How Populations Evolve
Chapter 13 Objectives
Opening Essay
-Describe four adaptations that help blue-footed boobies survive. Explain why
theseadaptations represent an evolutionary compromise.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
13.1
13.1
13.1
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.4
13.5
13.6
Briefly summarize the history of evolutionary thought.
Explain how Darwin’s voyage on the Beagle influenced his thinking.
Describe the ideas and events that led to Darwin’s 1859 publication of The Origin of
Species.
Explain how the work of Thomas Malthus and the process of artificial selection influenced Darwin’s development of the idea of natural selection.
Describe Darwin’s observations and inferences in developing the concept of natural
selection.
Explain why individuals cannot evolve and why evolution does not lead to perfectly
adapted organisms.
Describe two examples of natural selection known to occur in nature. Note three key
points about how natural selection works.
Explain how fossils form, noting examples of each process.
Explain how the fossil record provides some of the strongest evidence of evolution.
Explain how biogeography, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and molecular biology support evolution.
Explain how evolutionary trees are constructed and used to represent ancestral relationships.
The Evolution of Populations
13.7
13.8
13.8
13.9
13.9–13.10
Define the gene pool, a population, and microevolution.
Explain how mutation and sexual recombination produce genetic variation.
Explain why prokaryotes can evolve more quickly than eukaryotes.
Describe the five conditions required for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Explain the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to natural populations and to
public health science.
Mechanisms of Microevolution
13.11
13.11
13.12
13.13
13.14
Define genetic drift and gene flow. Explain how the bottleneck effect and the founder
effect influence microevolution.
Explain how genetic bottlenecks threaten the survival of certain species.
Explain why natural selection is the only mechanism that leads to adaptive evolution.
Distinguish between stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disruptive selection.
Describe an example of each.
Define and compare intrasexual selection and intersexual selection.
13.15
13.16
13.16
13.17
Explain how antibiotic resistance has evolved.
Explain how genetic variation is maintained in populations.
Explain what is meant by neutral variation.
Give four reasons why natural selection cannot produce perfection.
Key Terms
adaptation
artificial selection
balancing selection
biogeography
bottleneck effect
directional selection
disruptive selection
evolution
evolutionary tree
extinction
fitness
fossil record
fossils
founder effect
frequency-dependent
selection
gene flow
gene pool
genetic drift
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
heterozygote advantage
homologous structures
homology
microevolution
molecular biology
mutation
natural selection
neutral variation
paleontologist
population
sexual dimorphism
sexual selection
stabilizing selection
strata
vestigial organ
Word Roots
bio- 5 life; geo- 5 the Earth (biogeography: the study of the past and present distribution of organisms)
homo- 5 like, resembling (homologous structures: structures in different species that are similar because
of common ancestry; homology: similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry)
micro- 5 small (microevolution: a change in a population’s gene pool over generations)
muta- 5 change (mutation: a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA)
paleo- 5 ancient (paleontologist: a scientist who studies fossils)
vestigi- 5 trace (vestigial organs: a structure of marginal or no importance to an organism that is the
historical remnant of structures that had important functions in ancestors)
Student Media
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
MP3 Tutor: Natural Selection (13.2)
Activity: Darwin and the Galápagos Islands (13.1)
Activity: The Voyage of the Beagle: Darwin’s Trip Around the World (13.1)
Activity: Reconstructing Forelimbs (13.5)
Process of Science: How Do Environmental Changes Affect a Population? (13.2)
Discovery Channel Video Clip: Charles Darwin (13.1)
Video: Galápagos Tortoise (13.1)
Video: Galápagos Islands Overview (13.1)
Video: Galápagos Marine Iguana (13.1)
Video: Galápagos Sea Lion (13.1)
Video: Sea Horses (13.3)
BLAST Animation: Natural Selection (13.2)
BLAST Animation: Evidence for Evolution: Homologous Limbs (13.5)
The Evolution of Populations
Activity: Genetic Variation from Sexual Recombination (13.8)
Process of Science: How Can Frequency of Alleles Be Calculated? (13.9)
Mechanisms of Microevolution
Activity: Causes of Microevolution (13.11)
Process of Science: What Are the Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance? (13.15)
Discovery Channel Video Clip: Antibiotic Resistance (13.15)
You Decide: What Can We Do About Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria? (13.15)
Video: Snake Ritual Wrestling (13.12)
Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual (13.14)
Video: Blue-Footed Boobies Courtship Ritual (13.14)
BLAST Animation: Evidence for Evolution: Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria (13.15)