Hannah
Leader:
AECL 365
Course:
Instructor: Dr. Waldman
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University
12-13-15
Date:
1.) _______________________ is known as the retention of juvenile characteristics in the
Practice Exam 4 (Final):
Worksheet 4.3
adult stage.
2.) A __________ _________ is an extant organism that has remained unchanged over time.
3.) During the contraction of a muscle, the ___________________ is reduced in size.
4.) The order Squamata contains three traditional subgroups. One of these
__________________ is NOT monophyletic, because the remaining two
___________________ and _________________________ are phylogenetically nested
within a lineage of the first.
5.) A branching diagram that represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms is
called a ____________________________.
6.) The Theory of ______________ ________________ describes how similar 2 competing
species can be and still coexist.
7.) The ______________________ is known as the Age of the Fishes.
8.) Birds are considered to be a _________________________ group because they include
their most recent common ancestor and all its descendants.
9.) _______________________ is a transitional organism between fish and tetrapods that
was notable for having fins with wrists.
10.) ____________________ includes the group of fossorial tropical amphibians (caecilians).
11.) Vertebrates within the order Testudines are notable for having a dorsal
____________________ and a ventral ___________________.
12.) ______________________ was the transitional organism between reptiles and birds
whose fossil remains were found in a German quarry in 1861.
13.) The three types of muscle are _________________, _________________ and
________________.
14.) Vertebrates make use of a __________________ circulatory system, while most
invertebrates use a(n) ____________ circulatory system.
15.) The evolution of a squamosal-dentary jaw articulation in mammals allowed other jaw
bones to be modified for the function of ______________. They are now found in the
mammalian ______________ ________.
16.) ___________________________ are cells that hold pigment, and in some organisms can
be rearranged to alter color patterns.
17.) ____________________ rule states that endotherms tend to be larger in colder climates.
18.) Several mammalian groups have either antlers or horns. Which of these are shed yearly?
___________________
19.) Vertebrates that have females who produce eggs but retain them within their reproductive
tract until hatching are called ____________________.
20.) The _________________ is the master control center of the endocrine system and
produces many _________________ hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland to
produce other hormones.
21.) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing hormone (LH) are collectively known
as _______________________.
22.) _______________________ displays are highly ritualized, and are meant to determine
the winner of an aggressive encounter without the need for combat.
23.) Four distinct stomach epithelial layers are found in vertebrates, but _________________
is found only in mammals.
24.) In mammals, the ___________________ sweat glands are primarily used to cool the
animal, whereas ___________________ sweat glands have sexual functions.
25.) ____________________ ___________________ is a type of sympatric speciation where
species live in the same area, but segregate relative to specific habitat types.
26.) ________________ is known as the tear-drop shape of the wing that helps to create lift.
27.) ________________ ________________ involves associating an arbitrary stimulus with a
reward or punishment. An example of this is seen with Pavlov’s dogs.
28.) Owls ears are _____________________ in both size and position on the head, allowing
for directional hearing and triangulation of prey location.
29.) The most common type of pair bonds seen in vertebrates is _______________________.
30.) ______________________ ________________ states that a wing with camber produces
a low-pressure zone above the wing and a high pressure zone below the wing, thus
producing lift.
31.) The bird stomach is divided into two portions: the _________________, which produces
the digestive juices and the ______________, which grinds the food by muscle action.
32.) The true stomach in ruminants is known as the ______________________.
33.) A hypothesis must be ______________ and make __________________ to be scientific.
34.) Salmon are known as _______________________; that is they are born in fresh water,
mature in salt-water, and return to fresh-water to breed. Some eels are
_______________________; being they are born in salt-water, mature in fresh-water,
and return to the sea to breed.
35.) Neurons can be divided into 3 classes: ________________, __________________, and
_________________.
36.) ___________________________ is a form of asexual reproduction where the egg
develops into a new individual without being fertilized.
37.) The 4 characteristics of chordates include a _______________, dorsal hollow nerve
chord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a ________________ tail.
38.) _____________ is the tendency to move side to side, ______________ is the up and
down movement, and __________ is movement from right to left.
