemicals; elevated levels of chloride, sulfate,
calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphate
Coliform and noncoliform bacteria; viruses; nitrates; heavy metals;
synthetic detergents; cooking and motor oils; bleach; pesticides; paints;
paint thinner; photographic chemicals; swimming pool chemicals; septic
tank/cesspool cleaner chemicals; elevated levels of chloride, sulfate,
calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphate
23
Map
Code
Source Name
Source
Category
Associated
Chemicals
R-2
Pesticide Application
Residential
VOC, SOC
R-4
Residential (single family
homes)
Residential
VOC, SOC,
NN
R-3
Residential (multi-units)
Residential
VOC, NN,
TO, MP
R-5
Septic Systems (discharging
to stream or surface)
Residential
MP, TO,
NN
R-1
Fuel Oil Storage
Residential
PH, VOC
Health, Environment or Aesthetic Contaminant
Pesticide
Common Household Products: Household cleaners; oven cleaners; drain
cleaners; toilet cleaners; disinfectants; metal polishes; jewelry cleaners;
shoe polishes; synthetic detergents; bleach; laundry soil and stain
removers; spot removers and dry cleaning fluid; solvents; lye or caustic
soda; household pesticides; photochemicals; printing ink, other common
products. Wall and Furniture Treatments: Paints; varnishes; stains; dyes;
wood preservatives (creosote); paint and lacquer thinners; paint and
varnish removers and deglossers; paintbrush cleaners; floor and furniture
strippers. Mechanical Repair and Other Maintenance Products: Automotive
wastes; waste oils; diesel fuel; kerosene; #2 heating oil; grease; degreasers
for driveways and garages; metal degreasers; asphalt and roofing tar; tar
removers; lubricants; rustproofers; car wash detergents; car waxes and
polishes; rock salt; refrigerants
Swimming pool maintenance chemicals; pesticides for lawn and garden
maintenance and cockroach, termite, ant, rodent, and other pest control;
wastes from onsite sewage treatment plants; household hazardous wastes
Coliform and noncoliform bacteria; viruses; nitrates; heavy metals;
synthetic detergents; cooking and motor oils; bleach; pesticides; paints;
paint thinner; photographic chemicals; swimming pool chemicals; septic
tank/cesspool cleaner chemicals; elevated levels of chloride, sulfate,
calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphate
Home heating oil
Key to Associated Chemicals:
MP- Microbiological Pathogens: Total/Fecal Coliform, Viruses, Protozoa
NN - Nitrate/Nitrite
VOC- Volatile Organic Compounds
HM - Heavy Metals
M - Metals
24
Threat to
Ground
Threat to
Surface
3.3
3.9
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.7
2.0
5.7
1.8
2.6
SOC- Synthetic Organic Compounds
T - Turbidity
TO - Taste and Odor precursors
PH - Petroleum Hydrocarbons
R - Radionuclides
D - Disinfection byproducts
ND - Not Determined
25
Attachment A: Regulated Databases
In addition to PSSC that have been identified by the WVBPH and local efforts, water systems should consider
data available from regulatory agencies, such as the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the WV
Department of Environmental Protection (WVDEP). The follow presents examples of regulatory program
databases that should be considered.
USEPA
CERCLIS:
The Superfund program was created by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act, amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act. The acts established authority
for the government to respond to the release/threat of release of hazardous wastes, including cleanup and
enforcement actions. Long-term cleanups at National Priority List sites last more than a year while short term
/emergency cleanups are usually completed in less than a year. CERCLIS is a database used by the USEPA to
track activities conducted under its Superfund program. CERCLIS contains data on potentially hazardous waste
sites that have been reported to the USEPA. Sites are investigated because of a potential for releasing
hazardous substances into the environment are added to the CERCLIS inventory. USEPA learns of these sites
through notification by the owner, citizen complaints, state and local government identification, and
investigations by USEPA programs other than Superfund. Specific information is tracked for each individual
site.
NPDES:
The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) database identifies facilities permitted for the
operation of point source discharges to surface waters in accordance with the requirements of Section 402 of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Point sources are discrete conveyances such as pipes or man-made
ditches. Industrial, municipal, and other facilities must obtain permits if their discharges go directly to surface
waters. The NPDES permit program controls water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge
pollutants into public waters.
RCRA:
This database has records for all hazardous waste, generators, and transporters as defined by the Resource
Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA). Hazardous waste as defined by RCRA is waste material that exhibits
ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. Hazardous waste comes in many shapes and forms. Chemical,
metal, and furniture manufacturing are some examples of processes that create hazardous waste. RCRA tightly
regulates all hazardous waste from "cradle to grave" (i.e., from manufacture to disposal).
26
TRI:
The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) is a publicly available USEPA database that contains information on toxic
chemical releases and other waste management activities reported annually by certain covered industry
groups as well as federal facilities. This inventory was established under the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA) and expanded by the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990.
WVDEP
Abandoned Mine Sites:
Abandoned mine features compiled by the Office of Abandoned Mine Lands and Reclamation (AMLR) of the
WVDEP. The AMLR eliminates damage that occurred from mining operations prior to August 3, 1977 and is
funded by the AML fund. It corrects hazardous conditions and reclaims abandoned and forfeited mine sites.
Typical AML features include high walls, portals, refuse piles, and mining structures such as tipples.
AST:
Above Ground Storage Tanks are regulated by the WVDEP and are subject to specific standards. Any facility
using an AST should contact the WVDEP Water and Waste Management office for current requirements and
further advice at 304-926-0495 or
http://www.dep.wv.gov/WWE/abovegroundstoragetanks/Pages/default.aspx .
Coal Dams:
Point and polygonal mining related impoundments regulated by the WVDEP Division of Mining and
Reclamation (DMR).
LUST:
The WVDEP became the lead agency for administering the Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) Program
with the USEPA’s authorization in September 1997. Since then, the WVDEP has overseen the cleanup of
released regulated substances, primarily petroleum products. Such releases can originate from overfilling,
spilling, or leaking tanks and piping. To report a release from an underground storage tank system, contact the
Office of Environmental Remediation at 304-238-1220, ext. 3506. After hours releases should be reported to
the statewide emergency spill line at 800-642-3074.
Solid Waste Facilities:
Municipal and non-municipal waste landfills and waste transfers stations are regulated by the WVDEP Division
of Waste Management.
27
Oil and Gas Wells:
The Office of Oil and Gas maintains records on active and inactive oil and gas wells. It also manages the
Abandoned Well Plugging and Reclamation Program.
UIC:
The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program is designed to ensure that fluids injected underground will
not endanger drinking water sources. The Division of Water and Waste Management regulates Class 5 wells.
These wells include agriculture drainage wells, improved sinkholes, industrial disposal wells, storm water wells
and septic systems that have the capacity to serve 20 or more people. The following state codes address UIC
regulations; 47CSR9, 47CSR13 and 47CSR55. The Division of Mining and Reclamation oversees all mining UIC
permits.
UST:
The purpose of the Underground Storage Tank (UST) Section is to regulate underground storage tanks that
contain petroleum or hazardous substances to determine compliance with state rules and federal regulations.
West Virginia has had full program approval from USEPA since February 1988.
28
Attachment B: Probability and Severity Scores used to calculate Relative Risk Rating for SPSCs.
