EOC Review Part 1:
SPI 3210.1.1
SPI 3210.1.2
SPI 3210.1.3
SPI 3210.1.4
SPI 3210.1.5
SPI 3210.1.7
SPI 3210.1.8
SPI 3210.3.2
SPI 3210.3.3
Cells-All living things are made of cells that perform functions necessary for life.
Identify the cellular organelles associated with major cell processes.
Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Identify positive tests for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Identify how enzymes control chemical reactions in the body.
Predict the movement of water and other molecules across selectively permeable membranes
Compare and contrast active and passive transport.
Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy transformation
Organic Molecules: Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in all living things.
Carbohydrates are
*major source of energy and include sugars and starches (benedicts test blue to orange sugar; lugols iodine
turns brownish to blue black for starch)
*made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 2:1 ratio of H:O
*plants and animals use carbs for structure with the cells
Proteins are
*nitrogen-containing compounds made up of chains of amino acids (biuret test turns blue to purple)
*20 amino acids can combine to form a great variety of protein molecules
*can be enzymes, hormones, antibodies, or structural components
Lipids are
*water-insoluble (fats and oils) (Sudan IV dyes lipids red; brown paper turns opaque; not water soluble)
*made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, composed of fatty acids and glycerol
*provide insulation, store energy, cushion internal organs, found in biological membranes
*can be “saturated” with hydrogen (single bonds between C) or “unsaturated” (double bonds)
Nucleic Acids are
*DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
*direct the instructions to make proteins
*genetic information an organism receives from its parents
Copy the structural formulas for carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins and nucleic acid.
Cell Types:
Unicellular-organism that exists as a singular, independent cell
Multicellular-organism that exists as specialized groups of cells; cells are organized into tissues that perform the
same function; tissues form organs and organs make up an organ system (ex. Digestive)
Prokaryote: has DNA in the center of the cell but there is not nucleus; no organelles; bacteria
Eukaryote: contain a clearly defined nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane and organelles are present; found
in plants, animals, fungi and protists.
Cell Organelles:
Chloroplast- capture solar energy for photosynthesis (plant cells)
Golgi body- package, process, and distribute products
Lysosomes- digests excess products and food particles
Mitochondria- transform energy through cellular respiration
Nucleus- contains DNA which controls cellular activities
Nucleolus- produces ribosomes
Ribosome- produce proteins
Vacuole- store substances like water and wastes
Cell (plasma) membrane- phospholipid bilayer that protects and encloses the cell; controls transport, maintains
homeostasis
Cell wall- rigid second layer that protects and encloses the cell (plant cells and some bacteria)
Cytoplasm- fluid-like substance that contains various membrane-bound structures (organelles) that perform
various functions
Endoplasmic reticulum- site of chemical reactions and transport
Rough: contains ribosomes=protein process and transport
Smooth: lipid production
Cytoskeleton-provides internal structure
Microfilaments-fibers
Microtubules-cylinders
Cell specialization:
Each cell performs a specific function for each tissue or organ; as cells mature, their shape and contents change
As cells become specialized they may contain organelles that are NOT common to all cells
Draw a prokaryotic cell and label the major parts; Copy and label the animal and plant cells.
Cell Transport:
Passive transport- movement of substances across the plasma membrane without the use of the cell’s energy.
Movement is with/down the concentration gradient.
1. diffusion- movement of substance across the plasma membrane from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration.
2. osmosis- diffusion of water across the plasma membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of
lower concentration.
3. facilitated diffusion- a carrier molecule embedded in the plasma membrane transports a substance
across the plasma membrane following the high to low concentration gradient
Active transport- movement of substances across the plasma membrane that requires the use of the cell’s energy
and carrier molecules; substances are moving from an area of low concentration to an area of higher
concentration (against the concentration gradient)
1. endocytosis- large particles are brought into the cell (pinocytosis-cell drinks; phagocytosis-cell eats)
2. exocytosis- large particles leave the cell
Homeostasis-internal equilibirium; the plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell; a selectively
permeable membrane only allows certain substances to pass through.
Effects of concentration on a cell:
Hypotonic- water moves in; cell swells and can burst (turgor pressure and cytolysis)
Hypertonic- water moves out; cells shrinks or shrivels (plasmolysis)
Isotonic- no net movement; cell maintains equilibrium
Homeostasis- Self regulating mechanism that maintains internal conditions ex. Sweating to regulate heat
Negative feedback- glucose/insulin levels in cells
Positive feedback-blood platelets/blood clotting
Biochemical Reactions:
chemical bonds are formed and broken within living things creating chemical
reactions that impact the ability to maintain life and carry out life functions. Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration are the opposites of one another; products of one are the substrates (reactants) of the other.
Cellular respiration- Catabolic reactions in which food molecules are converted to energy; there are three
stages to cellular respiration; the first stage is called glycolysis and is anaerobic (no oxygen used); the next two
stages are called the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain; both are aerobic (oxygen is needed)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP energy
Photosynthesis- Anabolic reactions in which plant cells capture energy from the sun and convert it into
food (glucose and other sugars); the ultimate source of energy for all living things is the Sun (in Chemosynthesis
organisms use sulfur or nitrogen as the main energy source)
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
ATP- a molecule that stores and releases the energy in its bonds when the cell needs it; removing a
phosphate group (P) releases energy for chemical reactions to occur in the cell and ATP becomes ADP; when the
cell has energy, the energy is stored in the bond when the phosphate group is added to the ADP
Fermentation- when cells are not provided with oxygen in a timely manner; this process occurs to continue
producing ATP until oxygen is available again; glucose is broken down; there are two types of fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation (muscle cells)
Glucose→ Lactic Acid + 2 ATP
Alcoholic Fermentation (yeast cells)
Glucose→ CO2 + Alcohol + 2 ATP
Aerobic verses anaerobic respiration:
Aerobic respiration: requires the presence of oxygen
Energy released is used to make ATP; which provides energy for bodily processes
Total of 36 ATP produced from 1 glucose
Anaerobic respiration: occurs in the absence of oxygen
Produces less energy than aerobic respiration (only 2 ATP produced instead of 36 ATP)
Ends in fermentation
Enzymes are special proteins that regulate nearly every biochemical reaction in the cell. Different reactions
require different enzymes. Enzymes are like coaches.
