UNITED STATES HISTORY
INTENSIVE REVIEW
for the
South Carolina
United States History and the Constitution
End of Course (EOC) Exam
Day Two
Wren High School
May 15 2012
Standard 5
Standard 5.1
Change from Isolationism to Imperialism
Based on Social Darwinism
Isolationism to Imperialism
Westward Expansion of the mid
1800s
American Expansion of the late
1800's
Manifest Destiny
Social Darwinism
Causes
Isolationism : Concerning yourself with your own country instead of foreign affairs
Imperialism: Expanding to gain new lands and resources
American expansionism was also influenced by the domestic tensions of the 1890’s, Social Darwinism
and a growing population. In order to protect American markets and spread Christianity around the
world the United States constructed an empire.
One negative result of American expansionism was that some foreign countries resisted the American
interference.
Define Social Darwinism: The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject
to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals
Standard 5.2
Spanish American War
Causes
Territories gained
Results
1 Treaty Agreement
1 Puerto Rico
1 Become an American Territory
with Citizenship
2 Treaty Agreement
2 Guam
2 Become an American Territory
3 Purchased from Spain
3 Philippines
3 Gave them independence
4 Taken From Spain
4 Cuba
4 Control Naval Base
Guantanamo Bay
What was the world view of the U.S.? “Champion of Liberty” or “Colonial Power”
The fight over the Philippines
Imperialist
Anti-Imperialist
Resources, Markets, Culture, Religion
Imposing on Democracy, Were Already
Christian, Needed to settle Race Relations at
home.
Open Door Policy opened trade with China. Some Chinese resented the American presence and
revolted in an event that was known as the Boxer Rebellion.
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Standard 5.3
American Imperialist Policies
Roosevelt
Taft
"Big Stick Diplomacy"
Use force or the threat
of it.
"Dollar Diplomacy"
Use money to influence
outcome
Wilson
"Moral Diplomacy"
Teach them to elect
good moral people
The Roosevelt Colliery established the U.S. as the “policeman” In Latin America.
The United States helped Panama gain independence from Colombia in order to gain access rights to
construct the Panama Canal during Roosevelt’s administration.
The U.S. imperialist policies caused revolts in Latin America and Asia.
Standard 5.4
World War I
Major Causes of the war (M.A.I.N.A)
1. M. Militarism 2. A. Alliances
3. I. Imperialism 4. N. Nationalism
5. A. Assassination
The “spark” was the assassination of Austrian Archduke
When was the war? 1914 - 1918
From 1914 until 1917 the U.S policy was Neutrality , because the U.S. did not
want to enter the war.
Why did the U.S. enter the war?
1. Sinking of the RMS Lusitania 2. Zimmerman Note
3. Unrestricted German Submarines 4. Supplying the British
The most important new weapon of World War I was the Airplane.
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The U.S. helped bring the war to an end by using the Third Army to give the Allied
army a boost and stop the last major German push of the war.
Most Americans supported the war due to Propaganda that portrayed the
Germans as “Huns”. The government also passed the Sedition Acts in order to
curb anti war statements on the home front.
The creation of the U.S.S.R and anti-immigrant sentiment carried over after the
war and led to a Red Scare
Wilson intended to “make the world safe for democracy” and issued his 14 Points
as a plan for peace after the war.
President Wilson also wanted to create a League of Nations in order to stop
future wars.
Paris Peace Conference
The Treaty of Versailles officially ended the war.
Great Britain, France, and Italy sought to punish Germany for World War I by
including Blaming Germany and Reparation payments in the treaty.
President Wilson was able to convince the European leaders to include the
14 Points in the treaty.
The map of Europe was redrawn based on the idea of Nations, but this could not
accommodate the ethnic complexity of the region and eventually led to the start
of WWII.
Standard 5.5
4
United States Reaction to the Treaty
The U.S. Senate failed to ratify the treaty and never joined the League of Nations
because they feared the U.S. would be drawn into future conflicts.
U.S. foreign policy turned to Isolationism after the war.
Standard 6
Standard 6.1
The Roaring Twenties and Harlem Renaissance
The Roaring Twenties
Mass Production
Henry Ford
Assembly Line
Household Appliances
Aviation
Charles Lindbergh (Pilot)
1920s Literature
Harlem Renaissance
The “Lost Generation”
Langston Hughes
F. Scott Fitzgerald
The Great Gatsby
An outpouring of African-American
literature, art, and poetry
Ernest Hemingway
The Entertainment Industry
Radio
The Movies
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Movies like Rise of a Nation
influenced cultural attitudes.
