Chapter 1
End-of-Section Questions:
1.1.1 The Four Principles of Safety
1.
In RAMP, the R stands for
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.
In RAMP, the A stands for
a)
b)
c)
d)
3.
maintain.
materials.
monitor.
minimize.
In RAMP, the P stands for
a)
b)
c)
d)
5.
avoid .
assign.
assess.
accident.
In RAMP, the M stands for
a)
b)
c)
d)
4.
risk.
repair.
report.
recognize.
prevent.
prepare.
plan.
protect.
Which definition is incorrect?
a) A hazard is a known source of danger or harm.
b) Risk is the possibility or probability of suffering harm from being exposed to a hazard or unsafe
situation.
c) Exposure means coming in direct contact with a hazard or chemical in a fashion that causes injury
or harm.
d) Safety is freedom from danger, injury, or damage.
6.
Which statement is true?
a)
b)
c)
d)
7.
All chemicals are hazardous.
Only chemicals that are toxic are considered hazardous.
Only chemicals in open beakers are hazardous.
Only liquid and gaseous chemicals are hazardous.
Which statement is true?
a) Usually chemicals used in general chemistry labs are non-hazardous.
b) The more useful a chemical is in a lab the more hazardous it is.
c) The more useful a chemical is in a lab the less hazardous it is.
d) Most chemicals that we encounter in labs and elsewhere are hazardous.
8.
Learning to be safe in chemistry laboratories is best accomplished by
a)
b)
c)
d)
9.
performing experiments to see what’s safe and what isn’t.
memorizing safety rules.
thinking about the hazards and risks associated with experiments.
learning from one’s own mistakes.
Facilities, location, equipment, procedures, and standards are examples of
a)
b)
c)
d)
environmental factors.
person factors.
behavior factors.
none of the above
10 Attitude, beliefs, personality, knowledge, skills, and abilities, are examples of
a)
b)
c)
d)
environmental factors.
person factors.
behavior factors.
none of the above.
11 Safe and risky practices are examples of
a)
b)
c)
d)
environmental factors.
person factors.
behavior factors.
none of the above.
12. Most accidents in labs occur when
a)
b)
c)
d)
experienced lab workers try a new experiment.
inexperienced lab workers use chemicals.
safety rules and safe practices are not followed.
“accidents happen” beyond the control of the lab worker.
13. Why do some lab workers take unnecessary risks?
a)
b)
c)
d)
They willfully violate rules that they know about.
They are unaware of the risks.
They repeat experiments with high risk that have not failed before.
All of the above.
14. Safety incidents generally occur in
a)
b)
c)
d)
introductory labs.
advanced labs.
research labs.
labs at all levels of the curriculum.
15. Why is it sometimes hard to recognize the hazards of chemicals?
a) For the most part, we do not know what the hazards can be.
b) The terms used to describe hazards are not well defined.
c) While hazards are generally known, it is not easy to access them in print or on the web.
d) Recognizing hazards requires an understanding or the language of safety and knowing where to
access safety information.
16. What document may contain useful information about the hazards of a chemical?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Chemical Hygiene Plan
Chemical Risk Document
Course syllabus
Material Safety Data Sheet
17. Assessing risks in labs can be challenging because
a)
b)
c)
d)
only experts can really assess risk accurately.
it requires the anticipation of what kinds of exposures as possible for a given procedure.
chemical reactions are generally not very reproducible and therefore unpredictable.
predicting the hazards of chemicals is almost impossible.
18. Many accidents in labs are caused by
a)
b)
c)
d)
poor housekeeping.
selecting chemicals incorrectly.
running reaction at temperatures that are too high.
using personal protective equipment inappropriately.
19. Which is not a component of the Student Safety Ethic?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Work safely.
Avoid unnecessary risk.
Accept responsibility for safety.
Rely on your teacher to keep you safe.
20. Eating, drinking, and smoking in a lab are
a)
b)
c)
d)
not allowed in labs.
allowed whenever the lab instructor says it is OK to do so.
allowed in labs whenever there are no open beakers of chemicals in use.
allowed in labs as long as there is no reasonable chance of ingesting lab chemicals.
