Hannah
Leader:
AECL/BIO 365
Course:
Instructor: Dr. Adams
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University
12-14-14
Date:
1.) _______________________ is known as the retention of juvenile characteristics in the
Practice Exam 4 (Final):
Worksheet 4.3
adult stage.
2.) Amphibian means ________ ___________.
3.) During the contraction of a muscle, the ___________________ is reduced in size.
4.) The order Squamata contains three traditional subgroups. One of these
__________________ is NOT monophyletic, because the remaining two
___________________ and _________________________ are phylogenetically nested
within a lineage of the first.
5.) A branching diagram that represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms is
called a ____________________________.
6.) The _______________________ is an extinct class of fish characterized by heterocercal
tails and bony armor plating.
7.) The ______________________ is known as the Age of the Fishes.
8.) Birds are considered to be a _________________________ group because they include
their most recent common ancestor and all its descendants.
9.) _______________________ is a transitional organism between fish and tetrapods that
was notable for having fins with wrists.
10.) _______________________ is the order that includes all Caecilians.
11.) Vertebrates within the order Testudines are notable for having a dorsal
____________________ and a ventral ___________________.
12.) ______________________ was the transitional organism between reptiles and birds
whose fossil remains were found in a German quarry in 1861.
13.) The three types of muscle are _________________, _________________ and
________________.
14.) Vertebrates make use of a __________________ circulatory system, while most
invertebrates use a(n) ____________ circulatory system.
15.) The evolution of a squamosal-dentary jaw articulation in mammals allowed other jaw
bones to be modified for the function of ______________. They are now found in the
mammalian ______________ ________.
16.) ___________________________ are cells that hold pigment, and in some organisms can
be rearranged to alter color patterns.
17.) The swim bladder of osteichthyes (and a oily/fatty liver in chondrichthyes) is an
adaptation to increase ______________ during swimming.
18.) Several mammalian groups have either antlers or horns. Which of these are shed yearly?
___________________
19.) Vertebrates that have females who produce eggs but retain them within their reproductive
tract until hatching are called ____________________.
20.) The medulla region of the adrenal gland produces two hormones, ________________
and ____________________.
21.) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing hormone (LH) are collectively known
as _______________________.
22.) _______________________ displays are highly ritualized, and are meant to determine
the winner of an aggressive encounter without the need for combat.
23.) Four distinct stomach epithelial layers are found in vertebrates, but _________________
is found only in mammals.
24.) In mammals, the ___________________ sweat glands are primarily used to cool the
animal, whereas ___________________ sweat glands have sexual functions.
25.) ____________________ ___________________ is a type of sympatric speciation where
species live in the same area, but segregate relative to specific habitat types.
26.) ________________ is known as the tear-drop shape of the wing that helps to create lift.
27.) To counteract the effects of pitch and roll during swimming, fish use their
________________ and _________________ fins, respectively.
28.) Owls ears are _____________________ in both size and position on the head, allowing
for directional hearing and triangulation of prey location.
29.) The most common type of pair bonds seen in vertebrates is _______________________.
30.) ______________________ ________________ states that a wing with camber produces
a low-pressure zone above the wing and a high pressure zone below the wing, thus
producing lift.
31.) The bird stomach is divided into two portions; the _______________________ produces
the digestive juices and the ______________ grinds the food by muscle action.
32.) The true stomach in ruminants is known as the ______________________.
33.) Salmon are known as _______________________; that is they are born in fresh water,
mature in salt-water, and return to fresh-water to breed. Some eels are
_______________________; being they are born in salt-water, mature in fresh-water,
and return to the sea to breed.
34.) Neurons can be divided into 3 classes: ________________, __________________, and
_________________.
35.) ___________________________ is a form of asexual reproduction where the egg
develops into a new individual without being fertilized.
36.) _______________________ vision produces a broad overlap of fields of vision that
allows for more depth perception (think predators). _____________________ vision
provides a wide field of vision but with less depth perception.
37.) _____________ is the tendency to move side to side, ______________ is the up and
down movement, and __________ is movement from right to left.
38.) When a local species goes extinct as a result of competition, this is an example of
____________________ ___________________.
39.) _____________________ is the elimination of a species in a particular location, but the
species continues to exist elsewhere.
