Topic 5 Pollution Management
Notes Ch. 5 – Part 2
5.5 Solid Domestic Waste, Ozone pp. 238- 242
1. Types of solid domestic waste
The amount of waste produced by the global population is steadily
increasing. The world faces an on-going problem in how and where to
dispose of this waste.
Know the following table
Material type
Examples
Organic material
garden waste, food/kitchen waste, wood
Paper
newspaper, writing paper, packaging,
cardboard, milk cartons
Plastics
soft drink bottles, plastic bags, plastic
containers
Glass
jars, bottles, plate glass
Metals
steel cans, aluminium packaging and
cans, copper pipes
Household hazardous
paint, dry cell batteries, car batteries,
fluorescent light bulbs
Miscellaneous
ceramics (bricks, tiles etc.) rock, ash, soil
What are Nappies and what’s the problem?
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2. Pollution Management Strategies
There are a number of methods of dealing with solid domestic waste. The
most common ones include recycling, reuse, reduce, composting,
landfill, and incineration.
Know the following table
IB general comments about recycling :

incentives may be necessary to encourage householders to
recycle rubbish

recycling is cheaper if householders sort their own waste

recycling will not continue if there is no demand for recycled
goods
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Composting
1. Define composting
2. How does it help in terms of recycling?
Landfills and Incineration pp. 240-241 – know all
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4
IB Qs
1. Which of the following pairs are both examples of recycling?
A.
Manufacturing new aluminum cans from old ones; biodegradation of plastic
bags
B.
Processing newspapers into toilet paper; breaking down of raw sewage in the
oceans
C.
Converting used car tires to rubberized road surfaces; producing compost
from organic waste
D.
Producing methane from landfill sites; incinerating plastics
2. The table below shows the different types of domestic waste and the amounts produced
per capita each year in a city in a developed country.
Material type
Examples
Waste produced
per capita / kg yr–1
Organic material
garden waste, food/kitchen waste, wood
Paper
newspaper, writing paper, packaging,
cardboard, milk cartons
91.2
Plastics
soft drink bottles, plastic bags, plastic
containers
25.1
Glass
jars, bottles, plate glass
23.9
Metals
steel cans, aluminium packaging and
cans, copper pipes
14.4
Household hazardous
paint, dry cell batteries, car batteries,
fluorescent light bulbs
1.9
Miscellaneous
ceramics (bricks, tiles etc.) rock, ash, soil
Total
188
10.2
354.7
[Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data]
(a)
Calculate the proportion of paper, glass, plastics and organic material
combined as a percentage of total waste.
(b)
Outline and evaluate strategies for the management of the domestic waste in
the table above.
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3. The diagram below shows amounts of waste being recycled or sent to landfill in
Australia between 1993 and 2002.
Key:
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Waste to landfill
Recycled materials
7
6
5
Mass/
×105 tonnes
4
3
2
1
0
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997 1998
Year
1999
2000
2001
2002
[Source: adapted from
www.environmentcommissioner.act.gov.au/_data/assets/image/12231/graph2_03.jpg]
(a)
(b)
(i)
State, to the nearest hundred thousand tonnes, how much material was
recycled in Australia during 2001.
(ii)
Explain why the amount of waste sent to landfill in Australia has
remained relatively constant since 1994 despite the increase in
recycling.
(i)
Outline two ways in which technology can reduce the amount of solid
domestic waste that is sent to landfill within a country.
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2
(ii)
Explain why the technological solutions you have described in part
(b)(i) may still have negative environmental effects.
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5.6 Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone pp. 242- 248
1. Structure and Composition of the atmosphere
Basic Structure
The figure below just gives you a basic idea about the structure you do not need
to know all details. The basic layers are : troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere and thermosphere. Do NOT worry about the other layers.
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Temperature and Altitude ( Height)
Know how the temperature fluctuates with height in the troposphere,
stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere.
For example : The temperature ___________ with altitude in the troposphere
and _________ with altitude in the stratosphere.
Ozone and temperature :
Fill in the blanks : the ozone is found between approximately _______ to
________ km with the highest concentration found between about _____ and
____ km. This is found mainly in the lower _________sphere and causes the
temperature to _______ with a(n)______________ in altitude.
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2. Roles of Ozone pp. 243- 248
Read selected parts of text and answer questions that
follow.
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NOTE: Halogenated = Fluorine (F) , Chlorine (Cl), and Bromine ( Br)
Example: CFC = chlorofluorocarbons
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NOTE : ODS = ozone depleting substances; CFC = chlorofluorocarbons
IB Qs True or False : mark T or F . If false rewrite statement to make it true:
4.
Ozone gas is increasing in the upper atmosphere through the action of CFCs .
5.
Ozone gas is increasing in the upper atmosphere because of global warming.
6.
Ozone gas is decreasing in the upper atmosphere because of the increase in the
amount of nitrogen oxides produced by the combustion of fossil fuels .
7.
The formation of ozone involves the absorption of ultra-violet radiation .
8.
The type of ultra-violet radiation absorbed by the ozone layer does not affect
living organisms.
9.
Chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere are rapidly broken down allowing
them to escape into the outer atmosphere .
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Just know the following effects:
In humans can cause eye problems, skin cancer and affect the immune system.
In plants and organisms that live in shallow water : can cause productivity –
crop yield and tissue problems.
Just know that the Montreal Protocol of 1987 tried to reduce the use of CFCs.
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IB Qs
10. True or False : Ozone is destroyed by carbon dioxide released by burning fossil
fuels .
11. The ozone layer can be protected by
I.
using substitutes for ozone-depleting chemicals.
II.
reducing cattle production.
III.
recycling old refrigerators.
A.
I and II only
B.
I and III only
C.
II and III only
D.
I, II and III
12. The figure below shows the mean October ozone concentrations recorded at the
Halley research station, Antarctica, over a 45 year period.
350
300
250
200
Dobson units
150
100
50
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
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(a)
(i)
Describe the trend in ozone concentration in the figure above.
(ii) Suggest reasons for the trend you have described in (a) (i).
(b) Outline the role of ozone in the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
(c)
State one negative consequence to humans of exposure to UV radiation
and one negative consequence to plants.
Humans
Plants
(d)
Outline three methods of reducing the quantity of ozone depleting
substances in the environment.
1
2
3
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