21. Tasting chemicals
a)
b)
c)
d)
is allowed for solutions that are very dilute.
is never allowed in chemistry labs.
is allowed for lab chemicals that we also know are “common chemicals” (such as Vitamin C.)
is allowed for chemicals that are known to be non-toxic.
22. If there is a chemical spill in the lab, you should
a)
b)
c)
d)
notify your instructor immediately
notify your instructor only if emergency equipment had to be used.
alert other nearby students, but tell the instructor only if the event is “serious”
notify your instructor before the end of the lab period.
1.1.2 Green Chemistry: An Introduction
1.
Which is not a goal of green chemistry?
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.
Select the least hazardous chemicals possible.
Optimize the ability of a compound to degrade to innocuous products in the environment.
Design reactions that minimize energy consumption.
Use feedstock chemicals that are not renewable.
What is necessary for green chemistry to be successful in the chemical industry?
I. Economic viability.
II. The commitment of chemists and managers.
III. Passage of the Green Chemistry Act by Congress.
a)
b)
c)
d)
3.
When comparing the three oxidizing agents, nitric acid, Cr(VI) and hydrogen peroxide
a)
b)
c)
d)
4.
I
I and II
I and III
II and III
nitric acid is the “greenest” because is has the highest oxidizing potential.
Cr(VI) is the “greenest” because it is a single-atom ion.
hydrogen peroxide is the “greenest” because it produces innocuous by-products.
nitric acid is the “greenest” because it is the cheapest reagent on a mole basis.
What features of a solvent make it a “greener” solvent?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
a)
b)
c)
d)
5.
less flammable
less toxic
lower molar mass
easily re-cycled
I and III
II and IV
II and III
I, II, and IV
What is the main role for undergraduate chemistry students in the lab with regard to being “green?”
a)
b)
c)
d)
Follow all lab instructions, particularly with regard to chemical waste disposal.
Use smaller amounts of expensive chemicals.
Use water as a solvent instead of organic solvents.
Use less toxic substances.
1.2.1 INCIDENTS: LEARNING LESSONS AS STEPS TO PREVENTION
1.
Laboratory incidents most commonly
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.
have one or more preventable causes.
are unavoidable even with extensive safety training.
called “accidents” because they mostly occur for random reasons.
do not have the adverse effects of injury or damage.
What kinds of episodes can be informative with regard to learning about safety?
a)
Incidents that caused harm.
b) Incidents that caused lab damage, but no physical injuries to personnel.
c) “Near miss” episodes that that did not cause harm.
d) All of the above.
3.
What is the least important question to answer when investigating an incident?
a)
b)
c)
d)
4.
Which incidents should be reported as “lab accidents?”
a)
b)
c)
d)
5.
How did the incident occur?
What happened?
Who caused the incident?
Why did the incident occur?
Incidents that did not cause harm or damage, but easily could have.
Incidents that caused damage but no harm.
Incidents that caused harm and damage.
All of the above.
In doing an incident analysis, which step(s) in RAMP are commonly not considered carefully enough?
1.
2.
3.
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
6.
Recognize hazards
Assess the risks of hazards
Minimize the risks of hazards
Prepare for emergencies
1 and 2
1 and 3
1, 2 and 4
1, 2, 3 and 4
In reviewing incidents, it is usually discovered that
a) there is one main cause of the incident.
b) there are many causes for an incident and prevention of any single cause might have prevented the
incident.
c) there are many causes for an incident and it would have been necessary to eliminate all of the
causes in order to have prevented the incident.
d) inexperienced workers caused the incident.
1.2.2
1.
Green Chemistry in the Organic Curriculum
What are the main reasons that organic chemistry is a primarily target for “green chemistry?”
I.
II.
III.
IV.
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.
Organic solvents are often flammable.
Organic solvents are often toxic.
Organic solutes are often flammable
Organic solutes are often toxic.
I and II
I, II and III
III and IV
I, II, III, IV
Which is not a “green” approach to replacing organic solvents?
a)
b)
c)
d)
3.
Which strategy is not a viable “green” option in the chemical industry?
a)
b)
c)
d)
4.