Map
Code
Groundwater
Source Name
Surface Water
Probability
Impact
(Human)
Impact
(Business)
Relative
Risk (New)
Probability
Impact
(Human)
Impact
(Business)
Relative
Risk (New)
A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
Animal Burial Grounds
Animal Feedlots
Confined Animal Feeding Operations
Crop Irrigation
Crops, corn, soybean, wheat
1.7
2.3
2.5
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
1
1.4
2.5
3.7
4.1
2.2
2.7
1.2
2.6
2.9
2.3
2.4
1.3
1.8
2
1.5
1.3
0.9
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.3
4.2
4.9
3.1
2.9
A-6
A-7
A-8
A-9
A-11
A-13
Crops: orchards
Crops: other
Drainage canals (agricultural)
Drainage tile (agricultural)
Farm chemical distributor
Fertilizer Application
1.7
1.9
1.6
1.9
1.9
2
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.5
2
1.8
1.2
1.2
1
1.4
1.6
1.5
2.2
2.6
1.8
2.8
3.4
3.3
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.3
1.8
2.8
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.9
2
1
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.9
2.5
3.4
3.1
3.2
3.2
5.5
A-14
A-15
A-16
A-17
A-18
Fertilizer Storage
Greenhouses/Nurseries
Manure spreading or Storage
Other animal facilities
Pasture
1.6
1.2
2
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.4
1
1.4
1
0.8
2.3
1.3
3.0
1.8
1.2
1.8
1.4
2.9
2
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.1
3.0
1.8
5.1
2.8
2.0
A-19
Pesticide/fertilizer/petroleum storage and
transfer areas
2.2
2
2
4.4
2.7
1.9
2
5.3
A-20
Silviculture (logging)
1.5
0.9
0.8
1.3
2.7
1.4
1.4
3.8
A-21
A-22
A-23
C-1
C-2
C-3
Slaughterhouses
Other (specify source)
Dairy Farms
Above Ground Storage Tanks
Airports/Abandoned airfields
Auto repair shops
1.6
1.5
1.4
2.3
1.9
1.5
1.3
2.7
1.8
2.3
1.8
1.9
1.4
2
1.5
1.4
1
3
1.7
1.4
2.2
5.8
2.9
2.7
2.6
3
1.9
2.1
1.7
2.3
1.6
1.5
1.4
2.2
1.6
1.1
4.0
6.8
3.0
2.7
C-4
Boat services/repair/refinishing
1.4
1.2
0.9
1.5
2
1.4
0.9
2.3
29
Groundwater
Map
Code
Source Name
Surface Water
Probability
Impact
(Human)
Impact
(Business)
Relative
Risk (New)
Probability
Impact
(Human)
Impact
(Business)
Relative
Risk (New)
C-5
C-6
C-7
Body shops
Campgrounds
Car dealerships
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.1
0.9
1.1
0.9
0.8
2.1
1.6
1.3
2.1
1.8
1.6
1.5
1
0.9
1.2
0.8
0.6
2.8
1.6
1.2
C-8
C-9
C-10
C-11
C-12
C-13
Car washes
Cemeteries
Construction areas
Demolition areas
Dry cleaners
Equipment rental/repair shop
1.7
1.6
2
1.8
3
1.6
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.4
2
1.2
0.8
1.1
1.2
1.2
3
1.2
1.4
1.8
2.6
2.3
7.5
1.9
2
1.3
2.4
2.1
1.6
1.8
0.9
1.2
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.3
0.8
0.7
1.3
1.3
1.4
1
1.7
1.2
3.5
3.2
2.6
2.1
C-14
C-15
C-16
C-17
C-18
C-20
Fleet/truck/bus terminals
Funeral services and crematories
Furniture and fixtures manufacturers
Furniture repair and finishing shops
Gas Stations
Golf courses
1.9
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.9
2
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.4
2
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.4
2
2.9
1.7
1.5
1.4
2.7
4.0
2.2
1.4
1.1
1.1
2.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.3
1
2
1
1
0.9
1.1
0.8
3.7
1.7
1.2
1.2
2.9
1.2
C-21
C-22
C-23
C-24
C-25
C-26
Hardware/lumber/parts stores
Heating oil companies
Historic gas stations
Hospitals
Junk yards, scrap and auto
Landscaping firms
1.3
1.9
2.5
1.4
2.4
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
2
1.4
1.6
1.1
1.7
2.8
4.6
2.2
3.6
2.1
1.3
2
2
1.5
2.4
1.8
1
1.6
1.4
1.9
1.4
1.2
0.8
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1
1.2
3.2
3.0
2.5
3.4
2.0
C-27
C-28
C-29
C-30
C-31
C-32
Laundromats
Lawn/farms stores
Leaking Underground Storage Tank
Marina/boat docks
Medical/dental offices/clinics
Nursing Homes
1
1.4
4
0.8
0.8
1.1
0.9
1.4
2.4
1.3
1.3
1.1
0.9
1
2.3
1
1
0.7
0.9
1.7
9.4
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.5
2
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.7
1
1.3
1.3
0.8
1
1.4
0.9
0.9
0.6
1.1
1.7
3.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
C-33
C-34
Office building/complexes
Paint stores
1.1
1
0.9
1.2
0.8
2
0.9
1.6
1.3
1
0.8
1
0.8
1.1
1.0
1.1
30
Groundwater
Map
Code
Source Name
Surface Water
Probability
Impact
(Human)
Impact
(Business)
Relative
Risk (New)
Probability
Impact
(Human)
Impact
(Business)
Relative
Risk (New)
C-35
C-36
C-37
Parking lots/malls
Pest control company
Pharmacies
1.4
1.7
0.8
0.9
1.8
1
0.9
1.5
0.8
1.3
2.8
0.7
1.8
1.9
1
0.9
1.7
1.3
0.8
1.4
0.9
1.5
2.9
1.1
C-38
C-39
C-40
C-41
C-42
C-43
Photo processing/printing
Print shops
Printer/publisher
Railroad Tracks and Yards
Recreational vehicle/mini storage
Repair Shops (engine, appliances, etc.)
1.3
1.3
1.3
4
1
1.8
1.3
1.3
1.3
3
0.8
1.4
1.1
1.1
1
2
0.7
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.5
10.0
0.8
2.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
4
1
1.8
1.3
1.3
1.3
3
0.8
1.3
1
1
0.9
2
0.7
1
1.6
1.6
1.5
10.0
0.8
2.1
C-44
C-45
C-46
C-47
C-48
C-49
Research laboratories
Rust Proofers
Sawmills and planers
Tire Dumps
Underground Storage Tanks
Utility Substation Transformers
1.6
1.2
1.9
2
3
1.8
1.8
1.1
1.5
1.3
2
1.6
1.5
1.1
1.8
1.1
3
1.4
2.6
1.3
3.1
2.4
7.5
2.7
1.8
1.4
1.5
2
1.8
1.9
2
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.4
1
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.4
3.1
1.6
2.2
2.8
3.0
2.9
C-50
C-51
C-52
C-53
C-54
C-55
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.8
0.9
0.8
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.1
1
0.9
0.9
0.8
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.4
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.9
0.8
1.2
1.9
1.9
0.7
0.9
0.7
1
1.3
1.8
3
3
3
9.0
3
3
3
9.0
C-57
C-58
D-1
Veterinary offices
Waste Incinerators
Welding Shops
Other (specify source)
Aquiculture/fishing lakes
Landscaping (Commercial)
Other (Highway and Road Bulk
Transportation)
Prisons
Schools (includes colleges)
CERCLIS
1.1
1.2
2.4
0.7
0.7
2.8
0.6
0.6
2.8
0.7
0.8
6.7
1.2
1.5
2
0.8
0.9
2.6
0.5
0.5
2.7
0.8
1.1
5.3
D-2
D-3
D-4
Coal Dams
NPDES
RCRA
2.3
1.7
2.1
2.1
2
2.2
2.1
1.9
2.1
4.8
3.3
4.5
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.4
2.1
2.2
2.1
2
2.1
5.4
4.9
4.5
C-56
31
Map
Code
Groundwater
Source Name
Surface Water
Probability
Impact
(Human)
Impact
(Business)
Relative
Risk (New)
Probability
Impact
(Human)
Impact
(Business)
Relative
Risk (New)
D-5
D-6
D-7
Solid Waste Facilities
TRI
Historic Spills (USCG, WVDHSEM)
1.8
2
4
2.2
2.4
1
1.8
2.3
1
3.6
4.7
4.0
2.1
1.9
4
1.5
2.6
2
1.2
2.4
1
2.8
4.8
6.0
I-1
I-2
I-3
I-4
I-5
I-6
Asphalt plants
Cement/concrete plants
Chemical Drums/Storage
Chemical Landfills
Chemical Manufacture
Chemical Spills
1.9
1.8
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.8
1.6
1.3
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.7
1.7
1.3
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.6
3.1
2.3
5.4
5.9
6.2
7.4
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.8
1.5
1.3
2.6
2.5
2.8
3
1.6
1.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.3
5.3
5.5
6.5
7.8
I-7
I-8
I-9
I-10
I-11
I-12
Chemical/petroleum pipelines
Communication Equipment Manufacturers
Electrical / electronic manufacturing
Electroplaters
Foundries and metal fabricators
Fuel Oil Distributors
2.4
1.2
1.3
1.5
2
2.5
2.3
1.3
1.6
2
2.3
1.7
2.3
1.2
1.5
1.9
2.1
1.7
5.5
1.5
2.0
2.9
4.4
4.3
2.5
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.7
2.3
2.4
1.4
1.7
2
2.1
1.6
2.3
1.2
1.4
1.8
1.8
1.5
5.9
1.6
2.2
2.9
3.3
3.6
I-13
Gravel pits
Hazardous waste storage, treatment,
recycling
Industrial pipelines
Lagoon/Pond/Pit
1.4
0.9
1
1.3
1.2
0.7
0.6
0.8
2.2
2.6
2.5
5.6
2
2.6
2.3
4.9
2.3
2.4
2.6
2
2.3
2
5.6
4.8
2.4
2.3
2.7
2.4
2.3
2
6.0
5.1
Landfills: hazardous wastes
Landfills: Industrial non hazardous
Landfills: Unregulated dumps
Machine and metalworking shops
Material stockpiles (coal, metallic ores,
phosphates, gypsum)
Metal and Drum cleaning/reconditioning
Mines: abandoned
Mining: Surface
2.5
2
2.3
1.5
2.5
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.4
1.9
1.9
1.8
6.1
3.7
4.3
2.8
2.4
1.9
2.2
1.5
2.6
1.8
1.9
1.8
2.2
1.7
1.6
1.6
5.8
3.3
3.9
2.6
2.3
1.6
1.6
3.7
2.3
1.6
1.6
3.7
1.5
2.9
2.6
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.5
2.5
5.2
4.2
1.6
2.8
2.9
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.7
1.7
2.6
5.0
5.2
I-14
I-15
I-16
I-17
I-18
I-19
I-20
I-21
I-22
I-23
I-24
32
Map
Code
Groundwater
Source Name
Surface Water
Probability
Impact
(Human)
Impact
(Business)
Relative
Risk (New)
Probability
Impact
(Human)
Impact
(Business)
Relative
Risk (New)
I-25
I-26
I-27
Mining: underground
Paper Mills
Permitted Discharge Pipe (outfall)
2.8
2
1.8
1.9
2.1
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.5
5.2
4.0
2.8
2.9
2.3
2.6
1.7
2.1
2
1.6
2
1.9
4.8
4.7
5.1
I-28
I-29
I-30
I-31
I-32
I-33
Petroleum production and storage facilities
Plastics/synthetics producers
Public Utilities (phone, gas, electric power)
Quarry
Sawmills
Stone, clay and glass manufacturers
2.5
2.2
1.9
1.8
2
1.8
1.7
2.1
1.6
1.3
1.7
1.6
1.7
2.1
1.6
1.1
1.5
1.4
4.3
4.6
3.0
2.2
3.2
2.7
2.6
2.3
2
1.5
2.2
1.7
2
2
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.9
2
1.5
1
1.6
1.3
5.1
4.6
3.1
1.8
3.7
2.4
I-34
I-35
2.1
2.3
1.7
1.9
1.6
2
3.5
4.5
2.2
2.2
2
2
1.7
2
4.1
4.4
2.8
2
2.1
5.7
2.6
2.1
1.8
5.1
2.6
1.9
1.9
4.9
2.4
2
1.9
4.7
I-38
I-39
I-40
Surface Impoundments
Tanneries
Unsealed Abandoned Mines used as Waste
Pits
Waste Tailings ponds (common for mining
waste)
Wells: brine injection
Wells: Injection
Wells: oil and gas
2.2
2.1
2.3
2.2
1.3
2
1.3
2.4
1.8
3.9
3.9
4.4
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2
1.6
1.9
2
1.5
3.3
3.6
2.8
I-41
I-43
I-44
I-45
I-46
I-47
Wood preserving/treatment facilities
Clandestine Dumping
Other (specify source)
Wells: Brine tanks/oil separators
Metal finishing/plating
Mine Wastes (gob piles, tailings, etc.)
