Additional File Table 2. Summary of Case Reports examining cerebral salt wasting after traumatic brain injury
Author
Country
Brief Description of Case
Head CT / MRI Findings
(Year)
Kontogiorgi
Greece
22 year old male: TBI
SAH; cerebral edema
Timing to CSW
Patient
Development
Outcome
<24 hours after
Improved
[15]
treated with therapeutic
ending
(2011)
barbiturate coma
pentobarbital
infusion
Simsek [19]
(2008)
Turkey
6 month old female:
8mm benign congenital subdural
Closed head &
collection over frontotemporal
cervicothoracic trauma due
lobes; No IC bleeding or edema;
to MVA
Day 5 MRI: Edema & SDH
between C6 and T4
1 month post-MVA
Improved
Lua [16]
United
52 year old male: Assault
Large right SDH with 8mm midline
Approximately 1
(2008)
States
to the head
shift; Extensive right frontal
week after assault
Died
contusions; IVH; Right uncal
herniation
Askar [24]
Saudi
17 year old male: Closed
No evidence of SDH, SAH, IC
(2007)
Arabia
head trauma & multiple
bleeding or cerebral edema
15 days post-MVA
Improved
Improved
injuries to face, chest, and
pelvis due to MVA
Steelman [25]
United
9 year old male: Laceration
No evidence subdural / epidural
2 days after
(2006)
States
to chin & closed head
hematoma, SAH or
accident
trauma due to fall from 20-
intraparenchymal bleeding; No
foot embankment while
midline shifts or cerebral edema
riding ATV
Berkenboschb
United
Patient 1 - 15 year old
Patient 1: right-sided frontal
Patient 1: 2 days
Both
[17]
States
male: Severe closed head
contusion
post-accident
Improved
injury from cycling accident
Patient 2: 1.5 cm left frontoparietal
Patient 2: 6 days
Patient 2 - 6 year old male:
contusion, marked diffuse cerebral
post-injury
Severe closed head injury
edema
(2002)
Donati-Genet
Switzer-
4 year old male: Closed
Small occipital epidural hematoma
[20]
land
head injury, multiple bone
Day 5 CT after seizure: diffuse
fractures, chest trauma with
cerebral edema & small cerebellar
bilateral lung contusions &
hemorrhage
(2001)
Day 5 post-accident
Improved
Improved
pneumothoraces after fall
from 5th floor of building
Kappy [21]
United
6 month old male: MVA
2 months post-accident bilateral
2 months post-
(1996)
States
with normal initial
subdural fluid accumulation
MVA
evaluation. Over next 2
months, vomiting &
increasing head
circumference
Ganong [22]
United
5 year old male: Closed
(1993)
States
head injury due to MVA
a
Not Reported
Approximately 2
Improved
days after injury
Excluded second case due to a pre-existing history of alcohol abuse; bExcluded case of CSW not due to traumatic brain injury
ATV=all-terrain vehicle; CSW=cerebral salt wasting; CT=computed tomography; IC=intracerebral; IVH=intraventricular
hemorrhage; MRI=magnetic resonance imaging; MVA=motor vehicle accident; SAH=subarachnoid hemorrhage; SDH=subdural
hematoma