Use of a catalyst.
Use of a renewable feedstock chemical.
Replacing an organic solvent with water.
Reducing the number of steps in a multi-step synthesis.
Access the website that describes the synthesis of a new pesticide was synthesized that replaces (toxic)
organophosphate pesticides. What was the main “green chemistry” success in this process?
a)
b)
c)
d)
6.
Using catalysts to reduce energy consumption.
Reducing the number of steps in a multi-step synthesis.
Maximizing yield.
Running the reaction on a smaller scale.
Access the website that describes the use of soy-based chemicals to prepare toner for laser printers and
copiers. What was the main “green chemistry” success in this process?
a)
b)
c)
d)
5.
Solvent-less reactions.
Supercritical carbon dioxide.
Using water.
Using the least-expensive organic solvent.
Reducing the number of steps in a multi-step synthesis
Use of a renewable feedstock chemical
Replacing an organic solvent with water
Design and synthesis of a less toxic product
Access the website that describes a new method for synthesizing the precursors for the “Suzuki
coupling reaction.” What was the main “green chemistry” success in this process?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Use of a catalyst.
Use of a renewable feedstock chemical.
Replacing an organic solvent with water.
Design and synthesis of a less toxic product
1.3.1 Fostering a Safety Culture
1.
What is one of the most important features of managing safety as a leader?
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.
What is the most effective motivation for lab personnel with regard to maintain a safe environment?
a)
b)
c)
d)
3.
Establishing punitive responses for errors in safety.
Being familiar with laws and regulations.
Setting a good example.
Setting a “chain of command” hierarchy.
The desire to maintain a zero incident (accident) rate.
An internally-driven value for safety.
Bonuses in pay.
Making safety procedure convenient and expedient.
According to Geller, people tend to see failures as caused by
a)
b)
c)
d)
4.
their own mistakes.
unclear rules.
factors beyond anybody’s control.
external factors.
In Incident 1.3.1.1, what factor led to the injury of the students?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Failure of the students to take adequate steps to protect themselves.
Failure of the teacher to anticipate problems.
A faulty piece of equipment.
Inadequate preparation for a common emergency.
1.3.2 Employers' Expectations of Safety Skill for New Chemists
1.
New employees in most chemical industry position find that
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.
In industry, lapses in safety cause
a)
b)
c)
d)
3.
to work in a risk-free environment.
that all employers will value safety.
to work in a environment where safety is valued.
that all recommendations about safety improvement will be immediately implemented.
After having worked at a company for a while, you can expect new employees to
a)
b)
c)
d)
6.
not to mention anything about safety since employers will not want to hire you.
ask questions about safety practices so that you can impress the interviewer.
ask if the company has ever been cited for OSHA violations.
ask questions about safety to display your own interest in safety and to learn if the company values
safety.
It is reasonable for a lab employee to expect
a)
b)
c)
d)
5.
bad publicity.
property damage.
injuries and loss of work time.
all of the above
When interviewing for a job in industry, it is best
a)
b)
c)
d)
4.
they have been adequately trained with regard to safety.
safety regulations in industry are generally less stringent than in academia.
learning about safety and functioning safety is part of “the job” in industry.
most companies find that safety programs cost too much money to implement.
be familiar with all state and federal safety regulations.
value safety on a daily basis.
display a wide range of skills and attitudes about safety in the workplace.
handle all emergencies efficiently and confidently.
What is a good reason to adopt the Safety Ethic?
a) It will help you function effectively and safety as an employee.
b) It will likely lead to larger pay raises.
c) It is required by OSHA.
d) It makes your job easier.
7.
Which activity is not part of the Safety Ethic?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Valuing safety.
Preventing at-risk behavior.
Reporting incidents immediately.
Accepting responsibility for safety.
1.3.3 Laws and Regulations Pertaining to Safety
1.
Which statement is false?
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.
What groups of people influence how science-related laws and regulations are written?
a)
b)
c)
d)
3.
Laws are a set of rules established by an authority.
Regulations are a specific set of requirements within a law.
Laws can be established by local, state or federal governments.