1.9
3.2
1.8
2.2
1.7
2.1
3.3
6.9
2.3
3.2
2.1
2
2
1.8
4.7
6.1
2.5
1.8
2.6
1.9
1.9
1.8
2
1.8
2
4.9
3.3
4.9
2.5
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.9
4.4
3.2
3.0
I-48
I-49
I-50
I-51
M-1
Textile Manufacturers
Food Processors
Industrial Parks
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
Artificial ground water recharge areas
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.6
2.6
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.8
1.9
1.3
1.2
1.6
2.1
1.5
2.5
1.8
2.6
3.1
4.4
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.9
1
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.8
1
2.3
2.5
3.0
3.1
1.4
I-36
I-37
33
Map
Code
Groundwater
Source Name
Surface Water
Probability
Impact
(Human)
Impact
(Business)
Relative
Risk (New)
Probability
Impact
(Human)
Impact
(Business)
Relative
Risk (New)
M-2
M-3
M-4
Combined Sewer Overflows
Composting facility/yard wastes
Demolition Debris Landfills
2.3
1.4
2
2.5
1.5
1.4
1.9
1.1
1.3
5.1
1.8
2.7
3.3
1.8
1.9
2.8
1.6
1.4
2
1
1.3
7.9
2.3
2.6
M-5
M-6
M-7
M-8
M-9
M-10
Drinking Water Treatment Plants
Fire Stations
Highway
Historic railroad right-of-ways
Historic waste dumps/landfills
Illegal Dump
1.3
1.4
2.4
1.5
2.5
3
1.1
1.1
2.3
1.1
2.8
2.5
0.8
0.8
1.9
1
2.4
2.3
1.2
1.3
5.0
1.6
6.5
7.2
1.5
1.4
3
1.3
2.3
2.5
1.1
0.9
2.3
1
2
3
0.9
0.8
1.8
0.8
2
2.1
1.5
1.2
6.2
1.2
4.6
6.4
M-11
M-12
M-13
M-14
M-15
M-16
Incinerators (municipal)
Landfills/municipal
Managed forest
Military Base (past and present)
Park lands
Radioactive waste disposal sites
1.5
3
1.1
2.3
1.3
1.8
1.4
2.3
0.8
2
1.3
3.1
1
1.6
0.9
2
0.9
3
1.8
5.9
0.9
4.6
1.4
5.5
1.3
3
1.1
2.1
1.4
1.6
1.3
2
1
1.9
1.1
2.9
0.9
1.6
1
1.9
1
0.9
1.4
5.4
1.1
4.0
1.5
3.0
M-17
M-18
M-19
Railroad Tracks (right of way)
Railroad yards/maintenance/fueling areas
Recycling/reduction facilities
2.3
2.3
1.6
2.1
2.1
1.6
2.1
2.1
2.3
4.8
4.8
3.1
2.5
2.5
1.6
2.3
2.3
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
4.9
4.6
2.4
M-20
Road maintenance depots/deicing
operations
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.8
1.5
1.3
2.8
3.1
M-21
M-22
Schools
Sewage sludge/Biological Solids application
1.3
2.3
1.3
2
0.9
1.5
1.4
4.0
1.4
2.5
1.1
2.1
1
1.9
1.5
5.0
M-23
M-24
M-25
M-26
M-27
M-28
Sewer Lines
Storm Drains
Storm water basins/drains
Swimming Pools
Waste transfer/recycling stations
Wastewater application
2
2
2
1
1.8
2.3
3
1.6
1.6
0.6
1.4
2
3
1.3
1.3
0.5
1
1.4
6.0
2.9
2.9
0.6
2.2
3.9
2
2.8
2.4
1
1.6
2.5
3
1.9
1.9
0.6
1.3
2
3
1.1
1.5
0.6
1
1.4
6.0
4.2
4.1
0.6
1.8
4.3
M-29
Wastewater Treatment Plant
2
1.9
1.3
3.2
2.3
2
1.5
4.0
34
Map
Code
Groundwater
Source Name
Surface Water
Probability
Impact
(Human)
Impact
(Business)
Relative
Risk (New)
Probability
Impact
(Human)
Impact
(Business)
Relative
Risk (New)
1.4
1.1
0.9
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.4
0.0
3.3
M-30
M-32
M-33
Wells: abandoned
Other (specify source)
Sewage Treatment Impoundments
2.6
2.3
2
2
2
1.1
5.6
0.0
3.1
M-34
M-35
M-36
M-37
R-1
R-2
Vault toilets
Maintenance areas (general)
Right-of-ways (herbicide use areas)
Storm water basins/drains (injection well)
Fuel Oil Storage
Pesticide Application
2.3
2.3
1.6
2.9
1.4
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.6
2.1
1.3
1.9
0.9
1.4
1.3
1.8
1.3
2
3.2
3.6
2.3
5.7
1.8
3.3
1.4
2
2
1.5
1.9
2
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.5
2
0.9
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.9
1.8
3.0
3.4
2.2
2.6
3.9
R-3
R-4
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.3
2.2
2.4
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
2.7
2.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
2.0
3
2.1
1.7
5.7
R-6
Residential (multi-units)
Residential (single family homes)
Septic Systems (discharging to stream or
surface)
Septic Systems (leach field)
2.5
1.9
1.7
4.5
1.7
1.3
1.2
2.1
R-7
Septic Systems (discharging to subsurface)
2.9
2.2
2
6.1
1.9
1.3
1.3
2.5
R-5
35
Part 2: Priority PSSCs and Example Management Strategies
PSSC/Critical
Area
Why are they considered highest priority?
Abandoned Mine
Lands
Abandoned mine sites are located within the
SWPA. Acid mine drainage can infiltrate to the
groundwater source and surface water resources.
If not properly treated acid mine drainage from
mine lands may impact the pH, iron, and
manganese levels in the water.
Active Surface
Mines
There are newly permitted surface mines located
within the ZCC. Increased effects of sedimentation,
acid mine drainage and the effects of water
treatment for acid mine drainage are concerns for
water system impacted by surface mining. If not
properly treated, acid mine drainage from mine
lands may impact the pH, iron, manganese, and
other constituent levels in the water.
Active
Underground
Mines
There is active mining ongoing to mine out what
had been a sludge/reject impoundment. The active
mining results in heavy equipment traveling and
working on site. Oils, grease, diesel, and other
automotive fluids can migrate to groundwater if
spilled on the surface and not properly contained.
Increased effects of water treatment for acid mine
drainage are concerns of the water system.
Underground mines also require constant pumping
of groundwater from the mine itself to the surface
which can expose surface waters to heavy metals
and cause erosion, as well as increase conductivity
and decrease pH.
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
Consider installing continuous monitoring equipment upstream of the intake. This
equipment would alert the operator if a change in pH and/or other parameters
occurs.
Inventory mine portals and determine the extent of mined areas that are draining
into the surface water source. Contact WVDHHR SWAP at 304-558-2981 for
assistance on obtaining mapping and identifying potential threats. Or visit the WV
Geological and Economic Survey at http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/ to view or request
mapping, directly.
Once aware of existing mines, participate in public comments periods before
WVDEP issues injection or mining permits for those areas.
Provide SWPA boundaries to the company actively mining, communicate the source
water vulnerability and ask that they follow BMPs to reduce the potential from
contamination through automotive fluids and/or acid mine drainage.
Consider installing continuous monitoring equipment upstream of the intake. This
equipment would alert the operator if a change in pH and/or other parameters
occurs.
Consider installing continuous monitoring equipment upstream of the intake. This
equipment would alert the operator if a change in pH and/or other parameters
occurs.
Inventory mine portals and determine the extent of mined areas that are draining
into the surface water source. Contact WVDHHR SWAP at 304-558-2981 for
assistance on obtaining mapping and identifying potential threats. Or visit the WV
Geological and Economic Survey at http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/ to view or request
mapping, directly.
Once aware of existing mines, participate in public comments periods before
WVDEP issues injection or mining permits for those areas. For more information on
the public comment process and WVDEP program, concerned citizens can visit:
http://www.dep.wv.gov/environmentaladvocate/Documents/DEP2008CitizensGuide.pdf
Provide SWPA boundaries to the company actively mining, communicate the source
36
PSSC/Critical
Area
Why are they considered highest priority?
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
water vulnerability and ask that they follow BMPs to reduce the potential from
contamination through automotive fluids and/or acid mine drainage.
Aerial Treatment
to Suppress Black
Fly Populations
Agricultural
Landuses
The WV Department of Agriculture conducts an
aerial treatment program to suppress black fly
populations in the New River, Bluestone River, and
the Greenbrier River. Black flies also known as
biting or buffalo gnats have been identified as a
public health hazard. The aerial treatment is a
spray referred to as Bti, standing for Bacillus
thuringiensis israelensis, which is a naturally
occurring soil bacteria used widely as a microbial
insecticide to control the spread of vector-borne
diseases, protect public health and manage insect
pest species. The spray is thought to target the
black fly when applied in the proper concentrations
and does not significantly impact other aquatic life
or human health. However, an accident during
application could result in releases of petroleum or
excessive amounts of the spray into the source
water.
