Name__________________________________ Date____________________ Period__
Relative Dating and Evolution Review:
1. The preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the
past are ____________.
- Fossils
2. How do Fossils form?
- A dead organism becomes buried in sediment
3. Fossils form in what type of rock (s)?
- Sedimentary
4. What is the law of superposition?
- In horizontal layers of sedimentary rock, each layer is older
than the layer above it and younger than the layer below it
5. Fossils of organisms that were widely distributed but only lived during a
short period of time are called_______________.
- Index Fossils
6. What is a rock layer’s age compared to the ages of other rock layers?
- Relative Age or Relative Dating
7. The gradual change in a species over time is _________________________.
- Evolution
8. In the law of superposition, the fossils found in the bottom layer are
________________ than organisms alive today.
- Simpler or less complex
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9.
Define folding, faulting and uplifting.
1. Folding - The bending of rock layers due to stress
2. Faulting- A break in a body of rock along which one block
slides relative to another
3. Uplifting- The rising of regions of the Earth’s crust to higher
elevations
10. What is 1 piece of evidence that suggests that ancestors of whales once
walked on land?
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- Scientist found fossils of whale-like creatures that had legs
and the same ear bone as a whale. They also have found
evidence of a blowhole moving back on the skull.
11. What is a cladogram?
- A diagram showing how
scientist think different
organisms are related
12. Draw a reverse fault and label
hanging wall and foot wall.
13. What is stress (faults)?
- Any force that acts on a rock to change its shape of volume
(push, pull, stretch etc.)
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14. What is tension (fault)?
- The stretching of rock so that is becomes thinner
15. What is compression?
- The squeezing of rock until it folds or breaks
16. What is shearing?
- When the rock on either side of a fault slip past each other
sideways
17. Explain Darwin’s Theory of evolution vs. Lamarck’s.
Darwin
Pass traits on to offspring (used
Finches)
Species evolved slowly
Survival of the fittest/ naturals
selection
Lamarck
Actions- Stretching would make
neck longer and offspring
received this new trait
Species evolved quickly
Acquired characteristics
18. What is a homologous structure?
- Similar structures that related species have inherited from a
common ancestor
19. What is natural selection?
- The process by which individuals that are better adapted to
their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
20. What are contour lines?
- Lines that show elevation for landforms. The closer the lines
the steeper the slope.
21. What is an adaptation?
- How organisms change over time to new environments
1) Whale having a blowhole
2) Rhino’s horn
3) A squirrel storing nuts
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Behavior Adaptations
- Things organism do to survive or stay alive
1) Bat’s echolocation
2) A beaver’s dam
3) Bird’s migration
Structural adaptation
- Physical features of an organism
1) bill on a bird
2) fur on a bear
3) stripes on a tiger
22. What happens to a species that cannot adapt?
- They will not survive could lead to an extinction of the
population and eventually of the species
23. Do adaptations happen quickly?
- They can happen quickly or slowly. For example: Finches
took 18 months to adapt (this quickly).
24. Does evolution happen quickly?
- NO evolution is a slow process that could take millions of
years. For example: Whale each time period had a different
adaptation.
25. What is the most recent change in the evolution of the whale?
- Blowhole and Echolocation
26. How do trees evolve in a warmer climate?
- As temperature increase the leaves become smoother on the
edges (less teeth)
27. Calculate the temperature in Celsius and Fahrenheit of a site that has 65%
smooth leaves.
-
Here is the equation: AAT = (0.3006 x percent smooth) + 1.141
(0.3006 x 65) + 1.141= 20.68 °C
Convert the temperature to Fahrenheit = (1.8 x C) + 32:= 69.22 °F
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-
28. What is a trait?
a distinguishing quality or characteristic,
29. Give examples of inherited traits.
Hair color
Rolling your tongue
Attached earlobes
Long teeth
Have big feet
Long fingers
Hibernation
Eye Color
Height
Dimples
Freckles
cleft chin
Skin color
30. Give examples of learned behaviors.
Writing
Brushing your teeth
Riding a bike
Swimming in the pool
Speaking more than one language
Reading
Cats hunting
31. What is Darwin’s Theory of Evolution?
Natural selection is Darwin’s most famous theory; it states that evolutionary
change comes through the production of variation in each generation and
differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable
characters. Individuals with characteristics which increase their probability of
survival will have more opportunities to reproduce and their offspring will also
benefit from the heritable, advantageous character. So over time these variants
will spread through the population.
Darwin’s five theories were:
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i.
Evolution: species come and go through time, while they exist they
change.
ii.
Common descent: organisms are descended from one, or several common
ancestors and have diversified from this original stock
iii.
Species multiply: the diversification of life involves populations of one
species diverging until they become two separate species; this has
probably occurred billions of times on earth!
iv.
Gradualism: evolutionary change occurs through incremental small
changes within populations; new species are not created suddenly.
v.
Natural selection: evolutionary change occurs through variation between
individuals; some variants give the individual an extra survival
probability.
32. Where did Darwin do his research on Finches?
-
Galapagos Islands
33. What did Darwin conclude about the Finches beaks?
Survival of the fittest of the finches  Beaks
passed on to future generations
Their beaks had adapted to the type of food
they ate in order to fill different niches on the
Galapagos Islands. Their isolation on the
islands over long periods of time made them
undergo speciation.