When working in a lab, it is important to distinguish between laws and regulations.
Lawmakers.
Scientists.
Lobbyists and unions.
All of the above.
Who is under the jurisdiction of OSHA regulations?
I.
II.
III.
IV
a)
b)
c)
d)
4.
The Lab Standard
HazComm
Subpart Z
The Chemical Hygiene Plan
“1910.1450” is also known as
a)
b)
c)
d)
6.
I and IV
III and IV
III
I, III and IV
“1910.1200” is also known as
a)
b)
c)
d)
5.
Only non-managerial employees.
Students.
All employees.
Faculty (at college and universities.)
The Lab Standard
HazComm
Subpart Z
The Chemical Hygiene Plan
Standards for specific chemicals and substances are in
a)
b)
c)
d)
7.
Standards for personal protective equipment are in
a)
b)
c)
d)
8.
29 CFR 1910.1200
29 CFR 1910.1450
29 CFR 1910 Subpart Z
29 CFR 1910 Subpart I
RCRA
a)
b)
c)
d)
9.
29 CFR 1910.1200
29 CFR 1910.1450
29 CFR 1910 Subpart Z
29 CFR 1910 Subpart I
is managed under the U.S. EPA.
is no longer in effect.
is not part of the CFR since it is a state-based program.
deals with hazardous waste only from industry and not from academic labs.
RCRA requirements
a) vary depending upon the quantity of waste that facility generates.
b) establish time lines for disposing of hazardous materials.
c) hold waste generators responsible for the ultimately disposal of waste even when contractors
handle the waste.
d) all of the above.
10. The NRC governs the use of
a)
b)
c)
d)
devices that produce x-rays and gamma rays, but not radioactive materials.
radioactive materials, but not devices that produce x-rays and gamma rays.
radioactive materials and devices that produce x-rays and gamma rays.
non-radioactive chemicals that can decay into radioactive chemicals..
11. “Select Agents” are
a)
substances with extremely hazardous properties and potential to cause significant harm to the
public.
b) defined in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996.
c) sometimes encountered in molecular biology labs.
d) all of the above.
12. TSCA was implemented in what year?
a) 1976
b) 1979
c) 1986
d) 2007
13. TSCA was designed to
a) measure the toxicity of commercially-used chemicals.
b) protect the public and the environment from unreasonable risks to toxic substances, before
chemical products enter public commerce.
c)
protect the public and the environment from unreasonable risks to toxic substances, after chemical
products enter public commerce.
d) protect the public and the environment from reasonable risks to toxic substances, before chemical
products enter public commerce.
14. What percentage of the chemicals in the TSCA inventory have been regulated under TSCA.
a) 0.006%
b) about 1%
c) about 37%
d) about 93%
15. The Chemical Facility Anti-terrorism Standards
a) were established in 2002 by the Department of Homeland Security
b) involve a relatively small list of chemicals that could be used for terrorist purposes.
c) requires that college and universities register dangerous chemicals with the DHS regardless of
quantity.
d) are not part of the CFR since the DHS operates outside of normal federal regulations.
1.3.4
1.
Green Chemistry – The Big Picture
The green chemistry goal of designing chemicals with “little or no toxicity” is a challenge because
a) all chemicals are toxic at a high enough dose.
b) TCSA does not require chemical companies to assess toxicity, therefore we know little about the
toxicity of many chemicals.
c) the “least toxic” chemicals are already being used and produced by chemical manufacturers.
d) both A and B
2.
What are the green features of a chemical synthesis?
a)
b)
c)
d)
3.
Using catalysts in reactions is a green step because
a)
b)
c)
d)
4.
High yield, approaching 100%.
Use of less-toxic reagents.
Production of less-toxic by-products.
All of the above.
catalysts are inherently non-toxic
catalysts are generally used in safer solvents
catalysts allow reactions to be run under less energy-intensive conditions
most catalysts are biological in nature and therefore less toxic
Which solvent is the greenest?
a)
b)
c)
d)
hydrocarbons without halogens
perhalogenated hydrocarbons
supercritical carbon dioxide
solvent with very high boiling points