The popularity of Birth of a
Nation is partially responsible
for the re-emergence of the Ku
Klux Klan in the 1920s.
Jazz
Twenties Culture
Flappers – Women who wanted to shock society by cutting hair short wearing short dresses
Nativism - Prejudice against all who were not born in America
Standard 6.2
[First] Red Scare
Immigration Quota Acts
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
Reflected American fears of a
Communist takeover
following the Bolshevik
Revolution in Russia
Placed quotas on immigration
from Asia and Eastern Europe
(New Immigrants)
Two Italian immigrants were
found guilty of murder and
executed based on
questionable evidence of guilt
[Second] Ku Klux Klan
Provided an outlet for nativist sentiment against African Americans, Jews and Catholics in
addition to continuing the First Klan’s commitment to white supremacy. The Klan’s
membership exceeded four million in the 1920s, and the organization was strongest in the
Midwest (Indiana, Ohio, etc.)
FACT: The phrase, “Monkey Trial,” was
coined by H.L. Mencken, a reporter
The Scopes “Monkey” Trial
covering the trial for the Baltimore Sun.
Fundamentalism: Strict Adherence to a doctrine e.g. Christianity
The Tennessee legislature passed a law forbidding the teaching of Charles Darwin’s theory of
Evolution in public schools. John Scopes, a substitute teacher and football coach, taught a
lesson on evolution so that the town of Dayton, Tenn., could host a trial.
William Jennings Bryan, a Fundamentalist, volunteered to prosecute the case against Scopes.
He was opposed by Clarence Darrow, who represented the
American Civil Liberties Union.
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Standard 6.3
The Great Depression
DEBT
“Easy Money” Policies
During the 1920s, the Federal
Reserve kept interest rates low,
which encouraged borrowing.
Overconsumption
Consumers borrowed money to
pay for new appliances and
other consumer goods,
purchasing these items on credit
.
Stock Market Speculation
Since the stock market was
doing so well, many people
borrowed money to speculate in
the market. Borrowing money
to invest in stocks is called
buying on the Margin.
By the late 1920s, consumers had so much debt that they could no longer
pay for expensive consumer goods, which lowered demand. This resulted
in overproduction, resulting in decreased profits for companies.
STOCK MARKET Crash (1929)
“Hoovervilles”
The Dust Bowl
Unemployment
Shanty Towns
Dust Storms in the West
Skyrockets to near 25%
President Herbert Hoover tried many things, such as increasing tax rates and the tariff, but his efforts
failed to bring about recovery. Many historians contend that Hoover’s meddling only made things
worse, while others criticize him for not doing enough. Hoover rejected the idea of DIRECT RELIEF
(payments from the government to individuals).
Standard 6.4
The New Deal
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Wife: Eleanor
The “Darkest Days”
Bank Shut Down
The “Three R’s”
Successful?
of the New Deal:
Relief
WPA, CCC
Reform
FDIC
Recovery
Took WWII
FDR’s Alphabet Soup (New Deal Agencies created by the FDR administration)
“HUNDRED DAYS” (FIRST NEW DEAL) LEGISLATION
AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Administration
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FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
NRA:
National Recovery Administration
SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission
TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority
SECOND NEW DEAL LEGISLATION
NLRB:National Labor Relations Board Established by the Wagner Act
SSA: Social Security Act
Criticisms of the New Deal
From the “Left”
From the “Right”
Huey Long, Townsend, Father Coughlin: Didn’t do
Enough
Former President Hoover: Too much
Government Intervention
The Supreme Court and the New Deal
In Schechter v. United States (1935), the Supreme Court declared the National
Recovery Act Unconstitutional. This is an example of judicial Review a principle
established by John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison.
In response to the Supreme Court’s ruling, FDR
presented a plan to Congress to Enlarge the Supreme Court, which would
have allowed the president to appoint more justices to the Court. This
plan undermined the system of Checks and Balances that are enshrined in
the U.S. Constitution. Congress rejected the “court packing” plan,
handing FDR his first major legislative defeat
Standard 7
Standard 7.1
8
World War II
Totalitarianism
Fascist regimes took control in German and Italy during the 1930’s due to the results of WWI, the impact
of the Treaty of Versailles, and the world wide Depression.
Fascism was a radical authoritarian nationalist ideology that was adopted by Mussolini in Italy.
American Neutrality (1933-1941)
Hitler Militarizes Germany and Expands Germany’s Borders
European response
U.S. Response
Appeasement
Neutrality
“Giving in to avoid war”
“Isolationist policies” driven by the fear
of war and the memories of WWI
Hitler’s invasion of Poland violated the Munich Agreement and ended the European Policy of
Appeasement.