-help provide energy to cells; build new cells; aid in digestion; break down complex molecules; serve as
catalysts to speed up chemical reactions without being used.
Factors such as pH; temperature; and amount affect the performance of enzymes.
Draw the “lock and key” enzyme substrate complex diagrams showing the active site.
1. Which organelle modifies proteins before they are either used by the cell or transported out of the cell?
(Golgi)
2. Which organelle regulates the movement of materials in and out of the cell? (cell(plasma) membrane)
3. Through cellular respiration, cells convert chemical energy in certain foods to a useable form of cellular
functions. Which organelle performs cellular respiration? (mitochondrion)
4. A plant cell’s rate of oxygen release decreases steadily over the course of several hours. A decreasing rate of
activity in which organelle could directly explain this change? (chloroplast)
5. What cellular process takes place in the ribosomes? (protein synthesis)
6. Which cellular organelle contains enzymes that are necessary for intracellular digestion? (lysosomes)
7.
Organism
Cell Wall
DNA
Ribosome
Central
Chloroplast
Nucleus
vacuole
1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Some
No
Yes
2
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
3
Some
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
4
Some
Yes
Yes
No
Some
yes
Which organism is classified as a prokaryote? (Organism 3)
8. Which of the following molecules is a nucleic acid? (c)
9. Why do animals need a regular supply of carbohydrates? (to provide a source of cellular energy)
10. Lipids are often found in plant and animal cell vacuoles. Compared to lipids in cell membranes, what is the
main function of lipids found in vacuoles? (store energy for cell functions)
11. A student tested different foods for the presence of carbohydrates and proteins. The student’s observations
are shown in the table. Which substances contained only carbohydrates?
Substance
Benedict’s solution
Biuret Reagent
Lugol’s Iodine Reagent
Apple
Orange
Blue
Blue black
Chicken broth
Blue
Purple
Brown
Potato
Red
Blue
Black
Yogurt
Orange
Purple
brown
12. When a student adds Sudan red to a solution, the solution turns reddish orange. The student can conclude
that the solution has a high concentration of which biomolecules? (lipids)
13. The enzyme amylase begins reacting with starch during the chewing of food. When the food enters the
stomach, amylase is no longer active and starch decomposition stops. When the food leaves the stomach and
enters the small intestine, starch decomposition continues. Why is amylase inactive in the stomach? (pH level is
too acidic to function properly)
14. Enzymes are catalysts. How do enzymes increase the reaction rate? (provide a site for substrates to react)
15. How does a channel protein aid in the movement of particles through the cell membrane? (It allows ionic
compounds to move freely through the membrane to reach equilibrium)
16. A cell is placed in a solution with a salt concentration much higher than the cell cytoplasm. What will most
likely happen to the cell? (the cell will shrink)
17. Water is a solvent that forms solutions when mixed with solutes such as salt and sugar. The table describes
four cells and the surrounding liquid in which they are placed. In which beaker will water move from the cell to
the surrounding solution? (beaker 2)
Beaker
Cell and the Environment
1
A cell with 50% water is placed in a solution that is 90% water.
2
A cell with 70% water is placed in a solution that is 50% water.
3
A cell with a small amount of salt is placed in pure water.
4
A cell with a large amount of salt is placed in pure water.
18. Certain molecules are able to move across the cell membrane. Which diagram shows the process of passive
transport?
19. In which organelle does photosynthesis take place? (chloroplast)
20. During exercise, muscle cells consume large amounts of energy. Which organelles increase their activity in
muscle cells during exercise to make more energy available. (mitochondria)
21. Which structure is found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? (ribosome)
22. Which macromolecule has a structure made up of an amino acid chain? (protein)
23. There are reagents that identify the presence of specific organic compounds. Which result indicates the
presence of starch? (iodine turns black)
24. What is a characteristic of active transport and not passive transport? (energy use)
25. Some bacteria are able to perform aerobic respiration, and others are able to perform anaerobic respiration.
Which step of respiration is found in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration? (glycolysis)
26. Which statement about anaerobic respiration is correct? (c)
a. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the chloroplasts of cells.
b. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria of cells.
c. Anaerobic respiration yields less energy than aerobic respiration.
d. Anaerobic respiration is a more efficient process than aerobic respiration.
27. glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy represents what process? Aerobic respiration
28. Glucose produced during photosynthesis is used during cellular respiration to yield ATP. What is the original
source of energy used during photosynthesis that is stored in glucose molecules? (sunlight)
29. Which product of photosynthesis is a reactant for cellular respiration? (sugar)
30. Plants perform gas exchange to provide reactants for both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Gas
exchange takes place through pores on leaves called stomata. When a plant’s main metabolic activity switches
from photosynthesis to respiration, how does the gas exchange of the stomata change? (b)
a. the stomata switch from ensuring the availability of O2 to ensuring the availability of CO2
b. the stomata switch from ensuring the availability of CO2 to ensuring the availability of O2
c. the stomata stop releasing gases into the environment and begin absorbing gases from the
environment
d. the stomata stop absorbing gases from the environment and begin absorbing water vapor from the
environment