39.) When a local species goes extinct as a result of competition, this is an example of
____________________ ___________________.
40.) _____________________ is the elimination of a species in a particular location, but the
species continues to exist elsewhere.
41.) ____________________ is a type of interspecific species interaction where 1 species
benefits and the other is unaffected/ not harmed.
42.) __________________ species are born later, but are well developed and capable of
taking care of themselves to some extent, whereas ________________ species are born
earlier and are more helpless.
43.) ________________ signals are characterized by being simple, exaggerated, and
stereotyped.
44.) A ____________________ is the area around a high priority, limited resource, and is
defended such that other potential competitors are excluded.
45.) There are 2 types of synapses-- _________________ and _________________.
46.) __________________________ coloration is a form of structural coloration where some
wavelengths are reflected well and some are not. This causes apparent changes in
coloration as the view of the organism changes
47.) _______________________ is the directed movement towards a goal, and is
accomplished by using signals like the position of the sun, stars, and physical landmarks.
48.) ___________________ is produced by the pineal gland & maintains diurnal rhythms.
49.) __________________________ heat exchange cools the periphery & warms the core.
50.) In some small mammals, nonshivering thermogenesis is obtained via heat production in
_____________ ________, which are cells with higher levels of mitochondria and that
generate heat by oxidizing fatty acids.
51.) __________________ behavior reduces the fitness of the individual performing the
behavior but increases the fitness of other individuals.
52.) __________________ _________________ is the normal rate of extinction.
53.) Metabolic allometry, finds that the relationship between _____________ __________
scales with body size to the power of 0.75.
54.) Many vertebrates exhibit _____________________ ________________ or sex-specific
phenotypic differences, particularly in secondary sexual traits that are used in mate
recognition and courtship.
55.) Species that reproduce at any time throughout the year exhibit an __________________
reproductive strategy. The opposite is known as ______________________.
56.) __________ ___________________ are large die-offs of species in a relatively short
time span.
57.) _________________ is a seasonal period of decreased activity (dormancy), though for
many mammals exhibiting this life history trait, they awaken periodically. Hibernation
occurs during the winter, but ___________________ occurs in the summer.
58.) ____________________ is a round trip, which includes movement to and from an area.
_______________ is a one-way trip to a particular location, but no return to the original
area.
59.) _______________________ __________________is the use of bright colors as a
warning of toxins.
60.) ____________________ is the interaction between two or more individuals (sender and
receiver) to transmit information that alters the receiver’s behavior.
61.) The minimum metabolic rate under specified thermal conditions is the
__________________ metabolic rate.
62.) The _________________ skeleton includes the pectoral & pelvic girdles, and
appendages.
63.) The screening mechanism that improves the ability of the animal to locate specific food
items is known as the __________________ ____________.
64.) The 3 types of sense organs/receptors include __________________________,
________________________, and __________________________.
65.) Compare exponential and logistic growth by giving their equations and drawing the
graph. Also identify if they are density independent or dependent.
66.) Current extinctions driven largely by four means of human interference – Name them:
67.) Name three main types of skull fenestration, BRIEFLY define what they are, and which
extant vertebrate groups exhibit them.
68.) Briefly compare the structure of the heart found in the following vertebrate, and describe
the circulation path the blood follows.
Heart
Fish:
Amphibian:
Mammal:
Circulation Path
69.) Identify several (3) major advances of the reptilian egg over the amphibian egg.
70.) Vertebrates have different life history strategies that can be classified into 1 of 2 main
types: Fast and Slow life. Describe the general characteristics seen in both.
71.) Compare monocular and binocular vision.
72.) What fins do aquatic vertebrates use to counteract roll, pitch, and yaw?
73.) Describe what is meant by Batesian, Mullerian, and Martensian mimicry.
74.) What is the 6th mass extinction? Who or what caused it?
75.) Define the 4 types of cryptic coloration. Give an example for each.
76.) Draw the Scholander curve for an endothermic homeotherm. Label it and describe how
the lower portion of the graph would change for an arctic and tropical species.
77.) Describe the Optimal Foraging Theory including benefits/costs and its components. What
does the Marginal Value Theorem state?
*LOOK AT YOUR OLD EXAMS IN ADDITION TO THIS PRACTICE EXAM