Pesticides and other chemicals used for farm
operations can migrate into the water supply.
Areas used for disposal of animal waste or burying
dead livestock can also cause contamination of the
source water. Increased nutrient load from these
sources in surface water may result in algal growth.
Algal presence may result in taste and odor issues.
If stressed some algae also releases toxic chemicals
that could cause a threat to human health.
Airports
An airport is located within the SWPA. Given the
close proximity to the intake, deicing, fueling, and
maintenance activities at the airport could
contaminate the source.
Asphalt and
Asphalt and concrete plants typically have
Communicate the SWPA to the Department of Agriculture Black Fly Control
Coordinator, Betsy Reeder, in the Hinton Field Office at 304-466-2821, or email
breeder@ag.state.wv.us. Ask that they include notifying Alderson to alert them in
cases of an emergency, such as a downed aircraft in the SWPA or accidental release
of spray. Watch for public notification of upcoming aerial treatment to be on alert
for a possible emergency incident.
Work with the County Extension Service, the Soil and Water Conservation District,
and/or the Natural Resource Conservation Service to provide copies of fact sheets
covering best management practices for nutrient management, pesticide use, pest
management, waste oil disposal, safe chemical handling and/or safe chemical
storage.
Consider working with the local Future Farmers of America members to distribute
educational materials and best management practices information.
Work with the local livestock owners to determine the placement of animal waste
disposal areas and/or areas for burying dead livestock.
Contact the airport maintenance personnel to discuss the application of deicing
agents, such as those used on aircraft and runways. Determine the use of best
management practices to control run off of deicing agents into the source water. In
addition, determine if underground or above ground storage tanks exist at the
airport. See strategies above that address spill prevention and clean up.
Contact the asphalt and concrete companies to determine the types and amounts of
37
PSSC/Critical
Area
Concrete Plants
Camp Dawson
Campgrounds
Concentrated
Residential Area
Current and
Future Propane
Why are they considered highest priority?
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
chemicals, hazardous waste and oil or fuel storage
tanks on site. In the event of fire, flood or other
emergency, these could contaminate the source
water.
chemicals, hazardous waste, and fuel or oil stored on site, if any. Determine if the
plants have emergency response procedures in the event of fire, flood, or any other
emergency. Work with their personnel to create an emergency response plan
should contamination occur. Consider inviting owners/operators to join the
protection team.
Determine if the plants have emergency response procedures in the event of fire,
flood, or any other emergency. Work with their personnel to create an emergency
response plan should contamination occur. Consider inviting owners/operators to
join the protection team.
Schedule a meeting between the Kingwood Water Works staff and the Camp
Dawson environmental staff to share the source water protection area and ZCC.
Remind Camp Dawson staff of the importance in reviewing and following
established best management practices (BMPs) and properly disposing of waste
generated at the camp. This is especially important because the camp regularly host
visiting Army National Guard units that are not regularly stationed at Camp Dawson.
Camp Dawson has established groundwater and stormwater protection plans as
well as hazardous materials response protocols in place.
Camp Dawson is a US Army training facility for US
Army National Guard Troops. As with any large
military facility, there are a number of industrial
permits, above ground storage tanks, underground
storage tanks, vehicle maintenance, ordinance
storage, and sewage treatment associated with the
base.
The water supply is a major recreational
destination in WV, and is used for boating and
camping. Recreational activities within these areas
are not as likely to impact surface waters as
industrial or commercial land uses could. However,
if best management practices and proper
stewardship are not followed recreational activities
could impact the source. For instance, solid waste
at campsites along the river, waste water
treatment, and petroleum products from boats
may contaminate the surface waters.
Several residences are located in the SWPA.
Residents’ activities in and outside of their home,
such as handling and disposal of paints, thinners,
cleaners, and automotive fluids, application of
fertilizers and pesticides, use of potable water to
irrigate, etc. can impact the surface water.
While propane storage itself does not pose a threat
to the source water, other activities associated
Contact campground personnel to identify and assist in keeping campsites and
nearby water free of solid waste, waste water, and petroleum products associated
with boats.
Communicate with residents concerning how their activities inside and outside of
their homes can impact the source water. Refer to Education and Outreach
strategies for more information on materials that can help raise awareness of
source water protection.
Ask for copies of the facilities Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for the chemicals
used/stored on site. The MSDS sheets are information sheets provided by the
38
PSSC/Critical
Area
Storage
Dry Cleaners
Existing Threats
to Water Quality
and Quantity
Fish Kills and
Deformities
Floor
Manufacturing
Why are they considered highest priority?
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
with the site may. For instance if tanks are cleaned
and maintained on site, those by-products may
contaminate the source water if not contained and
disposed of properly. In addition, truck traffic will
increase to the site and through the ZCC, posing a
greater risk for accidental spills.
manufacture explaining how to deal with first aid, and spills of the chemical
product. A facility should have a central location of these sheets and provide them if
requested by the public or emergency responders.
Historic use, spills, and/or leaks of solvents used in
the dry cleaning process can result in
contamination of the soil and groundwater with
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as
tetrachloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene
(PCE).
The water supply reservoir is impacted by
sediment deposits from upland sources. Because
of these deposits the reservoir may be more
susceptible to issues related to algal growth in the
summer. The reservoir was dredged before, but
sedimentation filled the lake back in. Higher
turbdity and sediment deposition may make it
difficult to maintain the intake and treat the water.
Fish kills and intersex fish have been observed in
areas of the Potomac and Shenandoah River
watersheds. Many theories exist to explain the fish
kills and intersex fish all relating to excess nutrients
and contaminants in the watershed, such as
poultry and livestock waste, commercial fertilizers,
and pharmaceuticals and personal care products
discharged through septic and waste water
treatment plants. The United States Geological
Survey (USGS) has conducted several studies to try
to determine the potential cause.
There is a hardwood floor manufacturer located
upstream of the ZCC. Floor manufacturers utilize
Contact the owners of the dry cleaners to determine what chemicals and solvents
are used at their facility and whether they have implemented any spill prevention or
containment strategies for these materials to protect against contamination of soils
and groundwater. Monitor compliance with state environmental regulations,
specifically determine if they have developed and adhere to a groundwater
protection plan.
Also try to contact the previous owner of the historic dry cleaners to determine if
any leaks or spills have occurred in the past and whether there are any remediation
activities ongoing at the site.
The utility should partner with local watershed groups, local decision makers, and
state agencies to determine how upland sources of sediment can be reduced.
Ultimately the utility may need to consider an alternative source of water in an area
with fewer threats and sediment impacts.
Keep abreast of monitoring and research performed by the USGS or other
agencies/groups. Refer to Education and Outreach Strategies for additional
information about pharmaceuticals.
Have open lines of communication with the Floor Manufacturer and ask to be
contacted if an accidental spill occurs. Will continue to coordinate with the
39
PSSC/Critical
Area
Food Processing
Plant and holding
ponds
Future
Development
Gas Compressor
Stations
Why are they considered highest priority?
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
chemicals in their treatment of the wood flooring.
Chemicals and hazardous waste at the facility could
contaminate the source should an accident occur,
such as a fire. In addition, traffic hauling wood,
chemicals, and finished products in and out of
these facilities, increase the possibility for
accidents on highways.
Knouse Foods Cooperative, Inc. owns the food
processing plant located in Inwood, WV. This C.H.
Musselman plant produced canned apple sauce
until 2008. Previous contamination from the
holding ponds located north of the plant has
shown up in Mill Creek, which may influence to the
Morning Dove wells. Knouse Foods Cooperative,
Inc. holds an NPDES permit for ground water
monitoring wells at this location.
Presently, the SWPA is in a rural setting. However,
it is within a few miles of major interstate
interchanges and urbanized areas with heavily
developed service areas, hotels, restaurants, and
shopping. Residential development stretches
nearly to the watershed and may continue through
the watershed. Construction could impact the
reservoir through sedimentation. Depending upon
the developed land use, additional threats may
occur in the future.
Natural gas compressors are used to increase
pressure within the pipeline to facilitate
transportation of natural gas. Lubricating oil is used
in natural gas compressors. Prior to 1976,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were widely used
by industry in lubricating oils for electrical
equipment and hydraulic systems because of their
exceptional heat transfer characteristics.
Constituents contained in natural gas can condense
into a liquid form within the pipeline. This liquid, or
company to raise source water awareness and ensure notification in case of
emergency.
Contact Knouse Foods Cooperative, Inc. to determine if the groundwater monitoring
is ongoing at this location. Ask to review previous groundwater monitoring results
and to be notified if additional contamination is discovered.
Contact county commission, particularly planning commission to raise their
awareness of the watershed boundaries and the susceptibility of the source water.
Work with developers to insure use of BMPs to prevent soil erosion during
construction. Control storm water runoff into the reservoir from developed areas.
Industrial facilities prepare Groundwater Protection Plans (GPPs) to be submitted to
the WVDEP. These plans will contain BMPs to mitigate or prevent contamination to
groundwater sources. These same BMPs may serve to protect surface water,
including sources of drinking water. If a concern arises, the water system may
request a copy of the GPP to ascertain if the operators of the compressor stations
are adhering to these BMPs.
40
PSSC/Critical
Area
Why are they considered highest priority?