40.) There are four basic types of cryptic coloration, name them _______________________,
______________________, _____________________, and ______________________.
41.) __________________ species are born later, but are well developed and capable of
taking care of themselves to some extent.
42.) ________________ signals are effective over long distances, and can be used when there
is no direct line of sight between the sender and receiver.
43.) A ____________________ is the area around a high priority, limited resource, and is
defended such that other potential competitors are excluded.
44.) A __________________ is a site where signals are transmitted from one cell to another
(junction sites)—these can be electrical or chemical.
45.) __________________________ coloration is a form of structural coloration where some
wavelengths are reflected well and some are not. This causes apparent changes in
coloration as the view of the organism changes
46.) _______________________ is the directed movement towards a goal, and is
accomplished by processing various signals, such as the position of the sun, celestial
cues, and physical landmarks.
47.) In some small mammals, nonshivering thermogenesis is obtained via heat production in
_____________ ________, which are cells with higher levels of mitochondria and that
generate heat by oxidizing fatty acids.
48.) The _________________ ______________ principle states that as animal groups
increase in size, their navigational accuracy improves.
49.) The three models of population growth include __________________,
_________________, and _________________________.
50.) A major law of biology is that of metabolic allometry, which states that metabolic rate
scales with body size to the power of _________ (be specific).
51.) Many vertebrates exhibit _____________________ ________________ or sex-specific
phenotypic differences, particularly in secondary sexual traits that are used in mate
recognition and courtship.
52.) Species that can reproduce at any time throughout the year exhibit __________________
reproductive strategy. The opposite is known as _____________________.
53.) __________ ___________________ are large die-offs of species in a relatively short
time span.
54.) _________________ is a seasonal period of decreased activity (dormancy), though for
many mammals exhibiting this life history trait, they awaken periodically. Hibernation
occurs during the winter, but ___________________ occurs in the summer.
55.) ____________________ is a round trip, which includes movement to and from an area.
_______________ is a one-way trip to a particular location, but no return to the original
area.
56.) _______________________ __________________is the use of bright colors as a
warning of toxins.
57.) ____________________ is the interaction between two or more individuals (sender and
receiver) to transmit information that alters the receiver’s behavior.
58.) The minimum metabolic rate for a fasting, resting organism with no thermal stress is
__________________ __________________ _______________.
59.) The _____________ skeleton includes the cranium, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae.
60.) The screening mechanism that improves the ability of the animal to locate specific food
items is known as the __________________ ____________.
61.) The 3 types of sense organs/receptors include __________________________,
________________________, and __________________________.
62.) Exponential growth is known as density _____________________ growth, whereas
logistical growth is known as density __________________ growth.
63.) Current extinctions driven largely by four means of human interference – Name them:
64.) Name three main types of skull fenestration, BRIEFLY define what they are, and which
extant vertebrate groups exhibit them.
65.) Briefly compare the structure of the heart found in the following vertebrate, and describe
the circulation path the blood follows.
Heart
Circulation Path
Fish
Amphibian
Mammal
66.) Identify several (3) major advances of the reptilian egg over the amphibian egg.
67.) Different vertebrates have different reproductive strategies that can be classified into 1 of
2 main types: r-selected and K-selected. Describe the general characteristics seen in
both.
68.) Name the 4 major characteristics of Chordates.
69.) The entrance into hibernation involves three major physiological changes. Name them.
70.) Interspecific competition can result in a number of possible outcomes at the ecological
level. In class we discussed several possibilities. Three of these outcomes were means
by which competition was reduced among competitors (allowing coexistence), and one
was the ‘ultimate’ outcome of extended competition between species. Name these three
outcomes, briefly describe them, and provide an example of each.
71.) Describe what is meant by Batesian, Mullerian, and Martensian mimicry.
72.) List three major ways of reducing heat loss in vertebrates.
73.) What is the 6th mass extinction? Who or what caused it?
74.) What are the characteristics of the K/T extinction? Who did it impact and why?
75.) According to optimal foraging theory, a longer travel time to a patch will result in a
longer time spent in the patch. Conversely, a shorter travel time to a patch may result in a
short stay. Why is this the case? For both scenarios draw a graph containing energy gain
lines for both a short trip and a long trip to the patch to show these relationships.
76.) Graph the 4 scenarios from the Lotka-Volterra Competition Model.