Roosevelt (FDR) used Lend and Lease Act as ways to circumvent the U.S. Neutrality Acts of the 1930’s.
Roosevelt’s commitment to halting German and Japanese aggression is evident by his signing of the
Declaration of War
America at War (1941-1945)
The U.S. officially entered WWII when the Japanese Navy launched its surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on
December 7th, 1941
WWII Alliances
THE ALLIES
THE Axis
United States
Germany
Leader: Hitler
Leader: FDR
Soviet Union
Italy
Leader: Mussolini
Leader: Stalin
Britain
Japan
Leader: Tojo
Leader: Churchill
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Decisive Battles
European Theater
Pacific Theater
Operation Overlord
Battle of Midway
Allied invasion of North France
U.S. Pacific Fleet destroyed 4 Japanese aircraft
carriers – the Battle of Midway is often called the
“turning point” of the naval war in the Pacific
Patton = America’s response to blitzkrieg
D-Day
Battle of Iwa Jima
Allied invasion of Normandy, in Northern France –
opened the “Western Front,” setting up an allied
invasion of Germany
Capturing Iwo Jima provided a base for U.S. heavy
bombers to strike the Japanese mainland.
Battle of the Bulge
Battle of Okinawa
Allied troops halted the last major German
offensive
Provided a base for the invasion of Japan –
casualties in the hundreds of thousands
(including around 100,000 civilian casualties)
The Bomb
August, 1945 – After demanding an unconditional surrender
from Japan and making it clear that continued resistance would
bring about massive destruction, the U.S. dropped atomic bombs
on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Japan surrendered a few days after the bomb was dropped on
Nagasaki.
“The Buck Stops Here”
Why did President Harry Truman drop atomic bombs instead of invading Japan?
To avoid over a million U.S. Casualties if we invaded.
Standard 7.2
10
The Home Front
Victory Bonds - gov’t raised money with people making “safe” investments
Rationing- Cutting food and supply use to divert more toward the war effort
Victory Gardens: Growing your own vegetables instead of buying them
Women: Worked in Factories and in the Military
African Americans still faced Discrimination in the workforce and armed forces.
Japanese Americans: Discrimination shown by Placing them in internment camps
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Standard 7.3
The Big Three
FDR
Churchill
Stalin
President of the
Prime Minister of
Leader of the
US
Britain
USSR
Standard 7.4
The Holocaust
In the 1930s, the National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party became the ruling party in Germany.
The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, were anti-Semitic and passed several laws limiting the rights of Jews. On
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Kristallnacht, meaning “The Night of Broken Glass,” the Nazi regime orchestrated mob violence against
Jewish businesses and synagogues (places of worship).
The Die Endlösung, otherwise known as the “Final Solution,” was the German plan to eliminate the
Jews.
After the war 24 Nazi war criminals were prosecuted at the Nuremburg Trials.
Impact of WWII
New Technologies: Atomic Bombs, Radar, Jet Engines, New Weapons
Producing this new technology created more jobs, and caused the American standard of living to
increase.
The postwar period also saw improvements in medicine which enabled Americans to be vaccinated
against diseases and caused the mortality rate to decrease.
The prosperity of the postwar period also caused improvements in agricultural technology with the
development of Pesticides and Chemical Fertilizer which increased food production.
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Standard 7.5
Cold War-Foreign Policy
Cold War period of tension between the free world and communist world.
How did the US try to CONTAIN the spread of communism?
Marshall Plan
Truman Doctrine
Eisenhower Doctrine
GERMANY
Divided: _____East Germany__vs
Supported by: _USSR
*Tried to blockade Berlin
Built the
Berlin Wall
__West_Germany
US
*Responded by Berlin Airlift
CHINA
Divided: ____
_Communist ________ vs ______Nationalist__________________
Supported by: _USSR_______________________US________________
Location: Mainland China
Taiwan
Leader
Mao
Chiang Kai-Shek
KOREA
Divided: _____
North ______________ vs ______South____________ Supported by: _China
US
**Attacked First
-General --China jumped in on the north side
MacArthur
MIDDLE EAST
Israel was created due to the Holocaust and supported by The United States
The Truman Doctrine gave money/support to any nation in Middle East that resisted communism.
IN THE SKY
Spy Planes- U2 shot down over USSR and ruined peace talks
Space Race - Sputnik 1st satellite in orbit by the Soviets
President Kennedy started Space Race to put a man on the Moon
CUBA
*New Revolutionary leader Fidel Castro
* Supported by: USSR
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USA planned an invasion Bay of Pigs under President Kennedy.