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
condensate, may contain, among other things,
benzene, toluene, and xylene. These liquids
historically were removed from the pipeline and
disposed of by different methods which may have
directly or indirectly contaminated soils and
groundwater with, among other things, PCBs,
benzene, toluene, and xylene. Oil, including
petroleum and its constituents, and PCBs, can pose
a threat to human health and the environment.
Gas Stations and
Auto Repair
Shops
Oils, antifreeze, and other automobile fluids can
cause contamination of groundwater sources if not
cleaned up and disposed of properly.
Golf Course
Maintenance of a golf course often requires
fertilizer and pesticide application. These chemicals
can leach into the ground and runoff into surface
waters and contaminate the source water.
Groundwater and
Surface Water
Vulnerability to
Future
Development
The source water is well protected now with one
landowner controlling the property that is believed
to recharge the water source. However, if the
landowner were to sell or develop the property,
the source could be impacted. Given that the water
system is located in karst geology, the groundwater
Communicate with current junkyard and station owners the need for them to
properly dispose of oil and other automobile products. Ask them to follow
regulations and institute BMPs to contain and clean up spills. One such regulation is
installing secondary containment around above ground storage tanks and/or
chemical storage areas. Monitor compliance with state environmental regulations.
Provide owners or operators with copies of material on underground storage tank
maintenance. These facilities may already be implementing best management
practices for monitoring and/or containing a potential leak or spill and may be
reviewed.
Consider whether operating or historic stations and shops are compliant with rules
regarding USTs and leaking underground storage tanks (LUSTs). If you suspect an
issue with an UST or LUST, contact the WVDEP at (304)926-0499 and ask for the
Underground Storage Tank Staff for an inspection.
Operator should speak with the golf course owners and maintenance personnel to
communicate the vulnerability of source water to contamination from pesticides
and fertilizers.
Work with the owner or operator of the golf course to implement an Integrated
Pest Management System (IPM) and ensure the use of BMPs when applying
fertilizers. For more information on developing an IPM, visit:
http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/factsheets/ipm.htm.
Participate in the development of a County Comprehensive Plan. The plan should
prioritize abundant, clean water in the County Commission’s mission. As the
commission develops their plan and directs growth in the future, one guideline
listed should be to identify and prevent potential threats to water quality. Ask to be
given Right of First Refusal if the landowner considers selling the property
contributing to the recharge area.
41
PSSC/Critical
Area
Why are they considered highest priority?
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
is susceptible to contamination much like a surface
water source. Future development within the
SWPA could result in reduced water quality and/or
quantity.
Consider additional water sources or connections to neighboring systems to prepare
for future water demands. May also consider identifying sites where additional
backup wells could be developed to replace wells or springs if needed. This would
likely require a hydrogeologic study of the area. The utility may qualify for grant
funding to pursue this study.
The utility may be able to inventory mine openings, such as portals or vents, near
the wellhead. If mine portals and vents are found, consider seeking support to seal
the structures to prevent surface water influence. One possible source of funding
and project support is the WVDEP Office of Abandoned Mine Lands and
Reclamation. This agency’s goal is to reclaim areas that substantially degrade the
quality of the environment, prevent or damage the beneficial use of land or water
resources, or endanger the health or safety of the public. Given this goal, this
agency may consider investigating the abandoned mine portals and airshafts and
determining if they are eligible for funding to protect a public drinking water source.
Contact the WVDEP AML at (304)926-0499 or write the WVDEP Abandoned Mine
Lands and Reclamation, 601 57th Street SE, Charleston, WV 25304.
A second possible funding source is through the Wellhead and Source Water
Protection Grant Program. See Implementation below for more information.
Another strategy to prevent contamination is to control land use within the SWPA.
Currently the land use near the mine portals, airshafts and over much of the SWPA
is forested. The utility should seek landowner cooperation in maintaining this
relatively protected land use to prevent the introduction of additional PCSs. This
should be a high priority particularly if mine portals and air shafts are left unsealed.
Lastly, the wellhead should continue to be maintained in accordance with state
regulations and design standards. Refer to the system’s Sanitary Survey or contact
WVDHHR EED District Office at 304-256-6666 for guidance pertaining to the
wellhead in the future.
Explore the possibility of erecting signs within the ZCC to alert motor carriers of the
emergency number(s) to call should a spill occur. Contact carriers that transport
materials within the ZCC and identify the types of materials commonly transported
and how the materials are typically transported (truck, rail, barge, etc.). This
information will be used to inform and properly prepare emergency response
personnel.
Contact carriers that transport materials within the ZCC and identify the types of
materials commonly transported and how the materials are typically transported
(truck, rail, barge, etc.). This information will be used to inform and properly
GWUDI Well
The utility's well is considered GWUDI or
Groundwater Under the Direct Influence of surface
water. This means that contaminants, possibly
carried from the surface through water, which
would normally filter out during infiltration to the
groundwater, do not get removed. GWUDI sources
are treated just as surface water sources are
treated. However, like typical groundwater
sources, once the water is contaminated
underground, it is difficult to remediate. Surface
water may be entering the groundwater source
through mine portals and vents, stormwater
injection, or even through the wellhead depending
upon the construction.
Hazardous
Materials
Transportation
The hazardous materials storage facilities are
located downstream of storage impoundment for
the water supply. However, transportation of these
materials occurs in the watershed and possibly the
ZCC.
42
PSSC/Critical
Area
Heavy Equipment
Repair and
Storage Facility
Hospital and
Nursing Home
Illegal Dump
Sites
Industrial Sites
Why are they considered highest priority?
Several industrial facilities are located in the SWPA.
Stormwater runoff from industrial and commercial
sites (including truck fleets, school bus terminals,
and car washes) may also contain automotive
fluids and other substances that, if not managed
properly, could contaminate water resources. In
recent years a fire occurred at a facility. When
putting out the fire, they found that oil, diesel,
soaps, grease and other materials were stored and
used at the facility. Many of these substances were
washed into the stream in the runoff.
Medical waste containing microbiological
pathogens, such as total and fecal coliform and
viruses from the hospital and nursing home could
potentially contaminate the source water.
These sites can contain unknown contaminants in
unknown quantities and are a high threat to
surface and groundwater. Contaminants such as
petroleum hydrocarbons, metals, and organic
compounds have been associated with dumps.
Household products, tires, and discarded animal
remains are all potential contaminant sources at
dump sites.
Several regulated permit sites are at the industrial
facilities within the SWPA. The sites are permitted
through: WVDEP Regulated Coal, WVDEP Oil and
Gas, NPDES Outlets, and RCRA. Some chemicals
associated with industrial processes, like those
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
prepare emergency response personnel.
Determine if stormwater management at commercial/industrial facilities includes
oil/grease separators. Remind owners/operators to maintain the separators and
dispose of petroleum products responsibly to prevent them from entering water
resources.
Inquire about facilities Groundwater Protection Plans (GPPs) and ask that the
facilities consider the source water in planning and implementing BMPs. If you have
questions regarding Groundwater Protection Plans, contact the WVDEP staff
geologists at 304-926-0499 ext. 1052.
Coordinate with company emergency preparedness personnel to insure that they
are aware of the water intake and what to do in case of an emergency, including
notification so that the intake can be shut down to prevent contamination from
being drawn into the treatment plant.
Ask for copies of the facilities Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for the chemicals
used/stored on site. The MSDS sheets are information sheets provided by the
manufacture explaining how to deal with first air, and spills of the chemical product.
A facility should have a central location of these sheets and provide them if
requested by the public or emergency responders.
Contact personnel from the hospital or nursing home to determine how medical
waste is disposed of at the facilities.
Ask to be notified should any spills, leaks, or emergencies occur that could
potentially contaminate the source water.
Contact the WVDEP Rehabilitation Environmental Action Plan (REAP) Program at
304-926-0499 ext 1037 to determine if there is assistance available to clean up and
recycle materials from the sites. Organize volunteers to participate in this cleanup
effort. Identify if local landfills provides a free disposal day once a month. If possible
utility can assist in advertising the free day, to encourage residents to properly
dispose of garbage, instead of creating illegal dump sites.
Become more familiar with the activities at the industrial sites, particularly storage
and transport of hazardous materials. Also, review the groundwater protection
plans for industry. These plans are required for industry that may impact
groundwater and will contain measures that are also protective of the surface
water.
43
PSSC/Critical
Area
Injection into
Underground
Mines
Why are they considered highest priority?
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
carried out at these sites, are classified as volatile
organic compounds, synthetic organic compounds,
petroleum hydrocarbons, metals, and heavy
metals. These chemicals could migrate into water
and endanger human health in high enough
concentrations. These chemicals, as well as water
from the manufacturing process and draining from
the surface of industrial sites, may potentially
impact the source water if not managed properly.
Water from abandoned mine sites may contain
acid mine drainage, which is low in pH and carries
iron, manganese, and sulfides that make the water
more difficult to treat.
Underground mines in some locations are being
used to dispose of mine waste and fracturing water
from oil and gas operations. The water system staff
has expressed concerns about what types of
pollutants may be injected into abandoned
underground mines and how that will potentially
impact the water supply in the future.
Coordinate with company emergency preparedness personnel to insure that they
are aware of the water intake and what to do in case of an emergency, including
notification so that the intake can be shut down to prevent contamination from
being drawn into the treatment plant.
Interstates and
Highways
There are interstates or highways that traverse the
source water protection area. A release from a
vehicle accident is the most likely kind of
hazardous materials spill to occur. If a hazardous
materials spill were to occur, particularly at a
bridge crossing, it may be difficult to contain and
could potentially contaminate the water supply.
Highway road salt or brine can also migrate into
the water supply.
