NSB 230 – MICROBIOLOGY
CHAPTER 8 – STUDY GUIDE
1. Define metabolism. What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?
2. What is an enzyme? How does an enzyme affect a chemical reaction?
3. What happens to an enzyme while it participates in a chemical reaction?
4. List the characteristics of enzymes (table in book).
5. What is the difference between a simple and a conjugated enzyme?
6. What is an apoenzyme?
7. What is a cofactor? Describe the different types of cofactors.
8. How does an apoenzyme/enzyme forms?
9. Describe an induced fit. Why is it important?
10. How do cofactors and coenzymes function to help enzymes?
11. What are the differences between exoenzymes and endoenzymes?
12. Describe a constitutive enzyme. How is it different from a regulated enzyme?
13. Compare and contrast synthesis reactions vs. hydrolysis reactions.
14. What factors affect the activity of an enzyme?
15. What is a labile enzyme?
16. What happens to an enzyme during denaturation? What is the consequence of enzyme denaturation?
17. What is a metabolic pathway?
18. What is the function of a key enzyme in a metabolic pathway?
19. How are key enzymes regulated?
20. Compare and contrast competitive inhibition vs. noncompetitive inhibition of enzymes.
21. How is enzyme synthesis regulated? Why?
22. Compare and contrast endergonic vs. exergonic reactions. How are these coupled?
23. What are redox reactions? Why are they important in biological systems?
24. Describe electron and proton carriers. List the carriers used in cell metabolism.
25. Describe the ATP molecule. What does ATP stand for? Describe how is ATP cycled in active cells.
26. Briefly describe the three mechanisms of ATP formation in active cells.
27. Define bioenergetics.
28. What does “metabolic strategy” means? Name the metabolic strategies observed in microorganisms and
the catabolic pathways involved in each one.
29. Briefly describe aerobic respiration. Write the summary equation of aerobic respiration.
30. Briefly describe the three catabolic pathways that take place during aerobic respiration.
31. What are the three possible “fates” of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) after glycolysis?
32. What is chemiosmosis?
33. What is a proton motive force?
34. What is the function of ATP synthase?
35. Where in a eukaryotic cell does the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation take place
(specific membrane)? And in prokaryotic cells?
36. List the alternative compounds that can be used as final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration.
37. Describe the overall characteristics of fermentation.
38. Briefly describe the different types of fermentation.
39. Compare and contrast aerobic respiration, fermentation and anaerobic respiration.
40. What does amphibolic means?
41. Write the summary equation of photosynthesis.
42. Briefly describe the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions involved in photosynthesis.
43. Where in a eukaryotic cell does photophosphorylation take place (specific membrane)? And in
prokaryotic cells?
44. How does noncyclic photophosphorylation compare to cyclic photophosphorylation?
45. What does the term “carbon fixation” refers to? Name the high-energy intermediate produced in the
CBB cycle.