USSR was caught by Spy Plane photographs putting nuclear bombs in Cuba.
USA blockaded Cuba which led to the Cuban Missile Crisis
Standard 7.6
Contemporary America
Social and Political Changes in post War America
GI Bill passed to help servicemen adjust to post war world.
Baby Boom explosion of birthrate after WWII
People moved out of the cities to the suburbs This was accelerated by Eisenhower’s Federal Aid Highway
Act which constructed the Interstate Highway system.
Demand for goods caused an increase in production that helped recreate a consumer society where
people purchased goods to satisfy their “wants”. This included buying items for recreation like bicycles.
The Supreme Court ruled to allow integration, to end Separate but equal.
The consumer culture and the Supreme Court Rulings helped to Divide American Society and this
eventually leads to the reemergence of Ku Klux Klan. By the 1970s political organizations like the
religious right and evangelicals were created to elect “Moral Candidates”
The Women’s Rights movement was aided by the publication of the Feminine Mystic by Betty Freidan.
Standard 8.1
Civil Rights Movement
Martin Luther King-- Non-Violent Protest, Baptist Minister
Malcolm X— Militant action, Nation of Islam
Major events/protest tactics Birmingham, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Washington D.C.
Brown V. Board of Education Case overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson case, and outlawed segregation in
the public school system.
De Jure, segregation by law. De Facto segregation by fact
President Truman’s support for the Civil Rights Movement Caused a new party to emerge called the
Dixiecrats. Democratic party support of civil rights legislation and Nixon’s southern strategy caused the
South to move from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party.
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The Civil Rights Movement also had an impact on the Woman’s rights movement with the passage of
the 60’s women’s rights movement. The land mark Supreme Court cases of Miranda V. Arizona
, and Gideon V. Wainwright further protected the rights of accused.
Standard 8.2/8.3
VIETNAM
Divided: _____
North______________ vs ______South____________________
Supported by: Russia
US
Leader: Ho Chi Minh
MacArther
Kennedy’s policy in Vietnam was one in which the U.S. served as Military Advisors.
Tonkin gulf Resolution—gave President Johnson the power to escalate the war in Vietnam
Tet Offensive major North Vietnamese offensive of the war
Mai Lai massacre led by American Troops
Kent State student protest of the war where students were killed by members of the National
Guard.
President Nixon’s policy of Vietnamization turned the war over to South Vietnam.
Kennedy
New Frontier
Johnson
Great Society
Nixon
New Federalism
Space Race
Civil Rights Acts of 1965,
Voting Rights Act, Fair
Housing Act of 1968
Creation of the E.P.A.
Camp David
Accords
Civil Rights Bill (failed)
War on poverty
Rapprochement with
China
Iran Hostage Crisis
Peace Corps
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Détente with the U.S.S.R
Bay of Pigs/Cuban
Missile Crisis
Lost the support of American
people
Vietnamization
Watergate
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Carter
Standard 8.4
Reagan Administration
Conservatism- Holding traditional values or attitudes in politics.
What traditional values were challenged during the Culture Wars
during Reagan’s administration? Abortion, HIV, Homosexuality,
Women’s Rights, Etc.
Why did we see this movement toward Conservatism during the
Reagan administration? Weakness of the Carter Administration, Culture
issues arise.
Standard 8.5
Globalization- The spread of Culture across the entire world’s
population.
Why do some cultures oppose Globalization?
Thinks it infringes on their own culture
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NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
Agreement between which three countries? US Canada and
Mexico
NAFTA
Pros
Increase sales
Opportunity to help poorer
countries.
Cons
Caused more U.S. Job Loss
than Gains
Clintons Reforms
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Health Care
Education Reforms
Guaranteed Health Coverage
for citizens
Did not pass congress
Rewarding schools that
perform well.
Beginnings of No Child Left
Behind
Bush Reforms
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Bush Tax Reform
To Stimulate the economy
Why Was it
Done?
Provided tax refunds
What did it do?
Was it successful
in improving the
Economy?
Many People saved the refund instead of
spending it to boost the US economy.
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Standard 8.6
Global Terrorism/Middle East
How has the rise and fall of countries affected the situation in
the Middle East? Think Israel, Palestine, and the Soviet Union.
No Longer had threat of Soviet Union to support
nondemocratic leaders in the Middle East. Palestine angry over
creation of Israel.
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Goals of terrorism?
Using terror to achieve world recognition of their
cause.
Challenge of fighting a terrorist organization?
No country to attack, No set location
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