Inundation of
Organic Materials
and Water
Quality Variation
Because river levels fluctuate based on rainfall and
the ZCC is heavily forested, fallen leaves collect in
the pools above the intake in the fall season. When
the pools are flushed out during a rain event, the
leaves inundate the intake structure and must be
Ask for copies of the facilities Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for the chemicals
used/stored on site. The MSDS sheets are information sheets provided by the
manufacture explaining how to handle first aid and spills of chemical products. A
facility should have a central location of these sheets and provide them if requested
by the public or emergency responders.
Utilities should be made aware of any mine injection sites and what types of
materials are being injected so that they know what they should test for if a leak
would occur.
Contact the motor carriers that transport materials along the interstate and
determine the types of materials transported. This information can be used to
inform and properly prepare emergency response personnel.
Participate in communications and incident drills with emergency responders to
respond quickly to any spills and initiate cleanup activities. In the event that
contaminants do find their way into the public water supplies, the system will
monitor and react according to standard operating procedures. Erect signs as
described in Education and Outreach Strategies.
Continue to coordinate with emergency officials to be better prepared in the event
of a hazardous spill.
The water system will consider installing Johnson’s screen at the intake to possibly
provide protection from leaves, along with a hinged hatch door for access.
The operators should also plan to produce water early on days when flood events
are forecasted, so that the intake can be shutdown until the leaves can be safely
removed from the intake after flood waters have subsided.
44
PSSC/Critical
Area
Why are they considered highest priority?
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
cleared by hand. In addition, unusual feeds of
chlorine are required to maintain proper chlorine
residual levels in the treated water. The cause is
unknown, but may be associated with the standing
water and decaying leaves.
In order to identify the cause, consider analyzing raw water samples during the
period when unusually high chlorine feeds are required. Consult with WVDHHR
SWAP staff or Environmental Engineering Division District Engineer for suggestions
on possible constituents that could cause an increased chlorine demand.
Junk Yard
A junkyard is located in the SWPA. Oils, antifreeze,
and other automobile fluids may leak from the
used autos and contaminate the source waters if
not cleaned up and disposed of properly.
Kingsford
Charcoal Plant
The plant industrial site located 1,000 yards
upstream from the Parsons raw water intake. Site
includes wood materials storage pile used in
making charcoal, and necessary plant buildings. A
containment dike surrounds the installation and a
wastewater treatment pond for the site is located
above the flood plain. Even so, a catastrophic
event, such as a structural failure could allow
contaminants into the source water.
Lignetics of West
Virginia
Lignetics of West Virginia is located within the ZCC.
Lignetics utilizes recycled sawdust to manufacture
wood pellets and wood logs. The manufacturing
process may utilize chemicals that if released
during an accident, such as a fire, could
contaminate the surface water source.
Communicate with the owners the need for them to properly dispose of oil and
other automobile products. Ask them to institute best management practices
(BMPs) to contain and clean up spills.
Consider an ordinance requiring auto salvage and scrap yards to install containment
to minimize impacts to surface and ground water. Work with the owner or operator
to plan/design/implement methods to control impacts to surface and ground water.
Continue to communicate with the personnel at the Kingsford Charcoal Plant to
raise awareness of source water vulnerability and coordinate emergency response;
including notification so that the intake can be shut down to prevent contamination
from being drawn into the treatment plant. Possibly invite a representative to
participate on the source water protection team.
Become more familiar with the activities at the industrial sites, particularly storage
and transport of hazardous materials.
Also, review the groundwater protection plans for industry. For more information
contact the WVDEP at 304-926-0499. These plans are required for industry that may
impact groundwater and will contain measures that are also protective of the
surface water.
Ask for copies of the facilities Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for the chemicals
used/stored on site. The MSDS sheets are information sheets provided by the
manufacturer explaining how to handle first aid and spills of chemical products. A
facility should have a central location of these sheets and provide them if requested
by the public or emergency responders.
Contact the company to better determine the threat to the source water. Work with
their personnel to create an emergency response plan to prevent source water
contamination should an incident occur. Ask for copies of the facilities Materials
Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for the chemicals used/stored on site. The MSDS sheets
are information sheets provided by the manufacture explaining how to deal with
first air, and spills of the chemical product. A facility should have a central location
of these sheets and provide them if requested by the public or emergency
responders.
45
PSSC/Critical
Area
Why are they considered highest priority?
Limestone
Quarry
There are limestone quarries located in the vicinity
of the ZCC. While limestone itself would not be
expected to be harmful to source water, vehicles
and industrial equipment associated with the
quarry could leak fuel or lubricants into surface or
groundwater.
Limitation of
Water Quantity
Source water can be limited naturally due to
drought conditions or during emergencies when
the water plant cannot treat water. The utilities
average production may be at or near their
treatment capacity. The treatment capacity may
be limited by the amount of water that can be
moved through the plant or by the amount of
water being pumped from the aquifer or surface
water source.
Logging/Timber
Operations
Logging activities within the ZCC are ongoing or
have occurred in the past. These activities can
cause erosion and sediment can be washed into
surface waters. Fuel and other fluids from vehicles
and machinery can contaminate groundwater.
Lumber Mill
A lumber company's mill is located in the SWPA.
Chemicals and hazardous waste at the facility could
contaminate the source should an accident occur,
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
Inventory quarry areas and determine the extent of mined areas that are draining
into the surface water source. Note: quarries are usually areas of enhanced ground
water recharge because water in pits soaks into the ground. Contact WVDHHR
SWAP at 304-558-2981 for assistance on obtaining mapping and identifying
potential threats. Visit the WV Geological and Economic Survey at
http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/ to view or request mapping, directly.
Once aware of existing quarries, participate in public comments periods before
WVDEP issues mining permits for those areas. For more information on the public
comment process and WVDEP program, concerned citizens can visit:
http://www.dep.wv.gov/environmentaladvocate/Documents/DEP2008CitizensGuide.pdf
Currently the utility treatment plant runs more than 16 hours a day to meet
demands. The utility should work with support agencies such as the WV Public
Service Commission, WV Rural Water, and the WVDHHR to identify alternative
sources and plant upgrades.
To prepare for water shortages due to drought or emergencies, educate the public
on water conservation practices by distributing the brochures described in
Education and Outreach Strategies.
The utility should conduct an alternatives analysis to determine the most feasible
secondary water source. If construction of a reservoir is deemed feasible, begin
approval process and seek funding.
Contact the logging company to determine when and where logging activities are
taking place and to make them aware of the SWPA. Work with the logging company
and property owners to plan/design/implement methods to control impacts to
surface and groundwater. If unable to reach the logging company, consider
contacting the WV Division of Forestry at (304) 558-2788 to communicate the
source location and concerns arising from increased sedimentation.
When appropriate, ask that the logging companys/property owners investigate
active logging sites and educate the loggers of proper best management practices
(BMPs) to prevent runoff into the streams. The WV Division of Forestry offers a BMP
manual at the following link:
http://www.wvforestry.com/BMP%20Book%202009.pdf
Contact the lumber company to better determine the threat to the source water.
Work with their personnel to create an emergency response plan should any
contamination occur. Ask to review the GPP for the facility. Ask for copies of MSDSs
46
PSSC/Critical
Area
Marinas/Boat
Ramps
Municipal Area Concentrated
Residential/Muni
cipal Facilities
Why are they considered highest priority?
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
such as a fire.
A marina and/or boat ramps are situated on or
near the water supply. These facilities have fuel
storage as well as waste water facilities. Fuel oil,
sewage, and solid wastes can contaminate the
source water.
Municipal areas have a concentration of homes,
businesses, schools, and other facilities that may
collectively introduce contaminants into surface
water at high enough concentrations to cause
concern. Storm water runoff, care of public
grounds, maintenance of city and county vehicles
at garages, residents activities in and outside their
homes can all contribute to contamination of the
surface water. Potential contaminants include
fertilizers, pesticides, oils, paints, cleaning agents,
etc.
for chemicals used and stored at the facility.
Municipal Landfill
A landfill is located in the protection watershed.
Should leachate or any other hazardous materials
leak into the groundwater, the contamination
could migrate into surface waters. An additional
concern is that a major weather event could cause
a release from the landfill ponds.
Natural Gas Well
Development
Gas wells of any type, when properly drilled in
accordance with their permits; do not pose an
imminent danger. Potential drilling into Marcellus
Contact the owners/operators of the marina to identify if each facility has waste
water treatment and/or fuel oil storage. Communicate the importance of utilizing
best management practices for fueling stations.
Communicate with personnel from nearby businesses, schools, and towns to raise
their awareness of the source water protection area and ask that they institute best
management practices when maintaining grounds and vehicles. Refer to Education
and Outreach below for ideas on how to protect source water by educating the
public.
Consider coordinating a household hazardous waste collection day for the area.
WVDEP may be available to assist in this effort, along with other area water
systems.
Communicate with the landfill personnel to make them aware of the source water
susceptibility to contamination and determine if there is a water monitoring
program in place. Request that the landfill establish an early warning system should
a leachate pond fail and drain into the water supply. Ask that they participate in
emergency response training and notify the utility in the event of an accidental
release that could impact the source water. May also gain information by contacting
the WVDEP Solid Waste Program at (304)926-0499 extension 1295 such as if there is
a groundwater monitoring program in place. Further investigate the waste disposal
and monitoring activities at the landfill.
Request that the landfill establish an early warning system should a leachate pond
fail and drain into the water supply. Ask that they participate in emergency
response training and notify the utility in the event of an accidental release that
could impact the source water. May also gain information by contacting the WVDEP
Solid Waste Program at (304)926-0499 extension 1295 such as if there is a
groundwater monitoring program in place. Further investigate the waste disposal
and monitoring activities at the landfill.
Consider installing continuous monitoring equipment upstream of the intake. The
equipment could alert the operator before any contamination reaches the intake
and enters the plant.The system should continue to correspond with the WVDEP in
47
PSSC/Critical
Area
New
Construction
Development
Nonpoint
Sources and
Groundwater
Contaminants
Ordinance Works
Disposal Areas
Superfund Site
Paint Shop and
Railroad
Why are they considered highest priority?