34. Diagram the rock cycle. Be sure to include the processes of melting,
erosion, and heat/pressure.
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35. Describe and diagram the thermal processes driving the rock cycle (convection
currents)?
1)
What thermal process is occurring at location 1? Convection Currents
2)
What do the currents at location 1 cause the plates to do? They cause the plates to
move.
3)
What type of boundary exists at location 2? Divergent Boundary
4)
What type of rock would form at location 2? Igneous Rock
5)
What types of rock would be forming at locations 3 and 4? Sedimentary Rock
6)
What sedimentary rock forming processes are occurring at location 5? Weathering,
erosion, deposition, cementation
7)
What type of rock would form at the streams and rivers of location 6? Sedimentary
Rock
8)
What type of rock is forming at location 7? Igneous Rock
9)
What type of rock is forming at location 8? Metamorphic Rock
10)
Locations 9 and 11 show the ocean plate turning back into what material? Magma
11)
What kind of boundary exists where the plates meet at location 10? Convergent
Boundary
12)
What kind of rock would form at location 10? Metamorphic Rock
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36. Tell where the thermal energy for the rock cycle originates?
Mantle (magma)
37. Describe how plate motion causes rocks to move through the rock cycle?
Plate movement is caused by convection currents. Molten
material is being built up under plates. The Earth recycles
rock. Every rock that you can touch or see has been or
will be molten hot magma at one point or another. The
Earth is constantly replenishing new rock through
volcanoes while re-melting existing rock through a
process called subduction at the same time. It is a cycle,
a circle of changes that have been going on since the
creation of the Earth
SEE DIAGRAM BELOW
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38. Describe an example of a gradual change that could lead to extinction in
a species. Identify if it is a climate or geological change.
Climate and environmental
Drought, Flood, Storm
b. pollution - undesirable state of the natural environment being
contaminated with harmful substances as a consequence of human
activities
c. erosion - condition in which the earth's surface is worn away by the
action of water and wind
d. deforestation - the state of being clear of trees
e. depopulation - the condition of having reduced numbers of
inhabitants (or no inhabitants at all)
f. glaciation - the condition of being covered with glaciers or masses
of ice; the result of glacial action; "Agassiz recognized marks of
glaciation all over northern Europe"
g. inhospitableness - the environmental condition in a region that
lacks a favorable climate or terrain for life or growth
h. meteorological conditions - the prevailing environmental
conditions as they influence the prediction of weather
Geological Change: Ice Age
39. Describe an example of an instantaneous change that could lead to
extinction in a species. Identify if it is a climate or geological change.
-
Asteroid impact or volcano (geological)
40. Explain how the fossil record illustrates the extinction of a species.
-
Shows how species have common
ancestors
Shows that if a fossil disappears in a
layer it is known as extinct
Show if a major event happened like a
volcano erupting.
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41. What is radiometric dating?
-Is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon,
usually based on a comparison between the observed
abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its
decay products, using known decay rates
42. Calculate the total number of atoms if a fossils has 150 atoms of Carbon
14 and 450 atoms of Carbon 12.
- Add Carbon 12 + Carbon 14 = Parent Atom
150+450= 600
43. Calculate the number of half-life if a fossils has 150 atoms of Carbon 14
and 450 atoms of Carbon 12. 2 half lives
Parent
Daughter
Total
#Half Lives
600
0
600
0
300
300
600
1
150
450
600
2
75
525
600
3
44. How old is the fossil above. (Remember to use your chart to we did
together in class for the age of Carbon).
the half life of Carbon 14 is 5,730years, so you multiple this by the
number of half lifes.
5,730 x 2 = 11,460
Or you can add an extra column into the chart
Parent
Daughter
Total
#Half Lives
600
0
600
0
300
300
600
1
150
450
600
2
75
525
600
3
Years old
0
5730
11460
17190
45. What percentage of the fossil is Carbon 12? Carbon 14?
150/600 x100 = 25 %
450/600 x 100 = 75%
46. Know and be able to use the laws of crosscutting, superposition, erosion
and deposition, unconformity and inclusion.
Relative Dating
Golden-Science Change over Time Review
The Law of Superposition
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47. MAKE SURE YOU CAN READ A TOPOGRAPHIC MAP,
CLADOGRAM, ROCK LAYERS WITH AND WITHOUT FOSSILS (LAW
OF SUPERPOSITION AND RELATIVE DATING.
a) Why are there no fossils from 150-230mya? Lava flow= melt the fossils due to
heat and pressure
b) What is the absolute age of Coal? 345 mya
c) What is the relative age of Shale? 280-405 mya
d) Name an index fossil? Graptolite, Placeoderm Ammonite
e) Which layer is the youngest layer? F Oldest layer? H
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f) Which organism is most closely related to a salamander? Frog
1 Finish the mountain diagram below the topographic map, completing Oak Hill
and drawing Ash Hill with proper elevations.
2. Approximately how tall is Ash Hill?
_52 m__________________________
3. Approximately how tall is Oak Hill?
_40 m__________________________
Ash Hill_
4. Which mountain is taller?
5. How many meters of elevation are there between contour lines on the
topographic map?
6. Are the contour lines closer together on Ash
Hill or Oak Hill?
7. Which mountain has steeper
slopes?
Golden-Science Change over Time Review
10m
_Ash Hill
____________________
___Ash Hill________________________
14