1. What is a glacier?
A. A frozen river.
B. Snow on a steep slope that is slowly sliding downhill
C. An ice avalanche composed of compressed recrystallized snow.
D. A large, long-lasting river of ice
E. A type of ice in mountains that moves up and down hills
2. The smallest type of glacier is a(n):
A. Temperate glacier.
B. Icecap.
C. Outlet glacier.
D. Polar glacier.
E. Valley glacier.
3. Ice within a glacier is:
A. Perpetually moving forward toward the terminus.
B. Moving backward and forward, depending on the rate of supply and melting.
C. Mostly immobile.
D. Perpetually frozen to the bedrock beneath.
E. Ice is not the primary component of a glacier.
4. A moraine is:
A. A deposit of till that was in contact with glacial ice.
B. A deposit of shale that forms under glacial ice.
C. Stratified but unsorted conglomerate.
D. A deposit of sand formed only when a glacier advances.
E. A hump of old ice.
5. Which glacial landforms will be left by a retreating continental ice sheet? (Choose all that are true.)
A. Drumlins, eskers, and terminal moraines
B. Ground moraine, kettle lakes, end moraines
C. Deposits of till, outwash plain, glacial erratic
D. Horns, aretes, and tarns
E. Hanging valleys, U-shaped valley
6. In response to global warming, alpine glaciers around the world are:
A.Generally retreating.
B. Relatively stable.
C. Generally advancing.
D. Moving in random ways.
E. None of the answer choices is correct
7. Retreat of Arctic sea ice:
A. Has no effect on global warming.
B. Causes sea-level fall due to melting sea ice.
C. May accelerate snowfall on the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
D. May accelerate growth of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
E. Will change albedo and be a positive feedback to warming.
8. Oxygen isotopes provide a climate proxy because:
A. When they freeze in sea ice, they can be detected with satellites.
B. Oxygen isotopes are sensitive to temperature, evaporation, and precipitation.
C. Some oxygen isotopes are never detected.
D. Oxygen isotopes offer a natural record of plankton abundance.
E. None of the answer choices is correct
9. Which of the following statements about orbital parameters are true? (Choose all that apply.)
A. They govern the weather due to their relationship to the Moon.
B. They include precession, obliquity, and axial tilt.
C. They produce climate cycles with a 100,000-year periodicity.
D. They correlate with observations of paleoclimate.
E. They do not influence global climate.
Answer:
10. Climate feedbacks:
A. May magnify or suppress the influence of orbital parameters.
B. Explain the timing of major climate cycles.
C. Are the results of the gravitational influence of the nearby planets.
D. Rarely influenced the nature of paleoclimate.
E. Are the process that controls Earth's exposure to insolation.
11. For a glacier to advance:
A. Snowfall must slow and then stop.
B. Retreat must equal advance.
C. Wastage must exceed accumulation.
D. Accumulation must exceed wastage.
E. The internal conveyor belt reverses direction.
12. Rapid climate changes:
A. Are well predicted by the orbital parameters.
B. Have not been shown to be real phenomena.
C. Are caused by climate feedbacks, not by orbital parameters.
D.Are important only in the tropics.
E. Are typical of changes in isolation.