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
Shale gas reserves are a concern. Fracturing fluids
and brine water produced as byproducts of the
drilling process could impact the water source if
drilling occurs through the aquifer and
regulations/best management practices (BMPs),
such as casing and grouting, are not followed.
Water haulers may pull water from surface water
sources. If they are not aware of flow limits for
when they can pull from the river they could
compromise the quantity of water or mix
contaminated water into the source particularly at
lower flows. Also, road cuts to access gas well sites
may create erosion issues that can cause increased
sediments and turbidity in surface waters.
Construction runoff from new development can
increase turbidity, total dissolved solids, and total
suspended solids in the surface waters. Petroleum
products from construction equipment could
migrate into surface waters should a spill or leak
occur.
Surface water and groundwater are susceptible to
contaminants carried as runoff from nonpoint and
point sources. Surface water may be entering the
groundwater source through mine portals and
vents, stormwater injection, or even through the
wellhead depending upon the construction.
This superfund site has been remediated and no
contamination is allowed to migrate outside the
site boundaries. There is currently a capped landfill
located on site with established groundwater
monitoring wells. Additional information pertaining
to this superfund site can be found at:
http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/super/sites/WVD
000850404/index.htm
The Cass Scenic Railroad State Park runs passenger
excursion trains daily during certain months. These
order to obtain information about newly permitted wells in their SWPA and keep up
to date on potential new regulations.
If Marcellus Shale Wells are permitted, consider sampling raw water for bromide as
described in Source Water Monitoring, to establish a baseline and detect elevated
levels of bromide that can impact treatment and distribution.
Communicate the SWPA to the WVDEP Office of Oil and Gas staff at 304-926-0499
Ext. 1062 and ask for their consideration when approving future permits.
Communicate the boundaries/depths of the mine source water to gas well
companies with active permits. This will assist in their plans to drill and insure that
they are prepared to case and grout the aquifer in accordance with regulations.
Ensure sediment and erosion control measures are being instituted at construction
sites. Monitor compliance with existing regulations through inspections and/or
contact with regulatory agencies (WVDEP).
The utility should coordinate with local decision makers to establish a Stormwater
Plan that focuses on issues that may impact the susceptible groundwater below the
city, Some communities utilize stencils or plaques to mark storm drains to raise
public awareness that water draining goes into the groundwater. Utilities should
invite a representative from the city to participate in the Source Water Protection
TEam.
The site has been remediated through the USEPA Superfund Program. However,
semi-annual monitoring of the groundwater, landfill leachate and discharge from
the treatment wetlands is performed by the responsible parties. Request
monitoring reports from the responsible parties and immediate notification so that
appropriate measures can be taken if a release of contaminated materials is
suspected. The Morgantown Utility Board may consider additional sampling for
constituents of concern (mainly PAHs and metals) associated with the superfund
site if contaminant migration off site is suspected.
Continue to coordinate with the railroad and shop personnel to ensure proper
containment and clean up in case of a spill. The park personnel should report to the
48
PSSC/Critical
Area
Maintenance
Plastic
Production
Potential
Flooding
Power Line,
Pipeline, and
Highway Rightsof-Way
Power Stations,
Substations and
Transformer
Storage Centers
Why are they considered highest priority?
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
trains are maintained in the Railroad/Paint Shop.
The shop is located on the banks of the source
water and an accident could result in contaminants
from the shop entering the surface water. Given
that the railway parallels the surface water
accidental spills, rights-of-way maintenance, and
other activities could result in contamination of the
water source.
A plastic production plant is located within the ZCC.
Flying W Plastics produces polyethylene pipes for
water, gas, sewer, and conduit, and PVC pipes for
sewer and drain applications. Volatile and synthetic
organic compounds along with metals are used in
the production of plastics. These chemicals if
released could contaminate the source water and
over time could result in chronic public health risks
if water is not treated to remove these
contaminants
Historically, the water utility's intake was
destroyed by a flood. Reestablishing a water intake
can take more than a year. It is possible that a
flood of that magnitude could occur on the river
again.
Rights-of-way are typically maintained with
herbicides that can migrate into the water
supply. In addition to spraying herbicide, rights-ofway may also be maintained by clear cutting
vegetation, which may lead to erosion. Highway
road salt use can also migrate into the water
supply.
Power stations and electrical substations may have
components, such as transformers, containing
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or oil, that can
cause contamination of source water if the
transformer explodes or leaks. Spills can occur
during maintenance as well.
park superintendent, so the water system can respond immediately to any
emergency incident to prevent contaminants from being drawn into the water
treatment plant.
Provide mapping of the SWPA to Flying W Plastics to raise their awareness of the
surface water source and its vulnerability to contamination. Ask the owners to
participate in emergency response training and/or to develop an emergency
response plan to prevent source water contamination should an incident occur. Ask
to be notified if an accident occurs that could introduce contaminants into the
source water. Ask for copies of the facilities MSDS for the chemicals used in the
production process.
The utility should develop a contingency plan to determine a secondary source or
interconnection.
Contact the appropriate utilities and WV Division of Highways to determine the
herbicides used within the ROW and any other chemicals used. Herbicide labeling is
developed with guidance from the USEPA providing information on application. This
guidance has been developed with public health in mind and may list restrictions for
application to prevent herbicide migration into water supplies.
Communicate the boundaries of the SWPA to raise awareness with utility company
to ensure best management practices (BMPs).
Perform annual tests for Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM) and other disinfection
byproducts. The water system should consider testing for additional chemicals,
especially if salt brine from gas wells is used as a deicing agent on highways or roads
within the SWPA.
49
PSSC/Critical
Area
Why are they considered highest priority?
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
Contact electric utility to determine if they have a spill/leak prevention program for
the transformer storage center. Also determine their procedure should
contamination occur. Communicate the boundaries of the ZCC to raise awareness
with utility company to ensure BMPs.
Private Septic
Systems
Propane Storage
and Future Site
for Propane Sales
Public Sewer
Surrounding residents have individual septic
systems, that if not properly maintained may allow
untreated waste water to runoff into the reservoir.
While propane does not pose a direct threat to the
source water, other activities associated with the
site may. For instance if tanks are cleaned and
maintained on site, those by-products may
contaminate the source water if not contained and
disposed of properly. In addition, truck traffic will
increase to the site and through the ZCC, posing a
greater risk for accidental spills.
There are public waste water systems located in or
near the ZCC. Accidental releases or line breaks
may allow untreated sewage to contaminate the
surface water source. Untreated sewage contains
total coliform, particularly E. coli, along with other
bacteria and parasites that could negatively impact
human health if treatment processes are not
adjusted to address the contamination.
Railroad Traffic
The railroad tracks run parallel to the source water.
An accident on the railroad or leaks from standing
train cars may result in spills into the water supply.
Regulated PCS
sites
Various concerns depending upon the regulated
type.
Provide information regarding contamination and source water protection in
mailings to homeowners that will encourage them to have their septic system
inspected regularly and pumped every 5-10 years as needed. Also, the USEPA
provides a complete guide for residents to maintain their septic systems, for the
guide, visit: http://epa.gov/owm/septic/pubs/homeowner_guide_long.pdf.
Become more familiar with the activities at the propane storage and sales facilities.
Coordinate with company emergency preparedness personnel to insure that they
are aware of the water intake and what to do in case of an emergency, including
notification so that the intake can be shut down to prevent contamination from
being drawn into the treatment plant.
Communicate with the public sewer system personnel to raise awareness of the
source water vulnerability to contamination from leaking lines. Work with the
county health department to identify areas in the SWPA where home owners may
need to install septic system or service existing systems. Consider teaming with
community to identify areas that would benefit from a cluster system or waste
water line extension to eliminate straight pipes and/or malfunctioning septic
systems.
Contact the railroad companies to determine the average number of daily (or
weekly) trains passing in the ZCC and what types of materials these trains are
transporting. Identify the number of rail cars kept on side track, if any, and what
activities (such as maintenance) are performed on the side tracks.
Work with the railroad company to create an emergency response plan incase a
hazardous materials spill would occur to prevent or cleanup contamination of the
source water.
Investigate USEPA/WVDEP Regulated Sites to verify their location. If identified,
provide owners or operators with copies of fact sheets covering best management
50
PSSC/Critical
Area
Salvage yard
Sedimentation in
Storage
Impoundment
Why are they considered highest priority?
A salvage yard is located in the SWPA. Oils,
antifreeze, and other automobile fluids may leak
from the used vehicles and contaminate the source
waters if not cleaned up and disposed of properly.
Because infiltrating water can take years to reach a
source, this site may still pose a threat if leaks
and/or spills were not cleaned up properly in the
past.
The water board has concerns about sediment
during significant rainfall events. There are
problems of treating water during high sediment
loading and the problem of sedimentation within
the impoundment pool of the River, which is the
storage impoundment for the water supply.
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
practices for handling waste liquids; spill prevention; pollution prevention; or
applicable rules.
Communicate with the owners the need for them to properly dispose of oil and
other automobile products.
Ask the owners to institute best management practices (BMPs) to contain and clean
up spills. Work with the owner or operator to plan/design/implement methods to
control impacts to surface and ground water. Owners may be required to complete
a Groundwater Protection Plan depending on the facility NPDES permit. Ask to see
the Groundwater Protection Plan to insure compliance. If you have questions
regarding this plan, contact the WVDEP staff geologists at (304)926-0499 ext. 1052
Explore the possibility of monitoring the levels of Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
during major rainfall events to try to determine the sediment accumulation rate in
the storage impoundment.
Sinkholes
Due to the karst geology (limestone) within the
SWPA, there could be sinkholes in this area.
Surface waters (and contamination) can enter the
groundwater system very quickly through these
sinkholes or other fracture/solution openings.
Monitor for the formation of any new sinkholes in the SWPA, and stablish or
encourage buffering around sinkholes. Buffering techniques in use in other regions
range from encouraging landowners to provide vegetative buffers to purchasing
rights from the landowner.
If buffering is not a feasible option, consider filling in the sinkhole following
WVDEP’s Sinkhole Mitigation Guidance document, which can be found at
http://www.dep.wv.gov/WWE/Programs/gw/Documents/9026_Sinkhole_Mitigatio
n_Guidance_Document_A2005.pdf. If applicable, seek state and/or local permits
prior to filling sinkholes.
State Forest or
Park Facilities
A state forest or state park area is located in the
SWPA, possibly surrounding the water supply in
some areas. The state facilities may have an office,
campsites, cabins, play area, bathhouse, managed
forestry, boat ramps, a lodge/restaurant, and/or
marina. Solid waste at campsites along the river
and waste water from septic systems and pit toilets
may contaminate the surface waters if properly
maintained. Forestry practices can contribute
sediment to streams.
Contact personnel of the state facility to identify and assist in measures to keep
facilities and the water free of solid waste and petroleum products associated with
boats. Ask to be notified should an accident or spill occur that could contaminate
the source.
51
PSSC/Critical
Area
Storage Tanks
Treatment facility
Underground
Injection Wells
Underground
Storage Tanks
(USTs)
Unexplained
Discoloration in
Raw Water
Unused Water
Wells
Why are they considered highest priority?
There are historic and active facilities located in the
SWPA that may pose a threat with above-ground
storage tanks. If these tanks remain at historic
sites, they may contain residual chemicals/oils that
could contaminate the source if they were to leak
or be swept into the river during a flooding event.
For active facilities above ground storage tanks
potentially contain materials that if released would
pose a risk to public health.
The water treatment facility is considered a PCS
due to the chemicals used to treat the water, as
well as the concentration of contaminants
removed during the treatment process.
The water system has concerns that underground
injection wells within the wellhead protection area
can potentially contaminate the groundwater
source.
USTs, particularly those at historic sites, may leak
and contaminate groundwater sources.
The water operator has detected discoloration in
the source water as it drains from the Williams
River during the summer months, particularly in
July. The color appears to be associated with
suspended solids that make the water difficult to
treat and required increased amounts of
coagulants. In addition, barium has been detected
in the water samples recently, when it had not
been before. The levels are below MCLs, but
operator wonders if there is a possible connection
to the discoloration or to oil and gas drilling.
Unused water wells, if not properly abandoned, act
as open corridors to allow contaminants directly to
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
Investigate the facilities to determine if storage tanks exist. If so, identify the
responsible party to remove or maintain the tanks. Contact the WVDEP to
determine if Groundwater Protection Plans were prepared for the sites.
Groundwater Protection Plans may contain BMPs and other requirements that also
act to protect surface water. Contact the WVDEP Division of Water and Waste
Management at 304-926-0499. May receive their assistance to inspect the facilities
and recommend if cleanup is needed.
Evaluate and update materials handling procedures. Implement “just-in-time”
ordering for chemicals.
Continuously monitor the well water for conductivity and other potential
contaminants of concern might be the best defense in identifying a contaminant
plume as a result of an underground injection well.
Consider whether operating or historic stations and shops are compliant with rules
regarding USTs and leaking underground storage tanks (LUSTs). If you suspect an
issue with an UST or LUST, contact the WVDEP at (304)926-0499 and ask for the
Underground Storage Tank Staff for an inspection. These facilities may already be
implementing best management practices for monitoring and/or containing a
potential leak or spill and may be reviewed.
Seek guidance from the EED district office staff. Considering analyzing the water
after defining a list of constituents for which to test. If you suspect impacts from oil
and gas drilling as a possible cause of the discoloration, consider having the water
sampled for bromide to determine if brine water may have been released.
Additional investigation could be a project for a local Source Water Protection Team
and possibly funded through a Source Water Protection Grant. Continue to monitor
for barium as required for compliance. Respond to exceedences as required by the
Safe Drinking Water Act. Operator may contact Greg Young with the state lab in Big
Chimney 304-965-2694 ext. 2222 for additional information and possible
constituents for which to sample.
Work with property owners to identify and properly abandon or seal unused wells.
Contact the local health department about unused wells in the surrounding area.
52
PSSC/Critical
Area
Upstream
Reservoir
Waste Tire
Landfill and
Waste Transfer
Stations
Waste Water
Plant Sludge
Disposal
Wastewater/
Stormwater
Issues
Why are they considered highest priority?
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
the groundwater sources.
WVDHHR may provide funding for a community public water system to properly
abandon wells that threaten the source water. See implementation for more
information on the Wellhead and Source Water Protection Grant Program. For
property owners that do not wish to abandon their wells, work with the local health
department to provide information to them on proper well maintenance and
construction that will protect the source water.
Communicate with the US Army Corp of Engineers concerning releases that could
impact the temperature and other water quality parameters. Ask to be included in
stakeholder meetings to provide input regarding modifications to the dam. Ask to
be notified if any accidental spills or contamination occurs at the dam site. The
water system may partner with the WV Rural Water Association, local watershed
associations, or the WVBPH to gather information and arrange to be included in
stakeholder meetings regarding large projects at the dam.
Further investigate the waste disposal and monitoring activities at the landfill and
transfer stations. Contact Solid Waste Authority or WVDEP to determine if there is a
groundwater monitoring program in place.
Changes in water quality and quantity entering the
source water can occur at the site of the dam.
Maintenance or new construction at the dam,
including construction of hydroelectricity turbines,
could potentially introduce contaminants into the
water source.
The waste tire landfill and waste transfer stations
are located within the protection watershed. A tire
or trash fire could mobilize contaminants to runoff
the site to adjoining streams. Even under normal
conditions in unlined or mismanaged landfills,
leachate or other hazardous materials have been
known to contaminate the underlying
groundwater. Once mobilized, contamination could
migrate into surface waters.
The WVDEP permitted a sludge disposal site within
the ZCC. While the disposal would not necessarily
pose an imminent threat if applied correctly, the
potential for an accidental release of materials into
the stream is a concern.
Stormwater management is a concern for large
buildings and structures, parking lots, construction
sites, and anywhere else where impervious
surfaces or steep slopes prevent infiltration and
uptake by plants. Stormwater runoff can cause
severe erosion if not properly managed. In
addition stormwater from parking lots could
contain petroleum, solid waste, sediments, deicing
substances, and other contaminants.
Monitor compliance with state environmental regulations. Ask that facilities include
plans to contact the water utility in case of an emergency that may result in the
release of contaminants in to the drinking water.
Given the concern that waste water sludge could be released into the stream, the
utility should contact the landowner and state agencies to discuss the vulnerability
of the source water.
Ensure that proper stormwater infrastructure is in place on construction sites and
structures within the ZCC. Stormwater and wastewater should be diverted and
dispersed to prevent erosion and eventual sedimentation of a water body.
Utilize vegetation, settling ponds, and various other stormwater prevention
measures in areas that experience high stormwater runoff.
53
PSSC/Critical
Area
Water Loss
Well Condition
Wellhead
Protection Area
West Virginia
Division of
Highway Garage
Why are they considered highest priority?
A utility is experiencing greater than 15% water
loss, including unaccounted for lost water and
water lost from main leaks. The water loss may be
attributed to outdated meters, line leaks, and
possible problems with tracking water use, such as
through fire hydrants, etc.
Wellheads must be maintained to ensure that they
remain in good operating condition. Proper seals,
casing, grouting, and caps must be used to prevent
contaminaiton by surface water, insects and other
vectors.
Additional PCS may exist within the wellhead
protection area and surrounding areas such as
leaking underground storage tanks that in time
could impact the source. The landuse in the
wellhead protection area is undergoing change
rapidly and PCSs should be reviewed and additional
PCSs inventoried at a regular interval. A better
understanding of the groundwater sources and the
material above the source area may be warranted.
This may help to identify shallow areas of more
porous material that would make contaminant
migration into the source water easier.
Highway maintenance garages have on-site
materials that could contaminate both surface and
groundwater, if not handled, stored, and disposed
of properly. Depending on the location, these may
include: fuels in above and underground storage
tanks, other automotive fluids (ex. oil, antifreeze)
to maintain vehicles, pesticide, road salts, etc.
Some of these same materials are present in
smaller concentrations along highways to clear the
snow and maintain right of ways.
Active or Potential Protective Strategies
The utility should work with the WV Rural Water Association to detect leaks and
make recommendations to local decision makers. The utility should work with
support agencies such as the WV Public Service Commission, WV Rural Water, and
the WVDHHR to identify and correct the circumstances attributing to the water loss.
Properly maintain wellheads. For additional information refer to the latest system
sanitary surveys or contact the WVBPH District Office staff.
Undertake a study to better understand the groundwater source and the PCSs
within the wellhead protection area, particularly those not easily identified, such as
potentially leaking underground storage tanks. Sanborn Maps, detailed fire
insurance maps, can provide historic locations for facilities that may have utilized
and left underground storage tanks.
Each facility prepares and submits Groundwater Protection Plans (GPP) to the
WVDEP that will include best management practices (BMPs) to prevent
contamination to groundwater. These same BMPs should serve to protect surface
water, including sources of drinking water. The water system may request and
review the facility GPP to ensure that BMPs exist to prevent contamination to the
water supply, and they should remain in contact with the West Virginia Division of
Highway concerning the source water. The garage should put in place measures to
prevent runoff into the water supply. The water system will continue to convey
information as needed.
54
55